stem 2C (= stem 1B): neix-
1sg. present indicative: neixo, Bal. neix
present subjunctive: 1sg. neixi, 2sg. neixis, 3sg. neixi, 3pl neixin
or
stem 2: nasc-
present subjunctive: 1 pl. nasquem, 2pl. nasqueu
preterite: nasquí, etc.
past subjunctive: nasqués, etc.
Bal. stem 2C: nesc-
Bal. 1sg. present indicative: nesc
Bal. present subjunctive: 1sg. nesqui, 1sg. nesquis, 3sg. nesqui, 3pl. nesquin
noure
like plaure: stem 1: no-, stem 1B: nou-, stem 2: nog- or noug-
ofendre
strong participle: ofès, ofesa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: ofen-, stem 2: ofeng-
pàixer (Val. and NW variant of péixer)
like nàixer: stem 1: paix-, stem 2: pasc-
parèixer
Bal. weak participle parescut, parescuda, etc.
otherwise like conèixer: stem 1: pareix-, stem: 2: pareg-
Also Bal. stem 2B: parese-
Bal. 1sg. present indicative: parese
Bal. present subjunctive: paresqui, paresquis, paresqui, paresquem, paresqueu, paresquin
péixer (Val. and NW use the variant pàixer q.v.)
like néixer:
infinitive: péixer; future stem: paixer-, future: paixeré, etc.; conditional:
paixeria, etc.; stem 1: paix-, stem 1B: peix-
either stem 2 = stem 1: paix-, stem 2C = stem 1B: peix-
or stem 2: pasc-, Bal. stem 2C: pese-
pertànyer
participle: pertangut, pertanguda, etc.
otherwise
either
regular (stem 2 = stem 1)
or
stem 1: pertany-
stem 2: pertang-
1sg. present indicative: pertanc
present subjunctive: pertangui, pertanguis, pertangui, pertanguem, pertangueu, pertanguin
preterite: pertangui, etc.
past subjunctive: pertangués, etc.
participle: pertangut, pertanguda, etc.
plànyer
either
regular (stem 2 = stem 1)
or
stem 1: plany-, stem 2: plang-
plaure
stem 1: pla-
present indicative: 1pl. plaem, 2pl. plaeu
imperfect: plaïa, plaïes, etc.
gerund: plaent
stem 1B: plau-
infinitive: plaure
future: plauré, etc.; conditional: plauria, etc.
present indicative: 2sg. plaus, 3sg. plau, 3pl. plauen
stem 2: plag-
1sg. present indicative: plac
present subjunctive: plagui, plaguis, plagui, plaguem, plagueu, plaguin; Val./NW plaga, plagues, plaga, plaguem, plagueu, plaguen
preterite: plagui, etc.
past subjunctive: plagués, etc.; Val. plaguera, etc.
participle: plagut, plaguda, etc.
ploure
like beure: stem 1: plov-, stem 1B: plou-, stem 2: plog-
poder
Note the vowel alternation -u-/-o-has the same distribution in poder and voler.
infinitive: poder
stem 1: pod-
future stem: podr-; future: podré, etc.; conditional: podria, etc.
present indicative: 2sg–3pl. pots, pot, podem, podeu, poden
imperfect: podia, etc.
gerund: podent
stem 2: pog-
preterite: poguí, etc.
past subjunctive: pogués, etc.; Val. poguera, etc.
participle: pogut, poguda, etc.
stem 2B: pug-
1sg. present indicative: puc
present subjunctive: pugui, puguis, pugui, puguem, pugueu, puguin; Val./NW/optionally Bal. puga, pugues, puga, puguem, pugueu, puguen
pondre
strong participle: post, posta, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: pon-(3sg. present indicative: pon), stem 2: pong-
prendre
strong participle: pres, presa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: pren- (3sg. present indicative: pren), stem 2: preng-
pretendre
strong participle: pretès, pretesa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: preten-, stem 2: preteng-
raure
Val. strong participle ras, rasa, etc. (elsewhere regular ragut)
otherwise like plaure: stem 1: ra-, stem 1B: rau-, stem 2: rag-
resoldre
like absoldre
respondre
like pondre
riure
Val. strong participle: rist, rista, etc. (elsewhere regular rigut)
irregular imperfect: reia, reies, reia, rèiem, rèieu, reien
Bal. irregular present indicative: 1pl. reim, 2pl.. reis
stem 1: ri-
present indicative: 1pl. riem, 2pl. rieu
gerund: rient
stem 1B: riu
infinitive: riure
future: riuré, etc.; conditional: riuria, etc.
present indicative: 2sg. rius, 3sg. riu, 3pl. riuen
stem 2: rig-
1sg. present indicative: ric
present subjunctive: rigui, riguis, rigui, riguem, rigueu, riguin; Val./NW riga, rigues, riga, riguem, rigueu, riguen
irregular imperative: 2pl.. only rigueu (but Bal. reis = 2pl.. present indicative); 2sg. regular: riu
preterite: rigui, etc.
past subjunctive: rigués, etc.; Val. riguera, etc.
participle: rigut, riguda, etc.
romandre
strong participle: romàs, romasa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: roman- (3sg. present indicative: roman), stem 2: romang-
saber
1sg. present indicative: sé
irregular imperative: sàpigues, sapigueu (Bal. sapigau), Val. sàpies, sapieu
otherwise like cabre: present subjunctive stem: sapig(Val. sapi-), stem 1/2: sab-
ser/ésser/esser
participle (weak): estat, estada, etc., or in less formal styles, sigut
strong preterite: 1sg. fui, 3sg. fou
infinitive: ser, èsser (more formal), Bai. esser
future stem: ser-, future: seré, seràs, etc.; conditional: seria, series, etc.
irregular imperfect: er-: era, eres, era, érem, éreu, eren
gerund: sent or essent
1sg. present indicative: sóc/só (Bal. som)
2sg. present indicative: ets; Val. informal eres
3sg. present indicative: és
stem 1B: so-
present indicative pl.: som, sou, son
stem 2 (remainder of preterite, past subjunctive, also 2nd conditional): fo-, i.e.:
preterite: 2sg. fores, pl. fórem, fóreu, foren
past subjunctive: fos, fossis (Val./NW fosses), etc. or (Val.): fora, fores, (these forms also 2nd conditional)
stem 2B (present subjunctive and irregular imperative): sig-
present subjunctive: sigui, siguis, sigui, siguem, sigueu, siguin; Val./NW/
optionally Bal. siga, sigues, siga, siguem, sigueu, siguen
irregular imperative: sigues, sigueu (Bal. sigau, siau)
seure
like creure:
irregular imperfect: seia, seies, seia, sèiem, sèieu, seien; Bal. irregular present indicative: 1pl. seim, 2pl.. seis; stem 1: sei- (Val. se-), stem 1B: seu-, stem 2: seg-
soler
like doldre: stem 1: sol-, stem 2: solg-
suspendre
strong participle: suspès, suspesa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: suspen-, stem 2: suspeng-
toldre
strong participle: tolt, tolta, etc.
otherwise like doldre: stem 1: tol-, stem 2: tolg-
tondre
strong participle: tos, tosa, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: ton(3sg. present indicativ
e: ton), stem 2: tong-
traure (Val. and NW variant of treure)
participle tret, treta, etc.
otherwise like jaure: irregular imperfect: treia, treies, treia, trèiem, trèieu, treien
stem 1: trai (Val. tra-), stem 1B: trau-, stem 2: trag
treure
(Val. and NW use the variant traure q.v.)
participle tret, treta, etc.
otherwise like jeure: future stem: traur-, future: trauré, etc.; conditional: trauria, etc.; irregular imperfect: treia, treies, treia, trèiem, trèieu, treien; Bal. irregular present indicative: 1/7/. treim, 2/7/. treis; stem 1: trai-; stem 1B: treu-, infinitive: treure; stem 2: trag-, stem 2C: treg-
valer
infinitive: valer or valdre
future stem: valdr-; future: valdré, conditional: valdria
otherwise like doldre: stem 1: val-, stem 2: valg-
vendre
weak participle venut, venuda, etc.
otherwise like atendre: stem 1: ven-(3sg. present indicative: ven), stem 2: veng-
veure
strong participle: vist, vista, etc.
strong preterite: 1sg. viu), 3sg. véu (Val. viu) (or 3sg. weak veié)
irregular imperfect: veia, veies, veia, vèiem, vèieu, veien
Bal. irregular present indicative: 1pl. veim, 2pl. veis
stem 1: vei-
present indicative: 1pl. veiem, 2pl. veieu
gerund: veient
(Val. stem 1: ve-
Val. present indicative: 1pl. veem, 2pl. veeu
Val. gerund: veent)
stem 2: vei(or v-)
remainder of preterite: veieres, veiérem, veié, veiéreu, veieren (or esp. Val. veres, vérem, véreu, veren)
past subjunctive: veiés, etc., Bal. ves, vessis, ves, véssim, véssiu, vessin; Val. vera, veres, etc.
stem 1B: veu-
infinitive: veure
future: veuré, etc.; conditional: veuria, etc.
(colloquial Valencian infinitive vore, future: voré, conditional: voria)
present indicative: 2sg. veus, 3sg. veu, 3pl. veuen
stem 2B: vej-
1sg. present indicative: veig
present subjunctive: vegi, vegis, vegi, vegem, vegeu, vegin; Val./NW/
optionally Bal. veja, veges, veja, vegem, vegeu, vegen
irregular imperative (alongside regular forms veu, veieu): veges (also ves), vegeu
viure
(verb of mixed conjugation, see 16.6.3)
voler
1sg. present indicative: vull
infinitive: voler
stem 1: vol-
future stem: voldr-; future: voldré, etc.; conditional: voldria, etc.
present indicative: 2sg.–3pl. vols, vol, volem, voleu, volen
imperfect: volia, etc.
gerund: volent
stem 2: volg-
preterite: volguí, etc.
past subjunctive: volgués, etc.; Val. volguera, etc.
participle: volgut, volguda, etc.
stem 2B: vulg-
present subjunctive: vulgui, vulguis, vulgui, vulguem, vulgueu, vulguin; Val./NW/optionally Bal. vulga, vulgues, vulga, vulguem, vulgueu, vulguen
irregular imperative: vulgues, vulgueu
16.6.2 IRREGULAR VERBS OF CONJUGATION III
Two types of irregularity are found among Conjugation III verbs; a dozen or so verbs have an irregular participle, though some of these have an optional regular form which is preferred in Valencian. The other type involves stem alternation in the present indicative and present subjunctive (and of course the identical imperative forms); fourteen or so verbs of Conjugation Illb are affected.
The ‘strong IIIb’ stem is found in the singular and 3pl. of the present indicative and present subjunctive.
The weak IIIb stem is found elsewhere.
Note that the strong IIIb stem occurs in exactly the same inflectional categories in which Conjugation IIIa verbs use the extended stem form in -eix-/-esc-, etc.
In addition, obrir has a special paradigm in Valencian and Balearic, and omplir also in Valencian, involving an unusual -i- element in the 2–3sg. and 3pl. present indicative, and a stem variant in -gi- the contexts where stem 2B occurs in Conjugation II: the 1sg. present indicative and the present subjunctive.
afegir
Val. strong IIIb stem: afig-
present indicative sg./3pl.: afig, afiges, afig, afigen
present subjunctive sg./3pl.: afija, afiges, afija, afigen
Val. weak IIIb stem: afeg-
elsewhere regular IIIa
cobrir
participle: cobert, coberta, etc.
otherwise regular IIIa
collir
strong IIIb stem: cull-
present indicative sg./3pl.: cullo (Bal./Val. cull), culls, cull, cullen
present subjunctive sg./3pl.: culli, cullis, culli, cullin; Val./NW culla, culles, culla, cullen
weak IIIb stem: coll-
complir
participle complert, complerta, etc. (or regular complit, complida, etc.)
otherwise regular IIIa
cosir
strong IIIb stem: cus-
present indicative sg./3pl. cuso (Bal./Val. cus), cuses, cus, cusen
present subjunctive sg.fàpl.: cusi, cusis, cusi, cusin; Val./NW cusa, cuses, cusa, cusen
weak IIIb stem: cos-
eixir (verb of mixed conjugation, see 16.6.3)
engolir
Val. strong IIIb stem: engul-
present indicative sg./3pl.: engul, enguls, engul, engulen
present subjunctive sg. 3pl.: engula, engules, engula, engulen
Val. weak IIIb stem: engol-
elsewhere regular IIIa
escopir
strong IIIb stem: escup-
present indicative sg./3pl.: escupo (Bal./Val. escup), escups, escup, escupen
present subjunctive sg./3p: escupi, escupis, escupi, escupin; Val./NW escupa, escupes, escupa, escupen
weak IIIb stem: escop-
establir
participle: establert, establerta, etc. (or regular establit, establida, etc.)
otherwise regular IIIa
fugir
Bal. participle fuit, fuita, etc.
otherwise regular IIIb stem: fuj-
present indicative: fujo (Bal./Val. fuig), fuges (Bal. fuigs), fuig, fugim, fugiu, fugen
present subjunctive: fugi, fugis, fugi, fugim (Bal. fugiguem), fugiu (Bal. fugigueu), fugin; Val./NW. fuja, fuges, fuja, fugim, fugiu, fugen
imprimir
participle imprès, impresa, etc.
otherwise regular IIIa
llegir
Val. strong IIIb stem: llig-
present indicative sg./3pl: llig, lliges, llig, lligen
present subjunctive sgJ3pl. : llija, lliges, llija, lligen
Val. weak IIIb stem: lleg-
elsewhere regular IIIa
lluir
The following Conjugation IIIb forms seem to be standard:
present indicative: lluus, lluu, lluïm, lluïu, lluen
present subjunctive: lluï, lluïs, lluï, lluïm, lluïu, lluïn
regular imperative: lluu, lluïm, lluïu
otherwise regular IIIa
morir
participle mort, morta, etc.
Val. stem 2C muir- (optionally Bal. also)
1sg. present indicative: muir
present subjunctive: 1sg. muiri, 2sg. muiris, 3sg. muiri, 3pl. muirin; Val. muira, muires, muira, muiren
elsewhere IIIb stem mor-
obrir
participle obert, oberta, etc.
Val. stem 2B: obrig-
1sg. present indicative: òbric
present subjunctive: òbriga, òbrigues, òbriga, obriguem, obrigueu, òbriguen
elsewhere IIIb stem: obr-
General present indicative: obro, obres, obre, obrim, obriu, obren
Val. present indicative 2–3sg., pl.; obris, obri, obrim, obriu, obrin
Bal. present in
dicative: obr, obris/obrs, obri/obr, obrim, obriu, obrin
otherwise regular IIIb stem: obr-
oferir
participle ofert, oferta, etc. (or regular oferit, oferida, etc.)
otherwise regular IIIa
oir
infinitive: oir
future: oiré, etc., conditional: oiria, etc.
Val. stem 1B: ou-
present indicative: 2sg. ous, 3sg.ou, 3pl. ouen
Val. stem 2B: oj-
1sg. present indicative: oig
present subjunctive: oja, oges, oja, ogem, ogeu, ogen
elsewhere/otherwise regular IIIa stem: o-
omplir
participle omplert, omplerta, etc. (or regular omplit, omplida, etc.)
Val. stem 2B: omplig-
1sg. present indicative: òmplic
present subjunctive: òmpliga, òmpligues, òmpliga, ompliguem, ompligueu, òmpliguen
Bal. strong IIIb stem: umpl-
Bal. present indicative sg./3pl.: umpl, umpls, umpl, umplen
Bal. present subjunctive sg./3pl.: umpli, umplis, umpli, umplin
elsewhere IIIb stem: ornpl-
General present indicative: omplo, omples, omple, omplim, ompliu, omplen
Val. present indicative 2–3 sg.,pl.: omplis, ompli, omplim, ompliu, omplin
otherwise regular IIIb stem: ompl-
pruir
Only the following IIIb forms are standard:
present indicative: 2sg. pruus, 3sg. pruu
otherwise regular IIIa