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.22 caliber firearm, 111, 233, 236, 276
.25 caliber firearm, 262
.357 Magnum firearm, 218
.38 firearm, 115, 117, 146, 194, 237, 239–240, 262, 266, 276, 278, 281
.45 caliber firearm, 21, 188, 218, 229, 230, 240, 253, 257
30.06 caliber firearm or ammunition, 265, 276
44/40 Winchester Carbine, 240
1845 Colored Suffrage Convention, 59
1854 National Emigration Convention of Colored People, 58
1934 National Firearms Act, 218
1966 Atlanta Project, 287
1968 Gun Control Act, 293
Abbott, Robert, 202
Abernathy, Rev. Ralph, 262
Abilene, 136
Abyssinian Baptist Church, 202
Achenson, Meldon, 269
Adams, Dock, 98–99
Addams, Jane, 250
African Methodist Church, 91, 193
Afro American Council, 127, 152
Afro-American League, 119, 127
Afro-American Press Association, 122, 124
Agnew, Samuel, 78
Aiken, South Carolina, 183
Alabama Christian Movement, 222
Albright, George Washington, 88
Alexander, Shana, 280
Allen, Benjamin, 101
Allen, “Turnip Green,” 294
amalgamation, 20, 23, 69
American Bar Association, 165
American Revolution, 61, 63, 66
Americus, Georgia, 91
Ames, A’Delbert, 98
AME Zion Church, 124
Amsterdam News, 143, 202, 268
Anderson, Charles W., 183
Anderson, Henry, 156
Anheuser-Busch, 111
Anniston, Alabama, 172
“Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World,” 58
AR-15 rifle, 111
Arcola, Mississippi, 185
Arizona Times, 202
Arkansas Conference of NAACP Branches, 227
Arkansas State Press, 28, 230
Armstrong, Louis, 117–118
Ashworth, Aaron, 135
Ashworth, Clark, 134
Ashworth, Sam, 134
Association of Local Black Elected Officials, 285
Association of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261
Atlanta Age, 122, 124
Atlanta Project, 287
Atlanta Race Riot (1906), 151, 182
Atlanta University, 151, 158, 193
Auld, Hugh, 32
Auld, Sophia, 32
Auld, Thomas, 32, 33
Austin, Henry, 280, 281
Bailey, Fred, 31–33, 63. See also Douglass, Frederick
Bailey, Gamaliel, 54
Bailey, Lillie, 109
Baker, Wilson, 224
Balltown Riot, 163
Baltimore Afro-American, 258
Barnett, Ferdinand, 168, 170
Barnett, Gov. Ross, 249
Barrett, W. H., 106, 107
Bastrop, Texas, 28
Bates, Daisy, 28, 227–231, 243
Bates, L. C., 28, 227, 230
Battle of Big Bethel, 72
Battle of Shiloh, 134
Baxter, Elisha, 93
Beasley, Hiram, 36
Beckwith, Jim, 132
Bell, Derek, 248
Belzoni, Mississippi, 28, 219, 230
Benjamin, Rev. C. O., 124
Bennie, Montgomery, 18–20, 24
Benson, John, 76
Berkshire County, Massachusetts, 151
Bibb, Henry, 43
Bilbo, Theodore, 237
Billy the Kid, 137
Birmingham, Alabama, 19, 165, 221–223, 239, 286, 306
Birth of a Nation, The, 86, 193
“Black Bottom”(Detroit), 175, 194–195, 198–199
Black Codes, 78–81, 92, 163, 171, 298, 309
Black Fox, The, 141
Black Liberation Army, 287
Blackmon, Leola, 243–244
Black Mary. See Fields, Mary
Black Panthers, 287–288
Black Power, 268, 284, 287–289, 291, 293
Black Star Line, 178
Black Wall Street, 187, 189
Bland, George, 159
Bloody Sunday, 224
Bobb, John, 75
Bogalusa, Louisiana, 243, 274–276, 278, 280–282
Bolden, Ruth, 243, 246
Boley, Oklahoma Territory, 132
Bolivar County, Mississippi, 216
Bond, Julian, 247, 251
Boone County, Missouri, 36
Boston, Massachusetts, 59–61, 73
bowie knife, 43, 46, 56, 71, 79
Boyd, Clarence, 216
Boyd, Rube, 308
Braden, Anne, 28
Bradley, Gov. William, 160
Bradley, Maime, 220
Bratton, William, 303
Brazos, Texas, 89
Briar, J. A., 217
Brindle-Tails (Republican faction), 93
Bristol, Vollington, 200
“Broken Windows” theory of crime control, 316
Brooklyn Branch, NAACP, 28
Brooks, Ben, 155
Brooks, Joseph, 93
Brooks, Rev. George, 89
Brooks-Baxter War, 93
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 177, 261
Browder, Rufus, 166
Brown, H. Rap, 287
Brown, John, 58, 62
Brownlow, Gov. William, 105
Brown v. Board of Education, 231
Bruce, John Edward, 125
Bryant, Claude, 225–226
Bryant, Ora, 226
Buck, Rufus, 139–140
Bucks County, Pennsylvania, 49
Buffalo Soldiers, 138, 140, 142–143
Bundy, Leroy, 169–170
Burkett, Hugh M., 155
Butler, Benjamin, 71
Butler, Edna, 198
Byrd, Jack, 186
Byrd, Wes, 186
Byrd v. State, 186
C&O Railroad, 106
Cainhoy, South Carolina, 99
Caldwell, Edgar, 172–173
Calhoun, John C., 5
Calhoun, Willie, 100–101
Calhoun’s Landing, Louisiana (renamed Colfax), 100
Calloway County, Kentucky, 215
Cambridge, Maryland, 226
Camilla, Georgia, 90
Camilla Riot, 90
Camp Bettens, Wyoming, 142
Camp Hill, Arkansas, 213
Camp Pendleton, 19
Canaan, New Hampshire, 69
Canada, 46, 48, 55, 60–61, 66–67, 172, 175, 260
Canton, Mississippi, 269
Cape Fear, North Carolina, 88
Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 138
Carmichael, Stokely, 232, 252, 265, 268, 287–288
Carolina Times, 26
Carrier, Aaron, 190, 191
Carrier, James, 191
Carrier, Sarah, 191
Carrier, Sylvester. See “Man” (Sylvester Carrier)
Carson, Col. Perry, 123
Carter, Cato, 83
Carter, Sam, 190
Cascade, Montana, 144, 146
Castro, Fidel, 260
Cates, Sam, 156
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 314
Central High School, 227
Centreville, Mississippi, 283
Chaney, James, 240
Chaplin, William, 54
Chapman, Maria W., 60
Charles, Robert, 114–117
Charleston, South Carolina, 77, 96
Cheat River Valley, Maryland, 46
“Cherokee Bill” (Crawford Goldsby), 138–139
Cherokee Indians, 129, 138
Chester County, Pennsylvania, 53
Cheyenne, Wyoming, 137
Chicago, Illinois, 29, 55, 65, 89, 154, 168, 192, 202, 206, 235, 239, 282, 285, 295, 299, 300, 302–302, 305–307, 309
Chicago Defender, 202
Chickasaw Indians, 129
Childress, Smith, 161
China Grove, Georgia, 91
Chinn, C. O. (a.k.a. “Bad-ass C. O. Chinn”), 269
Choctaw Indians, 129, 134
Christiana (Pennsylvania) Resistance, Uprising, Tragedy, 49, 61, 63–67
Cincinnati, Ohio, 52, 56, 121
Cincinnati Afro-American, 121
Civilian Marksmanship Program, 21, 276
Civil Rights Act of 1866, 82
Civil Rights Cases, The, 118
Clark, Charles, 89
Clark, Shrf. Jim, 228
Clark, John, 137
Clarksdale, Mississippi, 242
Clay, Henry, 50
Clayton, George, 155
Cleaver, Eldridge, 287
Cleveland, Mississippi, 241, 256
Cleveland, Ohio, 58
Cleveland Call, 220
Cleveland Gazette, 119, 124
Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, 285
Coatesville, Pennsylvania, 56
Coke, Richard, 93
Cole, Carolyn, 23
Cole, Howard, 238–239
Cole, James “Catfish,” 20, 23–24, 146
Colfax, Louisiana, 100–103
Colfax, Schuyler, 100
Collins, Shrf. Ben, 242
Colored Suffrage Convention, 59
Colored Waifs Home for Boys, 117
Columbia, Tennessee, 27, 213
Comanche Indians, 141-142
Committee of Twelve, 127
Compromise of 1850, 39, 50
Confederate, 72–73, 75, 77–78, 87, 93–94, 101, 121, 135, 142, 152, 157, 171, 189, 216, 237, 242
Connor, “Bull,” 223
Constitution League, 152
Constitution of the United States, 39, 51, 62, 104, 118, 171, 206, 221
Fugitive Slave Clause, 39, 49–50
right to arms, 9, 14, 50–51, 79–83, 206, 223, 270, 276, 285, 299, 302–303, 308
separate but equal, 20, 106
convict labor system, 104, 114, 157
Cook, Philip, 351
Cook Gang, 138
Cooper, Gary, 146
Cooper, Robert, 246, 299
CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 243, 247, 251, 265, 269–276, 278, 280, 282–283, 285–286, 288–289, 291, 293
Cottenham, Green, 168
Courts, Gus, 219
Covey, Edward. See “Covey the Nigger-breaker”
“Covey the Nigger-breaker” (Edward Covey), 31–35, 37
Covington, Jay Vann, 257
Creek Indians, 129, 136, 139
Crisis (magazine), 151, 153–155, 157–159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177–179, 182, 194, 202, 209–210, 212, 214, 217
Crosby, Peter, 97
Crow Indians, 129, 132
Crowe, Alton, 281
Cruickshank, Bill, 102
Crumley, Robert, 91
Crummell, Alexander, 69
Crusader, 22, 256–258
Current, Gloster, 235, 239
Dahmer, Vernon, 254–256
Dallas, Georgia, 243
Dana, Charles, 70
Danville, Virginia, 113
Darien, Georgia, 112
Darien Insurrection, 112
Darrow, Clarence, 202, 203–205
Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, 53
Davis, Gov. Edmund, 93
Davis, Jefferson (Confederate president), 87
Davis, Joseph, 87, 216
Davis, Sidney Fant, 307
Dayton, Ohio, 39
Deacons for Defense and Justice, 225, 265–266, 268, 270–284
Decatur, Mississippi, 19, 235–236
“Decatur Street Dives,” 151
Deering, Col. James, 72
Defensive Gun Use (DGU), 311–312, 315, 317
DeGrasse, Lt. John V., 73
Delaine, Rev. J. A., 244
Delaney, Martin, 58, 61, 99
Democrats, 93, 96–100, 102–104, 113, 116, 118, 123, 169, 193, 247, 303–304
Deslandes, Charles, 32
Detroit Urban League, 195
DeVane, Cornelius, 43
Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, 219, 221, 261–262
Dick, Deadwood. See Nat Love
Diggs, Rep. Charles, 218, 220
Dinning, George, 159–160, 162
“Disturb Me If You Dare” (maroon settlement), 128
D’Lo, Mississippi, 186
Dodge City, 136
Dorsey, Gov. Hugh, 183
Douglass, Frederick, 13, 31, 34–35, 34–38, 40, 49, 59, 62–63, 67, 69, 75, 110, 123, 126, 143
Douglass Memorial Literary Society of Buffalo Soldiers, 143
Du Bois, W. E. B., 13, 108, 143, 151–154, 156–158, 170–171, 173, 175, 177, 178, 181–182, 194, 202, 209, 214, 229–230, 295, 306
Dunbar Memorial Hospital, Detroit, 195–197, 206
Durham, North Carolina, 19
Durr, Clifford, 261
Durrett, Luther, 164
Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, 183
“Dynamite Hill,” 223–224
East Bartow, Florida, 193–194
Eastland, Sen. James O., 162
East St. Louis, Illinois, 168, 170
East St. Louis Riot, 175
Ebony (magazine), 218
Eckford, Elizabeth, 230
Edmund Pettus Bridge, 224
Eisenhower, Dwight (president), 20, 21
El Paso, Texas, 142
Emancipation Day, 88
Emancipation Proclamation, 148, 206
Emelle, Alabama, 216
Enfield Rifle, 85
Eubanks, Goldie, 227
Evers, Charles, 235–240, 242, 266, 294
Evers, Jim, 235–238
Evers, Medgar, 19, 235–237, 240–242, 246–248
Evers, Myrlie, 216
Fairfax, Virginia, 48
Fairly, J. C., 226
Falls, Mae Catherine, 255–256
Farmer, James, 268–270, 278, 282
Fatal Gun Accidents (FGAs), 34, 305–306, 333
Fellowship of Reconciliation, 263
Fenton, Charles (Charlie), 271–273
Ferriday, Louisiana, 243, 283
Fields, Mary (a.k.a. Black Mary or Stagecoach Mary), 144–147, 149
Fillmore, Millard (president), 61
Fire in the Flint, The, 182
Firmin, Otis, 283
First Freedom (magazine), 299
Fisk University, 108, 152, 194
Five Civilized Tribes, 128–130
Fleckenstein, Christian, 42
Flemingsburg, Kentucky, 160
Flemister, George, 89
Fletcher, John, 200
Foggy Bottom, District of Columbia, 176
Forman, James, 247
Forrest County, Mississippi, 254
Fort Concho, Texas, 138
Fort Dix, New Jersey, 213
Fort Griffin, Texas, 141
Fort Mose, 128
Fort Pillow, Battle of, 73, 74
Fort Smith, Arkansas, 138, 140
Fortune, Emanuel, 118–119
Fortune, T. Thomas, 104, 109, 118–119, 120–123, 126–127, 193, 205, 295
Fort Wagner, South Carolina, 70
Fourteenth Amendment (US Constitution), 81–83, 118, 178, 318
Fox, O. S., 130
Fox, Thomas, 51
Franklin, John Hope, 163, 189
Franklin, Pink, 171–172
Frederick Douglass Paper, 62
Freedman’s Bureau, 79, 81–82, 86, 92, 94, 11, 118