Bahrain 151, 290
Bahram IV 59
Bahram V (Bahram Gur) 60–61
Bahram Chubin 66
Bakhtiar, Shapur 257
Bakhtiari 168, 212, 214, 218, 222
Baku 181, 232
Balkh 77, 87, 91, 107, 121
Balkhi, Shahid 71, 89
Baluchistan, Baluchis, xiv, 149, 151, 281
Bam 172
Bani-Sadr, Abol-Hasan 270
El Baradei, Dr Mohamed 295
Bardiya 17, 18
Barmakids 81
Basra 159, 160, 163, 168
bast 205, 206, 210
Bausani, Alessandro 54, 55, 78
bazaar 51, 184, 200, 204–5, 206, 232
bazaar guilds 7, 175, 206–8, 259
Bazargan, Mehdi 258, 262, 267, 268, 269, 270
bazgasht 230
Bedouin 72
Behbehani, Aqa Mohammad Baqer 174
Behbehani, Ayatollah Abdollah 204, 206, 208, 212
Beheshti, Ayatollah 271
Behesht-e Zahra (cemetery) 266, 274
Belgium 196, 203–5, 208
Belisarius 66
Bessus 29
Beyt al-Hikma 83
Bidel 116
Bill, James A 253
Bishapur 48, 49
Bisitun 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 89
Black Friday (8 September 1978) 262
Bogomils 55
Bokhara 87, 156
Bolsheviks 218, 221, 266, 278
Borujerdi, Ayatollah Hosein 245, 247, 250
Boyce, Mary 299
Bridge, battle of 76
Britain 182–3, 189, 196–9, 215–16, 219–221, 232–3, 245, 283
British Petroleum (BP) 245
Browne, E.G. 139
Buddhism 57, 106
Bunyan, John 9
bureaucracy 83, 144, 185, 209–10, 228
Bush, President George W 288
Bushire 182, 196
Buyids 87
Byzantines 66, 120, 129
Cairo 110
caliph (Khalifa), caliphate 76, 79, 83, 87, 128
Callias (peace treaty) 26
Callinicum 66
Cambyses (Kambojiya) 17, 20
Caracalla 44
Cardaces 27
Carlyle 166
Carrhae 37, 39, 41, 44
Carter, President 257, 260, 263, 271
Caspian Sea 15, 34, 77, 152, 156, 183, 218, 221
Cathars 55
Caucasus 3, 44, 66, 173, 179, 181–5, 232
chador xv, 194, 253
Chaeronea 29
Chaldiran 133
chess 65
China 39, 83, 84, 119
Chionite Huns 59
Christianity 9, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59–60, 125
Churchill 235, 287
Clinton, President 283
Clive of India 165
Constantine 58, 133
Constantinople 68, 100
Constitutional movement 207, 210, 217
Corbulo 41
Cossack Brigade 198, 203, 207–11, 217, 221, 225, 226
Council of Guardians 269
Crassus 37
Croesus 1, 12
Crone, Patricia 15,
Ctesiphon 35, 43–4, 45, 65, 66, 68, 69, 76
Curzon, Lord 219, 220, 221
Cyaxares (Uaksatar) 5
cynicism in (British) foreign policy 199
Cyrus (Kurosh) 1, 11–17, 20, 26, 27, 59, 68, 256, 276; principles continued by Darius: 21–2
daena 9, 78
Daghestan 160, 161, 163, 166, 183
Dahae 34,
Damascus 68, 76, 79, 110
Daneshvar, Simin 244
Dara 66
Dar al-Funun 195, 199
D’Arcy, William Knox 204, 216, 231
Dari, xvi,
Darius I (Daryavaush) 18–25, 89
Darius III 27, 28, 28 illus., 29, 31,
Daryaee, Touraj vii-viii, 61
Dasht-e Kavir (desert) 3
Dasht-e Lut (desert) 3
dehqans 49, 63, 64, 66, 80, 90
Deioces (Daiaukku) 5,
Delhi 97, 106, 119, 158–160, 167
Demavand 4
Democratic party 212; Kurdish (KDP), see
Kurdish Democratic Party dervishes 97, 98
din-e dawlat 259, 276 Dio Cassius 44
diwan 63, 81
drauga (druj) 10
Dunsterville, General 218, 220
East India Company, English 135, 180, 182
Ebadi, Shirin 291, 297–8
Ebtehaj, Abol-Hassan 245
Edessa 48, 67
education 203–4, 228, 252, 281–2,
Egypt 17, 24, 26, 29, 31, 33, 56, 180, 201, 232, 294
Elam 2, 21, 23
Emami, Saeed 283
Erekle II of Georgia 167
erfan 138, 249, 250
Esma‘il, Shah 131–3
Esma‘il II, Shah 142
Ettela’at (newspaper) 261, 270
Eumenes of Cardia 31
Euphrates 43, 58, 123
Euripedes 38
Evin Prison 267, 270
Ezra 10, 26
Fao peninsula 273, 274
Farazdaq 266
Farrokhzad, Forugh 230
Fars, xv, xvi, 44, 45, 227
Fath Ali Shah 178–82, 185–7, 189
Fatima 75, 79, 124
Fatimids 128,
Feda’i 255, 272
Ferdowsi 39, 63–4, 72, 89–90, 107, 118, 141, 256
Ferozabad 45, 49, 81
fiqh 258
fire-temples 32, 51
Fitzgerald, Edward 93–4
Foruhar, Dariush 257–8, 283
Foruhar, Parvaneh 283
France, the French 180–2, 215, 232, 256
fravashi 9, 36 Freedom Movement 258, 262, 267, 270, 272
Gabinius 37
Ganja 181, 183
Ganji, Akbar 291
Gathas 6,
Gaumata 17–18
Genghis Khan 103, 118
Georgia 47, 130, 134–5, 150, 167, 173, 181, 182
Germany 211, 215, 217–8, 232–4, 236
gharbzadegi 244 Al-Ghazali 97–8
Ghazan Khan 117
Ghaznavids 87, 89, 91
Ghilzai Afghans 150–1, 167
ghuluww 129, 142
Gibbon, Edward 54, 65, Gilan 135, 156, 212, 217, 218, 222
Gnosticism 52, 54, 56
Gobineau 299, Goethe 115
Golestan, Treaty 183
Golhak 206
Golnabad 151
Gondeshapur 51, 84
Gorbachev, Mikhail 275
Gotarzes 35
Granicus 29
Greece, xv, 25, 29, 41–2, 51
Griboyedov 184–5, 186
Gaugamela 29, 30
Gunpowder Empires 141
Gutians 2, 13
hadith 85, 96, 109, 127, 174, 194
Hadrian 43; Hadrian’s Wall 42
Ha’eri, Shaykh Abdolkarim 249
Hafez 90, 106, 111, 113–16
Hajj 74, 107, 151
Hajji Firuz Tepe 2,
Hajji Mirza Aqasi 191
Al-Hallaj 96
Hamadan (Ecbatana) 4, 10, 11, 17, 25, 36, 108, 152, 190, 217
Hamas 290, 293
Hashemi-Rafsanjani, Akbar 274, 289
Hatra 43
Hecht, Anthony 48
Hedayat, Sadeq 229–30
Hephtalite Huns 61–2, 65
Heraclius 68–9
Herat 104, 121, 149, 153, 155, 167, 191, 196, 199
Hercules 18,
Herodotus 1, 5, 10, 14–15, 17, 19, 26, 27, 28
Hezbollah 268, 270, 271, 278
Hezekiah 12–13
Hidden Emam 128–9, 208, 210, 258–9, 266
Hijra 74
Hindu Kush mountains 5, 35
HMS Dreadnought 215 Hodgson, Marshall G 141
hojjatoleslam 175, 277 Holocaust 235, 293–4
Hor
muz, straits of 135
Hormuzd (brother of Shapur II) 58
Hormuzd IV 66
Hormuzdgan 45
Hosein 79, 123–4, 126
Hosein, Shah Sultan 147, 149, 151, 152
Hoveyda, Amir Abbas 258, 268
Hulagu 105
Hyrcania 34
ijtihad 85, 174
Il-Khans 105–106, 117
India, xvi, 31, 51, 106, 119, 135, 138–9, 144, 159, 160, 180, 181–2, 191, 199
Indus (river) 12, 159
Indo-Europeans xiv, 1, 3, 25
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 295
Iran/Contra 274, 277
Iran/Iraq War 272–274, 278–9
Iran zamin 2, 78, 132, 139
Al-Iraqi, Fakhroddin (Iraqi) 106, 108
iqta 120
Irbil (Arbela, Hewler) 29, 44
Ironside, General 220–2, 223
Isaiah 13, Isfahan 45, 118, 132, 134, 136, 144, 150–2, 154, 155–6, 168, 168, 171, 204, 212, 218, 254; School of: 138
Islam 9, 71–4, 75, 76, 78–80, 82, 85, 97, 175, 177, 201–2, 256, 260, 275
Islamic Republic Party (IRP) 269
Ismailis 105, 128
Israel 10, 245, 274, 284–5; and Ahmadinejad 293–4; and Iran’s nuclear programme 296; establishment of 294; recognition
of 288
Istakhr 45
iwan 65
jadidi 190
Ja‘far Al-Sadiq 127–8
Ja‘farian, Rasul 304n.
Jalal Al-Din (Khwarezmshah) 104, 107
Jalal Al-e Ahmad 243–4, 250
Jami 116
Jangali 216illus. 217, 218, 220, 222
Japan 204, 234
Jerusalem 13, 14, 26, 68, 74
Jesuits 127–8,
Jesus 5, 52, 55, 74, 111, 128, 132
Jews 14, 26, 36, 41, 59, 68, 73, 157, 202–3, 208, 257, 283–5; migration to Israel 284;
persecution of 10, 42, 57, 61, 104, 133, 140, 144–5, 190, 212–13, 233; and Mohammad 74;
see also Israel, Holocaust
jizya 77, 78
Jones, Sir Harford 182
Jordan 292
Jovian 59
Judaea 12
Judaism 9, 10–11, 42, 52, 74, 190; see also Jews, Israel
Julian 58–9
Julius Caesar 37, 39
Junayd 97
Junayd, Shaykh 130
Juvayni 105, 117
Ka’ba 75
Kabul 158, 159, 167
Kadivar, Mohsen 278
Kalat-e Naderi 167
Kandahar 141, 149, 150, 151–2, 156, 158, 167, 191
Karbala 79, 124, 126, 175, 176, 178, 260, 272, 274
Karen 36
Karim Khan Zand 168, 170–1, 258
Karnal 158
Kashan 2, 77, 195
Kashani, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem 242, 245, 250
Kasravi, Ahmad 238–9, 240
Katouzian, Homa 46, 291
Kavad I 61–4
Kavad II 69
Kay Kavus 72, 90, 147
Kennedy, President 247
Kerdir 56–7
Kerman 45, 151, 172, 218
Kermani, Mirza Reza 202–3
Kermanshah 17, 212, 217
Khadija 75
Ibn Khaldun 76, 85, 119–20
Khamenei, Ali (President, later Supreme
Leader) 274, 277–8, 279, 286, 289
Khamseh confederation 218,
kharabat 95, 108
Kharg Island 191
Kharijites 79, 80, 126
Khatami, Seyyed Mohammad 282–3, 285–6, 287–8, 293
Khazars 68, 69
Khiva 198
Khomein 248, 249
Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 110, 247–251, 256, 258–9, 260, 261–3, 265–9, 270, 271–2, 274–7
Khorasan 77, 80, 82, 83, 86, 87, 97, 101, 103–5, 106, 130, 151, 153, 167–8, 173, 195, 229
Khorasani, Mohammad Kazem 211
Khordad 7,
Khorramites 15, 86, 129
Khorramshahr 273
Khosraw I (Khosraw Anushirvan) 33, 62, 63, 64–6
Khosraw II (Khosraw Parvez) 66–9
Khuzestan, xv, 2, 58, 84, 216, 218, 240, 273
Khwarezm 103, 166
Kiarostami, Abbas 297
Kirkuk 156, 159, 163
kofr 98, 99
Komiteh 267, 270
Konya 107
Kuchek Khan 216–17, 222
Kufa, Kufans 80, 123, 124, 126
Kuh-e Nur (diamond) 167
Kurds, Kurdistan xiv, 4, 29, 86, 135, 237;
Nationalism/seperatism 267–8, 272, 273
Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) 272
Kushans 49
kvarrah 60
Macedon 24, 25, 26, 27–9, 31–2
Machiavelli 93, 150
Macrinus 44
Magi 10, 14, 17, 32, 41, 53, 56
Mahmud Ghilzai 151, 152
Majles 207–8, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214–15, 217, 220, 223, 224, 226, 228, 229, 236, 240, 241, 245, 247, 248, 255, 269, 284, 286, 290, 291
Majlesi, Mohammad Baqer 144–5, 148–9
Makhmalbaf, Mohsen 297
Makhmalbaf, Samira 297
Malcolm, Sir John 172, 179, 180, 182, 199
Malkom Khan 199–200
Mandaeans 53
Mani/Manichaeism 51–6, 61, 78
Mannaeans 2
Al-Ma’mun 83, 84, 85
Al-Mansur 81, 83
Marathon 24
Marduk 13–14, 26
marja-e taqlid 175, 245, 247, 268, 277
Mark Antony 39–40, 41
Maryam Begum 144, 148, 149, 151
Mashhad 132, 137, 153, 168, 190, 212, 216, 232, 260, 261, 263
mashruteh 207–13
Massagetae 15
Maurice 66, 67
mawali 78
Mawlana see Rumi
Mazanderan 3, 143, 168, 170–1, 192
Mazdaeans, Mazdaism 7–11, 17, 19–20, 31–2, 36, 41, 43, 45, 52, 56–7, 77
Mazdak, Mazdakites, Mazdakism 15, 62, 64
mazhab 85, 86
Mecca 68, 72–3, 74, 75, 79, 96, 125, 151
Medes, Media, xvi, 4–5, 10, 21, 26
Medina 68, 73–4, 125
Mehran 36, 66
Military Revolution 162, 141
Merv 77, 80, 103–4
Mesopotamia, 2, 11, 23, 33, 35, 37, 43, 45, 47, 51, 52, 58, 69, 76
Millspaugh, Arthur 227, 237
Ministry of Infor mation and Security (MOIS) 270, 283–4, 293
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 281
Labienus 39, 40
Lahore 106
land reform 246–7, 251
Latin 1, 6, 7, 85
Lebanese Hezbollah 272, 278, 290, 293
Leonidas 26
Lermontov 181
Lewisohn, Leonard vii, 147n, 302n, 303n
Lezges 160, 161, 184
Lors 222, 249
Lotf Ali Khan Zand 171–3
Lydia 12,
Lucullus 37
luti 140
Mir Veis 150–1
Mirza Hosein Khan 197–8
Misikoe 48
Mithra/Mithras, Mithraism 7, 42–3
Mithradates I 35
Mithradates II 35
Mobad 51
Modarres, Seyyed Hasan 228–9, 270
Moghan plain 157, 173
Moghuls 121, 141
Mohammad 5, 54, 68–9, 72–5, 96, 125–6
Mohammad Ali Shah 210, 212
Mohammad Ghuri 106
Mohammad Hasan Khan Qajar 163, 168
Mohammad Reza Shah 234, 236, 244–6, 259
Mohammad Shah 189, 191, 192
Mohammad, Sultan (Khwarezmshah) 103, 104
Moharram, xiv, 176, 205, 246, 262
Moin, Baqer vii, 309
Mojahedin-e Khalq (MKO) 255
mojtahed 174, 175, 200, 205, 210, 211, 220, 249, 258–9, 266, 276
Molla Sadra 138, 249
monafeqin 271
Mongols 18, 101–6, 117, 118, 119, 129, 142
Montazeri, Hosein-Ali, Ayatollah 259, 277–8
Moses 5, 10
Mossadeq, Mohammad 228–9, 239–43
mostazefin 268, 279, 280
Mosul 5, 12, 159
Motahhari, Morteza 268
Mottahedeh, Roy 255
Mozaffar od-Din Shah 203, 207
Mu’awiya 79, 126
Multan 106
Mu’tazilis 85, 97, 174
Mycale 26,
Nabonidus 14,
Nader Shah 18, 153, 156–67, 168, 173, 175, 177, 181, 186, 187, 223–4, 234, 279
nafs 98
najes 140 Nahavand 76
Najaf 175, 178, 210, 211, 223, 248, 249, 258, 273, 291
Najmabadi, Afsaneh 309n.
Nakhichevan 183
Napoleon 162, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185
Naqsh-e Rostam 45, 46illus., 48–9, 57
Narseh 57
Naser-e Khosraw 91
Naser od-Din Shah 189, 192, 196, 197, 199, 201illus., 202
Naser od-Din Tusi (astrologer/astronomer,
poet, polymath) xiii, 105
Nasser (President of Egypt) 243
Nassiri, General 267
Nasrollah (son of Nader Shah) 165
Natanz 295
National Front 239–40, 241, 245, 247, 257–8, 259, 262, 266–7
Naus, Joseph 203–4
Navvab Safavi 238
Neanderthals 18, Nebuchadnezzar 10, Nehemiah 26
neo-Platonism 53, 64–5, 109, 138
Nero 41
Nestorians 59–60
Nietzsche 11, 56, 303
Nineveh 5, 69
Nisa 36
Nishapur 49, 99, 101, 104, 248
Nisibis 44, 48, 66
Nizam ol-Mulk (Hasan Tusi) 93
Nizami Ganjavi 98–99 nomads 3–4, 8, 44, 51, 61, 73, 105, 118–20, 161–2, 169, 185, 193
Noruz (Persian New Year) 8illus., 21, 178, 230, 285
Northern Alliance 288
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) 294–5
Nuqtavi Sufis 137
Nuri, Mirza Agha Khan 196
Nuri, Nateq 282
Nuri, Shaykh Fazlollah 210–12
Odenathus 56
oil xv, 204, 216, 218, 227, 231, 232, 236–243, 244–5, 252, 273, 280
Oljeitu 106
Omar (Caliph) 112
Omar Khayyam 93–96, 116, 147
Ordibehesht 7
Ormuzd 45–6
Orodes 37, 38–9
Ottomans 129, 133–4, 137, 141, 152, 155–6, 163, 165, 207, 217–18; see also Young Ottomans
Oxyartes 31
Pacorus 39–40
Pahlavi (language) 51, 72
Pahlavi dynasty 223, 226–38
Pakistan, xvi, 129, 275, 295
Palestine 23, 43, 68, 76, 219, 234, 235, 293–4
Palmyra 56
Panahi, Jafar 297
Papak (father of Ardashir) 45
Papak (9th century rebel) 86
paradaida 17,
parakandeh shahi 36
Paris, Peace of (1857) 196
Parker, Geoffrey 162
Parni 34
Parthia, Parthians xvi, 4, 34–41, 43–5, 47, 49
Pasargadae xv, 15, 20, 256
Pasdaran (Sepah-e Pasdaran) see Revolutionary
Guard Corps Pelagius, Pelagianism 55, 56, 301
Pelopponesian Wars 26 people of the Book 77, 133, 140, 144, 284