30. “They did my job”: Flight 93 Memorial Oral History Transcript, interview with Kevin Nasypany, July 23, 2013, conducted by Donna Glessner.
31. “The Americans lost some people”: Flight 93 Memorial Oral History Transcript, interview with Wallace Miller, July 19, 2007, conducted by Kathie Shaffer.
32. “All you saw was debris”: Sara Rimer, “Public Lives: Where Death Mostly Tiptoes, It Rushed Violently In,” New York Times, Sept. 22, 2001.
33. a single tooth and a piece of skull: Flight 93 Memorial Oral History Transcript, interview with Wallace Miller, July 19, 2007, conducted by Kathie Shaffer.
34. Forty-eight samples: Eve Conant, “Terror: The Remains of 9/11 Hijackers,” Newsweek, January 2, 2009.
35. “You’re seeing grass”: Interview with Terry Shaffer, May 9, 2018.
36. “You have to call Janet”: Interview with Elaine Duch and Janet Cardwell, September 27, 2017.
37. killed by the fireball: Until late 2017, Elaine Duch had never seen the form that nominated her for a civilian Medal of Honor from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. The form stated: “The messenger she was to meet perished.”
38. had just begun classes: Marsh & McLennan Companies, Tributes to Our Colleagues, Dominique Pandolfo, http://memorial.mmc.com/P/dominique-pandolfo.html.
39. the families of Brian Clark and Stan Praimnath: Interviews with Brian Clark, October 5, 2017, and Stan Praimnath, October 4, 2017.
40. eighteen people: NIST NCSTAR 1, WTC Investigation, pp. xxxiv and 105.
41. “She may have jumped”: Interview with Jack Gentul, November 13, 2017. Gentul made similar comments to the makers of a 2006 documentary, The Falling Man.
42. Jack sat weeping: Interview with Jack Gentul, November 13, 2017, and follow-up emails and phone calls.
43. Edith Torres: Cecilia Lillo suffered another blow in 2017 when Lieutenant Edith Torres died from what FDNY and union officials described as 9/11-related cervical cancer. See Thomas Tracy and John Annese, “FDNY EMS Lieutenant, Who Helped Sept. 11 Victims While Off Duty, Dies of 9/11-Linked Cervical Cancer,” (New York) Daily News, Feb. 9, 2017.
44. special edition of Newsweek: “America Under Attack,” Newsweek Extra Edition, September 13, 2001, pp. 16–17. NYPD Officer Moira Smith is visible in the background of the photo, by Jason Szenes of Corbis Sygma, although her face is obscured by red hazard tape.
45. Bryan Craig Bennett: Unbylined story, “Boston College Remembers its 9/11 Victims,” The Heights, September 10, 2001, p. A4.
46. previous worst day: David J. Krajicek, “Deadly 1966 Blaze Kills 12 Firefighters in Manhattan Building, Changes NYC Policy,” (New York) Daily News, October 23, 2016.
47. the flag-draped remains of “Little Jimmy”: FDNY Deputy Chief (ret.) Jim Riches, “Firefighter Jimmy Riches: A Smiling Face That We Miss So Much,” FireRescue1.com, September 8, 2011.
48. “strong, brave, caring, kind people”: Transcript from NBC News, “The Miracle of Ladder Company 6,” September 28, 2001.
Index
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Abate, Richard, xxi
ABC, 5
coverage of 9/11 attacks, 91–92
Abril, Roberto, 231, 293–94, 355–56, 410
Abruzzo, John, 301
ACARS messages, 66, 87, 119, 121–25, 149, 173, 174–75
Adams, Christian, 187
Adams, Paul, 230–31, 246, 293, 347–48, 356–59, 410, 421
post-9/11 life, 448
Afghanistan, 1, 2, 4, 5, 24, 25, 26, 58, 309, 384
war in, 427, 436, 437, 439, 442
AIM-9 missiles, 105–6, 172
Airfone calls, 60–61, 87, 158–68, 175, 235, 433
Air Force, U.S., 10, 291, 322, 395, 438
Air Force One, 147, 183
Airman’s Medal, 438
Air National Guard, 19–22, 182
air traffic controllers. See Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Akamai Technologies, 39
al-Ouds, Hamburg, 23, 24
al-Qaeda, xxi, 3–6, 24–30, 58, 102, 133, 137, 147, 174, 309, 391, 430, 435, 439
American Airlines Flight 11 hijacking, 45–48, 60–80, 94–96, 111, 119, 126–28, 163, 186, 235–39
American Airlines Flight 77 hijacking, 106–8, 120, 126–48, 186
element of surprise, 111
killing of bin Laden and, 427–28, 434
planning of 9/11 attacks, 25–30, 110, 174
United Airlines Flight 93 hijacking, 149–89, 384–85
United Airlines Flight 175 hijacking, 81–93, 96, 119–20, 123–24, 186, 274–75
See also hijackers
Aman, George, 313–14, 379–80
Ambrose, Dr. Paul, 100
American Airlines, 11, 32, 47, 60, 103, 124, 129, 141, 353
American Airlines Flight 11, xx, 9, 10, 12, 22, 31–48, 50–51, 81–83, 90, 107, 110, 118, 141, 143, 429, 435
calls from passengers and crew, 61–63, 67, 74–78
casualties, 79–80, 428
crew, 31–34, 44, 45
early media reports, 85–86, 94–96
hijackers, 39–43, 60–80, 110–11, 163, 235
hijackers enter cockpit, 75–76
hijacking of, 45–48, 60–80, 94–96, 111, 119, 126–28, 163, 186, 235–39
hits North Tower, 79–80, 83, 85–86, 95–96, 236–39, 266–68
map of flight path, xvi
map of impact on North Tower, xiv
NEADS response, 68–73, 94–97, 118, 126–28, 186
NORDO, 45–48
passengers and boarding, 34–44
radio messages from hijackers, 47, 63–66, 68, 74, 78–79, 81–82, 93
security procedures and gaps, 39–44
stabbings, 61, 62, 67, 75–77
takeoff, 44–45
American Airlines Flight 77, 14, 94–108, 110, 150, 432, 437
calls from passengers and crew, 128–31
casualties, 145–46, 428, 437
crew, 101–2, 145
early media reports, 146
hijackers, 102–3, 110, 128–29, 132, 135, 144–45, 314, 316
hijacking of, 106–8, 120, 126–48, 186
hits Pentagon, 144–46, 156, 160, 162, 170, 180, 183, 184, 311, 313–16
map of flight path, xvi
NEADS response, 136–37, 141–44, 146–47, 186
passengers and boarding, 97–103, 145–46
security procedures and gaps, 102–3
takeoff, 103
American Express Tower, 352
Anderson, James, 137
Andreacchio, John “Jack,” 270, 329, 330, 450
Andrews Air Force Base, 136, 140, 183
Angell, David, 38
Angell, Lynn, 38
answering machine messages, 165, 295, 432
antiwar groups, 436
Aon Corporation, 233, 339, 340
Apostol, Faustino, 40–56, 459
Arabian Peninsula, 2
Arabic language, 43, 153–55, 169, 171, 173, 176–80, 396
Arestegui, Bobbi, 44, 45, 75
Arizona, 26
Arlington, USS, 439
Arlington County Fire Department, 380, 381
Arlington Hospital, 372
Arlington National Cemetery, 143–44, 311, 313, 379, 380, 441
Armstead, Ernest, 263–64
Army, U.S., 2, 212, 213, 322
Arnold, Larry, 72–73, 184
Ashcroft, John, 130
Associated Press, 139
Atlantic Fleet, 439
Atta, Mohamed, 22–30, 39–42, 44, 58, 88, 97, 110, 111, 117, 118, 134, 157, 179
hijacking of American Airlines Flight 11, 45–48, 63–65, 75–79, 82, 93, 235, 249
instruction letter, 29–30, 43, 117
as leader of 9/11 attacks, 25–30, 110, 174
security procedures an
d boarding, 39–44
Atta, Mohamed (father of hijacker), 23
Austin J. Tobin Plaza, 263, 334
awards for 9/11 heroism, 438, 441
Babakitis, Arlene, 253, 293, 294, 305, 353, 354, 401, 453
Bacon, Bob, 411, 415
Bailey, Garnet “Ace,” 52, 87, 92, 275
Bailey, Kathy, 87
Ballinger, Ed, 122–25, 149, 174–75, 185
Bangladesh, 1
Banihammad, Fayez, 58
Barbuto, Christine, 37
Barksdale Air Force Base, 183
Barnes, Vanessa, 280–83
Barnik, Mark, 150–51
Barrett, Kevin, 294, 356, 410
Basmala, 153
Bavis, Mark, 52, 92
Bay, Lorraine, 115, 187
Bayonne, New Jersey, 447
Beamer, Lisa, 113, 164–65
Beamer, Todd, 113, 163–65, 171, 175–76, 187, 384, 395
Beaven, Alan, Anthony, 187
Beekman Downtown Hospital, 422
Beilke, Max, 312, 313, 321, 442
Beirut, 24
Bennett, Bryan Craig, 455
Bennett, Donald, 43
Berenson, Berry, 35
Betru, Dr. Yeneneh, 100, 145–46
Beyea, Ed, 361
Bible, 396
Biggio, Terry, 93
Bingham, Mark, 112–13, 160–61, 187
bin Laden, Osama, 1–6, 24, 133, 147, 174, 189, 309, 343, 430
fatwa of, 1–6, 25, 110
killing of, 427–28, 434, 442
9/11 attacks planned by, 25–27, 110, 174
pre-9/11 terrorist attacks by, 2–6
U.S. failure to anticipate 9/11 attacks, 3–6
Birdwell, Brian, 379
Bobbitt, Dave, 303, 304
Bodley, Deora, 114, 187
body parts. See human remains
Boeing jets, 29, 43
Boeing 707, 221
Boeing 757, 97, 144–45, 180, 315, 392
Boeing 767, 11, 33–34, 43, 50, 60, 78, 95, 97, 147, 235
Bolourchi, Touri, 52, 92–93, 275
Booker Elementary School, Sarasota, Florida, 138, 139, 147, 383
Bosnia, 26
Boston, xx, 9, 12, 22, 28, 29, 30, 32, 39, 42, 47, 111, 170, 420, 430
evacuations, 170
Boston Center, 46–48, 50, 60, 63–66, 68, 71, 73, 75, 76, 81, 82, 93, 95, 104, 108, 142, 172
Boston Globe, xx
“Six Lives,” xx–xxi, xxiii
Boston Harbor, 32, 45
Boston Medical Center, 434
Boston University, xx–xxi, 13, 52, 55–56, 434
Bottiglia, Dave, 82–84
box cutters, 41, 130
Bradshaw, Phil, 115, 167, 187
Bradshaw, Sandra, 115, 159, 167, 187, 384, 395
Brandhorst, Daniel, 51, 275
Brandhorst, David Gamboa, 51, 92, 275
Britton, Marion, 114, 166, 187
Broad Street, 344
Broadway, xviii, 251, 343, 402
Brooklyn, 301, 402
Brooklyn Bridge, 344
Brown, Bernard, Sr., 97, 98, 145
Brown, Bernard C. II, 97–98, 145, 314
Brown, Patrick “Paddy,” 264, 406, 459
Brown, Tim, 290
Bucca, Ronald, 336–38, 339, 342
Buddhism, 54
Bueno, Dan, 69, 70
Burke, William “Billy,” Jr., 350, 359, 360, 361, 459
Burlingame, Chares “Chic,” 101, 107, 145, 437–38
Burlingame, Debra, 437–38
Burnett, Deena, 112, 158–59, 163, 165
Burnett, Thomas E., 112, 158–59, 163, 165, 187
Burns, Donald, 290, 335, 342
Bush, George H. W., 115
Bush, George W., 15, 106, 136
addresses nation about 9/11, 139–40, 188–89, 383
response to 9/11 attacks, 106, 137–40, 147–48, 155, 183, 187–89, 393, 421, 427, 443
Bush, Laura, 443
Butler, Billy, 248, 255, 400, 401, 403, 410, 411, 461
Cairo, 23, 74
Cairo University, 23
Camaj, Roko, 332, 339, 343
cameramen, 357–58
Campbell, Tara, 121–22
Canada, 19, 21, 147, 181
Canal Street, 248, 250, 458
evacuation below, 413–14
cancer, 428
Cantor Fitzgerald, 257, 455
Capitol, U.S., 143, 174, 213
evacuation of, 170
as target of planes, 174, 178, 183, 188
Card, Andy, 138, 139
Carden, Martha, 312, 320, 321, 364, 365, 368, 373, 441
Carlos R. Lillo Park, 454
Carlton, Paul, Jr., 322, 366–67, 371, 438
Carr Futures, 257
Carson, Patty, 129
Casey, Mike, 37
Casey, Neilie Anne Heffernan, 36–37
Casey, Riley, 37
Cashman, William, 114, 187
casualties, 9/11, 189, 277, 428–29
American Airlines Flight 11, 79–80, 428
American Airlines Flight 77, 145–46, 428, 437
DNA proof, 279, 396–97, 431, 433, 444, 451, 456
fallers and jumpers, see fallers and jumpers
FDNY, 333–34, 342–43, 428, 452–54, 457–60
identification of, 279, 397, 431, 433, 444, 451, 456
list of names, 463–98
of 9/11-related illnesses, 428
North Tower, 237, 242, 256, 294, 417, 428
NYPD, 342–43, 428, 459
Pentagon, 315, 316, 428, 436–38, 441–42
physical tokens of, 432–33, 437, 457
post-9/11 lives of families, 427–61
South Tower, 277, 333, 337, 341–43, 360, 428, 450–51
toll from ground, 277, 428
toll from planes, 189, 428
United Airlines Flight 93, 187–88, 392–97, 428, 444
United Airlines Flight 175, 92–93, 275, 428
Caswell, William, 100, 145
Catholicism, 348, 377
CBS, 258
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 5, 27, 133, 428, 440
chaplains, 143–44
FDNY, 359
Pentagon, 143–44, 376–77
Charlebois, David, 101, 107
Chechnya, 24, 26
Chelsea Piers, 410, 421
Cheney, Dick, 136
response to 9/11 attacks, 136, 139, 147, 155, 183–86
shootdown order, 183–86
Chicago, 87, 119, 122, 170, 225
evacuations, 170
Chinatown, 198, 199, 242, 248, 458
Chopra, Deepak, 38, 195
Chung, Wai-ching, 232–33, 261, 455
Church Street, 276, 293, 347, 353, 354, 356, 358, 401
Ciccolello, Joanne, 241
City Hall, 402
Clark, Brian, 204–6, 266–69, 271, 275, 278–79, 280, 284–87, 329, 330–35, 337, 338–39, 343–45
post-9/11 life, 449–51
Clark, Dianne, 205, 268, 331, 449
Clark, Sarah, 98
Cleveland, Grover, xvii, 188
Cleveland Center, 108, 125, 150–52, 156, 170, 171, 181
Clifford, Brigid, 194–95, 226, 352, 419, 455, 456, 457
Clifford, Monica, 194, 195, 226, 352, 456, 457
Clifford, Ron, 118–19, 155, 193–95, 219–20, 226–27, 231–34, 244–46, 361, 291–93, 348–49, 352–53, 418–20, 422, 454–57
post-9/11 life, 454–57
Clinton, Bill, 2, 16, 213
Clinton, Hillary, 15, 16
CNN, 85–86, 352
coverage of 9/11 attacks, 85–87, 91–92, 95–96, 132, 139, 146, 162, 309, 409
cockpit doors, one key entry to, 76
code words, hijacking, 104, 123, 156
Cold War, 21, 308
Cole, USS, bombing of, 3, 27, 213
Coll, Robert “Bobby,” 269, 275, 278, 284, 330, 450
Coll, Ste
ve, Ghost Wars, xxii
Collman, Jeffrey, 45, 77
Combat Air Patrol (CAP), 106
Common Strategy, 74–75
Computer Assisted Passenger Prescreening System (CAPPS), 40, 102, 116
Concourse, 225, 335, 346, 353, 354–55
Congress, U.S., 15, 115, 170, 186, 323
evacuation of, 170
Coniglio, Jeff, 411, 415
conservatism, 16
Cooper, Joseph, 69, 70
coroners, 386, 389–91, 393–94, 431, 444, 456
Correa, Victor, 365
Corrigan, Georgine Rose, 187
Cosgrove, Kevin, 339–41, 343
Cottom, Asia, 98
Coughenour, Jeremy, 386
Counterterrorism Center, 3
Couric, Katie, 383
Creamer, Colin, 36, 429, 430–31, 432
Creamer, Gerry, 429, 430
Creamer, John, 35, 36, 79, 429–32
post-9/11 life, 429–32
Creamer, Julie, 430, 431
Creamer, Nora, 36, 429, 430, 431, 432
Creamer, Tara, 35–36, 79, 429–32
Crowther, Welles, xxi, 342. See also man in the red bandana
Crusades, 1
Cruz-Santiago, Juan, 377, 438
C-SPAN, 14, 16
Cushing, Patricia, 187
Custer, Keith, 389
D’Agostino, Sal, 248, 255, 290, 291, 400, 406, 410, 412, 415, 416, 460, 461
Dahl, Jason, 116, 118, 120–25, 149–51, 157, 169, 174, 187
Dahl, Matt, 116
Dahl, Sandy, 116
Dahler, Don, 91, 92
Daniels, Kay, 138, 139
Dar es Salaam, 2, 4
Dateline, 459
Debeuneure, James, 98
deChatelet, Ted, 200, 201
Defense Department, U.S., 68, 100, 157, 308, 439
Defense of Freedom Medal, 441
Delgado, Manuel, 356
Delta Air Lines, 83, 147
Delta Flight 1989, 147, 150, 172, 181
DeLuca, Joseph, 114, 167, 188
De Martini, Frank, 253–54, 295, 296, 297
De Martini, Nicole, 254, 296, 297
Demczur, Jan, 303
dental records, 396, 444
Department of Homeland Security, 440
Devery, Jim, 337
Diaz, Ericka, 230, 293, 357, 421
Diaz, Moussa “Moose,” 203, 229–31, 235, 247, 293, 347–48, 356–59, 409–10, 321, 448