Freedom Summer Project, 243
Free Speech, 108–110
Friends of Cuba, 258
Friends of the Deacons, 283
Fugitive Slave Act, 39, 50
Fugitive Slave Clause (US Constitution), 37, 49
Gainesville, Florida, 154, 191
Gainesville, Texas, 140
Galloway, Abraham, 74, 95
Gardner, Rev. Ed, 222
Garner, Margaret, 56
Garner, Robert, 56
Garnet, Henry Highland, 59–60, 69–70, 75, 127
Garrison, William Lloyd, 37, 59–60, 62, 66–67
Garvey, Marcus, 177, 179, 234
Gaskins, Charles, 160–163
Gatling gun, 112
Georgetown, Kentucky, 110
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, 47
GI Bill, 19
Giddings, Joshua, 49, 56
Gilmore, Gen. Quincy, 77
Glass, Dick, 138
Goldsby, Crawford (a.k.a. “Cherokee Bill”), 138–139
Goldsby, Sgt. George, 138
Goodlow, Rev. Willie, 242
Goodman, Andrew, 240, 250, 252
Gordonsville, Virginia, 209
Gorsuch, Edward, 63–64, 66–67
Graham, John, Major, 73
Grant, Sam, 135
Grant, Ulysses S. (president), 95
Great Falls Montana Examiner, 146
Green, Benjamin, 216
Green, Dewey, 254
Greener, Richard T., 119
Greenville, South Carolina, 217
Greenwood, Mississippi, 251, 288
Greenwood Avenue (a.k.a., “Black Wall Street”), 187–188
Grier, Dick, 137
Grier, Hon. Robert, 64
Griffith, Samuel, 40
Grigby, Barnaby, 46–47
Grigby, Mary Elizabeth, 46–47
Gump, Joseph, 145
Gun Control Act of 1968, 293
Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, 131
Hagerstown, Maryland, 43
Haley, Richard, 278
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 13, 231–234, 243, 246–247
Hampton, Gov. Wade, 99
Hampton, Virginia, 71
Hanway, Casner, 64
Harlem, 22, 173, 180, 202, 231, 234, 257, 263, 270, 287
Harmon, Earl, 156
Harmony, Mississippi, 248–250
Harnett County, North Carolina, 89
Harpers Ferry, 58, 62
Harris, W. A., 84
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 53
Harris Funeral Home, Monroe North Carolina, 19
Harrison, Hubert H., 73
Harry, Beatrice, 274–275
Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 313
Harvard Law and Policy Review, 9
Hatcher, Richard, 285
Hathaway, Bertha, 156
Hattiesburg, 226
Hayes, John, 136
Hayes, Rutherford B., 103
Hayling, Robert, 226, 241
Hays, Arthur Garfield, 206
Hazlewood, George, 132
Head, Julia, 223
Hearst, Cornelius, 106
Helms, “Big Jesse,” Sr., 17, 258
Helms, Sen. Jesse, 258–259
Henly, Brack, 164
Henry, Aaron, 242
Henry County, Kentucky, 85
Henry Model Winchester, 111
Hickman Kentucky, 156
Hicks, Jackie, 275–277
Hicks, Robert “Bob,” 275–278
Hill, Hattie May, 281
Hill, Jim, 167
Hill, John Henry, 46
Hill, Lilly, 156
Hill, Polk, 96
Hilton, Henry, 136
Hitch, William, 41
Hogansville, Georgia, 124
Holbert, Luther, 162–163
Holdes, William, 250
Holly, Calvin, 79
Holly Springs, Mississippi, 72, 105
Holmes, Hon. Oliver Wendell, 174
Holmes County, Mississippi, 234, 245, 247
Holt Street Baptist Church, 261
Hoods Mill, 46
Hooper City, 223
Hoover, J. Edgar, 272
Horne, Lena, 239
Hose, Sam, 116, 124–125
Houston Texas, 133
Howard, T. R. M., 204, 215–221, 235, 238, 240, 246, 307
Howard University, 117, 194
Howe, George, 155
Hudson, Dovie, 248–249
Hudson, Sally, 52
Hudson, Winson, 248–250
Hughes, Hon. Charles Evans, 193
Humby, Della, 139
Hunter, William, 152
Hurley, Ruby, 240
Hurst, E. H., 254
Imes, B. A., 111
Impartial Citizen, 66
Independence, Texas, 185
Indiana, 38, 53, 160, 243, 285
Indianapolis Freeman, 120
Indian Removal Act, 128–129
International Order of Twelve of the Knights and Daughters of Tabor, 59
Isaiah Thomas, 300
Jackson, Andrew (escaped slave), 58
Jackson, Andrew (president), 128
Jackson, Jessie, 282, 285
Jackson, John, 252
Jackson, Maynard Holbrook, 285
Jackson, Mississippi, 219, 239–240, 245, 252, 266
Jackson, Rev. Y. D., 272
Jackson, Robert, 47
Jackson Daily News, 219
Jacksonville, Florida, 109, 111–112, 191
Jacobs, Elmo, 274
Jefferson, George L., 218
Jefferson, Ohio, 40
Jefferson County, Georgia, 113
Jenkins, Bee, 247
Jenkins, Sandy, 34
Jessup, Maj. Gen. Thomas Sidney, 128
Jet (magazine), 251, 280, 282
Jim Crow, 104–105, 118, 163, 187–188, 218, 236, 288, 298
John Eagle, 88
Johnson, Andrew (president), 80, 82, 87–88.
Johnson, Brit, 141
Johnson, Henry, 59
Johnson, James Weldon, 175–176, 181–183, 193, 201–202
Johnson, Lyndon B. (president), 286, 293
Johnson, Milton, 280
Johnson, Mordecia, 157
Johnson, Paul, 241
Johnson, Sydney, 157
Johnson, T. C., 223
Jones, “Big Ben,” 49
Jonesboro, Louisiana, 267, 271–274, 280
Jonesboro Freedom House, 271
Jonesboro High School, 273
Kelly, “Nigger Jim,” 136
Kansas City American Citizen, 107
Kansas City Call, 179
Kansas City News, 130
Kemper County, Mississippi, 112
Kennard, Willie, 140
Kennedy, John F. (president), 286
Kennett Township, Pennsylvania, 40
Kent County, Maryland, 70
Kentucky, 43–45, 49–55, 57, 81, 84–85, 109, 110–112, 156, 158–167, 215, 245
Kentucky Courier-Journal, 165
Kentucky Freedman’s Bureau, 81
Keystone State. See Pennsylvania
Kilgore, Rev. Thomas, 280
Killens, John, 223
King, Coretta, 62
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 27, 31, 147, 216, 219, 221, 225, 230, 241, 252, 256, 259–260, 264–265, 268, 278–279, 281, 283, 287, 288–289, 293
King Fisher, Oklahoma Territory, 131–132
Kirklin, Austry, 222
Kirkpatrick, Fred, 246
Kite, Elijah, 56
Knights of Labor, 114
Knights of the Black Cross, 80
Knights of the White Camellia, 80, 102
Ku Klux Klan (KKK, a.k.a. Klan), 13, 18–24, 80, 82, 85–86, 89–90, 92–93, 94–96, 100, 102, 135, 146, 159, 180, 184, 193, 195, 199, 205–206, 214, 217–218, 220, 23–224, 227, 234, 238, 39–241, 243, 246, 248–249, 259, 271–272, 276–279, 21–22, 292, 294, 297
Lagrange, K
entucky, 85
Lake City, South Carolina, 124
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 39
Langston, Charles, 58
Langston City, Oklahoma Territory, 131
Langston City Herald, 108, 131
Lasky County, Arkansas, 114
Lautier, Louis, 27
Lawrence, Carl, 309
Lawrence County, Ohio, 56
Leake County, Mississippi, 248
Lebanon Junction, Kentucky, 167
Lee, Henry, 219
Lee, Herbert, 254
Lee, Rev. George, 28, 152, 230
Leflore County, Mississippi, 254
Lenox Avenue Baptist Church, 205
Leon County, Florida, 43
Lesser, Mike, 269
Lever, Constance, 259
Lewis, Anthony, 242
Lewis, Clayton, 238
Lewis, Elder, 85
Lewis, John, 250–252
Lexington, Kentucky, 158
Liberator, 50, 60
Liberty Insurance Company, 197
Life (magazine), 23, 280
“Lift Every Voice and Sing” (song, “Black National Anthem”), 193
Lincoln, Abraham (president), 69, 72
Lincoln County, New Mexico, 142
Lincoln County Riflemen, 137
Lincoln County War, 137
Linton, Cecil, 172–173
Little Rock, Arkansas, 227–231
Little Rock Nine, 227
Littleton Lawrence, 137
Logan, Greenburry, 134–135
Loguen, Rev. Jermaine, 60
Longview, Texas, 175
Looby, Alexander, 214
Lorraine Motel, Memphis, 265
Los Angeles Times, 279
Love, Nat (a.k.a. Deadwood Dick), 138
Lowery, Henry, 183
Lowman, Bertha, 183
Lowman, Sam, 183
Luckey, Buss, 139
Lucy, Autherine, 219, 221
Ludwig, Jens, 251
Lumbee Indians, 23–24, 146
lynching, 18–19, 26–27, 29, 78, 89–90, 104–116, 118–119, 121–125, 127, 131–132, 142, 144, 146, 151, 153–167, 171, 173, 175, 178–179, 182–187, 192–194, 200, 210, 212–216, 230, 233, 235–236, 238, 257, 269, 273, 281
Lyon County, Kentucky, 165
M-1 Garand rifle, 265, 276
Mack, Joe, 197
Macksville, Kentucky, 162
Magee, Joe, 212
“Man” (Sylvester Carrier), 191, 192
Mandingo Tribe, 70
Manly, Alex, 123
Manly, Gov. Charles, 123
Manning, Lauren, 44
March against Fear, 264, 266, 268, 270, 278, 283, 288
Marine Corps, 19
Marion County, Iowa, 57
Marrs, Rev. Elijah, 44, 84–85
Marshall, Hon. Thurgood, 213–215, 221, 224, 227, 239, 293
Martin, William, 195
Mason, William Herbert, 216
Mathies, Aladeine, 199
Mathies, Fleta, 199–200
Mauney, A. A. (Monroe police chief), 21
Maury County, Tennessee, 90
Maxton, North Carolina, 23
Mayfield, Kentucky, 112
McCabe, Edwin P., 130
McClellan, Gen. George, 71
McCray, John, 28
McDonald, Otis, 14, 295–296, 299, 303, 310–311
McDowell, Calvin, 106–108
McDowell, Harve, 161
McDowell, Jacob, 161–163
McElroy, J. B., 156
McGee, Tempe, 212
McGhee, Laura, 255
McGregor, Rose Anne, 57–58
McGregor, Tom, 57–58
McHenry, William, 60
McKay, Claude, 180
McKeithen, Gov. John, 281
McKinley, William (president), 121
McKinney, Jesse, 101
McKissick, Floyd, 265, 270, 282, 288–289
McRae, Will, 156
McRoberts, Al, 84
Mead, Kansas, 137
Medlin, Lewis, 25
Meet the Press, 288, 293
Memphis, Tennessee, 105–110, 118, 131–132, 144, 265, 305
Memphis Free Speech, 109–110
Memphis Ledger, 109
Menendez, Francisco, 128
Meredith, James, 264–265, 288–290
Meridian, Mississippi, 225
Messenger, 178, 180
Metcalf, George, 226
Mexican Joe, 137
Michigan, 175, 199, 205, 218
Michigan Negro Convention, 59
Miller, Kelly (dean), 123
Miller, Richard, 159
Milliken’s Bend, 70
Minkslide, Tennessee, 214–215
Minstrels (Republican faction), 93
Mississippi, 13, 19, 24, 41, 72, 75, 77–79, 86–88, 90, 92, 97–98, 105, 112, 114, 122, 124, 162, 182–186, 215, 219, 225, 226–227, 231, 233–243, 245–248, 251–254, 256, 264–266, 268–269, 278, 283, 288, 290, 292, 294, 299, 307
Mississippi Delta Committee for Better Citizenship, 24, 307
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 231, 247
Mississippi March against Fear. See March against Fear
Mississippi National Guard, 114
Mississippi State Conference of NAACP Branches, 242
Mississippi Supreme Court, 185–186
Missouri, 36, 51, 60
Mohammed, Elijah, 282
mongrelization. See amalgamation
Monroe, Louisiana, 227
Monroe, North Carolina, 17, 230, 256
Monroe Nonviolent Action Committee, 259
Monroe Parks Commission, 20
Montana, 144–147
Montgomery, Alabama, 219–220, 222, 224, 261–262
Montgomery Improvement Association, 262
Moore, Amzie, 241
Moore, Col. Roger, 94
Moore v. Dempsey, 174
Morgan County, Georgia, 89
Morris, Sen. Thomas, 49
Morrison, Kelsie, 172
Morse, Leonard, 198
Moses, Bob, 252–253
Mosney, George, 145
Mosney, John, 145
Moss, Tom, 106–108, 110, 131, 194
Motley, Hon. Constance Baker, 221, 224, 248
Moton, Robert, 184–185
Mound Bayou, 216
mulatto, 32, 79, 123, 133–134, 139, 193
Munroe Country Club, 257
Murdock, Cloyte, 218
Murray, Norris, 198
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 13, 20–21, 26–29, 151–152, 155, 157, 170–175, 177, 181–182, 184, 192–193, 198–199, 201, 205, 207, 209–211, 214, 217–219, 222, 225, 226–227, 230, 235, 238–242, 248, 253–254, 256, 261, 265, 285–286, 288, 291–294, 309
NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 173, 198, 201
NAACP Youth Program, 240
Nashville, Tennessee, 108, 152, 214
Natchez, Mississippi, 226, 241, 283
National Antislavery Standard, 66
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). See NAACP
National Coalition to Ban Handguns, 285
National Convention of Colored Men, 75
National Crime Victimization Survey, 312
National Emigration Convention of Colored People (1854), 58
National Equal Rights League, 75
National Firearms Act (1934), 218
National Guard, 114, 214
National Institute of Justice, 213–214
National Research Council, 316
National Rifle Association (NRA), 21, 299
National Safety Council, 312
National Urban League, 265, 285–286, 288
Neely, Burkett, 186
Negro Fellowship League, 306
“Negro Law,” 277, 307–308
Negro World, 157, 234
Neshoba County, Mississippi, 240, 248, 252
New Albany, Indiana, 55
New England Antislavery Convention, 51
New Hanover County, North Carolina, 94
Newman, Georgia, 116
New Mexico, 137, 142
New Negro, 119–120, 179–180, 182, 202, 204–205
New Orleans, Louisiana, 57, 103, 104–117, 276
Newton, Huey, 287
Newsweek, 282
New York, 19, 26, 34, 55, 59–61, 65–67, 70–71, 74–75, 82, 89, 92, 109–111, 118–121, 124, 126–127, 130–131, 152–153, 173, 179–180, 192–193, 201–202, 205, 219, 230, 241–242, 254, 260, 273, 78–279, 303, 306, 309, 312
New York Age, 109, 118–119, 121, 124, 192
New York City, 19, 61, 74–75, 109, 120, 205, 303
New York Evening Post, 82
New York Post, 241, 278
New York Times, 130, 153, 242, 254, 273, 278–279
New York Vigilance Committee, 59
New York World, 220
Niagara Movement, 127, 152
Nichols, Lewis “Soapstick,” 148
“Nigger Add,” 136
Nightingale, Rev. Taylor, 110
Nix, James, 226
Nixon, E. D., 261–262
Nixon, John, 224
Nobles, Matthew (Mr. and Mrs.), 226
Nodena, Arkansas, 183
Noel, Eddie, 234
Norris, I. F., 131
North Carolina, 72–73, 75–77, 79, 88–90, 92, 94–95, 123, 230, 256, 258
North Carolina College for Negroes, 19
Norvell, Abrery James, 265
Novak, Robert, 293
Noyes Academy, New Hampshire, 69
NRA. See National Rifle Association (NRA)
Oberlin, Ohio, 57
Oglethorpe, James, 128
Ohio, 144, 148, 193, 39–40, 44, 49–52, 54–58, 61, 96, 106, 109
Ohio River, 44, 50
Oklahoma, 129–132, 155, 163, 187, 193
Oklahoma City, 131
Oklahoma Territory, 110, 130, 132
Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, 90
Olive, Print, 136
Orange, Texas, 133
Orange County War, 133–134
Orlando Police Department, 315
Outlaw, Wyatt, 89
Oxendine, Simeon, 213
Paducah, Kentucky, 109, 111–112, 163–164
Page, Ned, 36
Page, Sara, 36
Parker, Hon. Charles, 138–140
Parker, John P., 44–45
Parker, Mack, 230, 291
Parker, Shelly, 295–296, 299, 303, 311, 316–318
Parker, William, 61, 63–67
Parks, Ray, 221
Parks, Rosa, 219–221
Patton, George, 265
Pennsylvania, 39–40, 43, 49–50, 53–56, 61, 63, 66, 138, 176, 306
Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 55
Peoples, Willis, 137
percussion-cap revolver, 40
Perry, Albert, 21–22, 24
Philadelphia, Mississippi, 238
Philadelphia Anti-Slavery Society (vigilance committee), 46, 48, 64
Philadelphia Free African Society, 39
Philadelphia Negro, The, 306
Pickney, Thomas, 78
Pierce, Leonard, 115
Pierce, William, 91
Pittsburgh American, 192
Pittsburgh Gazette, 50