2. Bequaert J. 1931. A tentative synopsis of the hornets and yellow-jackets (Vespinae; Hymenoptera) of America. Entomol. Am. 12: 71–138.
3. Ross KG and JM Carpenter. 1991. Population genetic structure, relatedness, and breeding systems. In: The Social Biology of Wasps (KG Ross and RW Matthews, eds.), pp. 451–79. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
4. Stein KJ, RD Fell, and GI Holtzman. 1996. Sperm use dynamics of the baldfaced hornet (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Environ. Entomol. 25: 1365–70.
5. Schmidt JO, HC Reed, and RD Akre. 1984. Venoms of a parasitic and two nonparasitic species of yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 57: 316–22.
6. MacDonald JF. 1980. Biology, recognition, medical importance and control of Indiana social wasps. Cooperative Ext. Serv., Purdue Univ. E-91: 24 pp.
7. Akre RD, WB Hill et al. 1975. Foraging distances of Vespula pensylvanica workers (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 48: 12–16.
8. Duncan CD. 1939. A contribution to the biology of North American vespine wasps. Stanford Univ. Publ. Biol. Sci. 8(1): 1–272.
9. Madden JL. 1981. Factors influencing the abundance of the European wasp (Paravespula germanica [F.]). J. Aust. Entomol. Soc. 20: 59–65.
10. Akre RD and JF MacDonald. 1986. Biology, economic importance and control of yellow jackets. In: Economic Impact and Control of Social Insects (SB Vinson, ed.), pp. 353–412. New York: Praeger.
11. Phillips J. 1974. The vampire wasps of British Columbia. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Canada 6: 134.
12. Jandt JM and RL Jeanne. 2005. German yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) foragers use odors inside the nest to find carbohydrate food sources. Ecology 111: 641–51.
13. Ross KG and RW Matthews. 1982. Two polygynous overwintered Vespula squamosa colonies from the southeastern U.S. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Fla. Entomol. 65: 176–84.
14. Tissot AN and FA Robinson. 1954. Some unusual insect nests. Fla. Entomol. 37: 73–92.
15. Spradbery JP. 1973. Wasps. Seattle: Univ. Washington Press.
16. MacDonald JF and RW Matthews. 1981. Nesting biology of the eastern yellowjacket, Vespula maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 54: 433–57.
17. Schmidt JO and LV Boyer Hassen. 1996. When Africanized bees attack: What you and your clients should know. Vet. Med. 91: 923–28.
18. Bigelow NK. 1922. Insect food of the black bear (Ursus americanus). Can. Entomol. 54: 49–50.
19. Fry CH. 1969. The recognition and treatment of venomous and non-venomous insects by small bee-eaters. Ibis 111: 23–29.
20. Rau P. 1930. Behavior notes on the yellow jacket, Vespa germanica (Hymen.: Vespidae). Entomol. News 41: 185–90.
21. Pack Berisford HD. 1931. Wasps in combat. Irish Nat. J. 3: 223–24.
22. Denton SB. 1931. Vespula maculata and Apis mellifica. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 26: 44.
23. Scott H. 1930. A mortal combat between a spider and a wasp. Entomol. Monthly Mag. 66: 215.
24. Robbins JM. 1938. Wasp versus dragonfly. Irish Nat. J. 7: 10–11.
25. O’Rourke FJ. 1945. Method used by wasps of the genus Vespa in killing prey. Irish Nat. J. 8: 238–41.
26. Evans HE and MJ West-Eberhard. 1970. The Wasps. Ann Arbor: Univ. Michigan Press.
27. Davis HG. 1978. Yellowjacket wasps in urban environments. In: Perspectives in Urban Entomology (GW Frankie and CS Koehler, eds.), pp. 163–85. New York: Academic Press.
28. Cohen SG and PJ Bianchini. 1995. Hymenoptera, hypersensitivity, and history. Ann. Allergy 174: 120.
29. Schmidt JO. 2015. Allergy to venomous insects. In: The Hive and the Honey Bee (J Graham, ed.). pp. 907–52. Hamilton, IL: Dadant and Sons.
30. MacDonald JF, RD Akre et al. 1976. Evaluation of yellowjacket abatement in the United States. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 22: 397–401.
31. Grant GD, CJ Rogers et al. 1968. Control of ground-nesting yellowjackets with toxic baits—a five-year testing program. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1653–56.
32. Wagner RE and DA Reierson. 1969. Yellow jacket control by baiting. 1. Influence of toxicants and attractants on bait acceptance. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 1192–97.
33. Parrish MD and RB Roberts. 1983. Insect growth regulators in baits: Methoprene acceptability to foragers and effect on larval eastern yellowjackets (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 109–12.
34. Ross DR, RH Shukle et al. 1984. Meat extracts attractive to scavenger Vespula in Eastern North America (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 637–42.
35. Reid BL and JF MacDonald. 1986. Influence of meat texture and toxicants upon bait collection by the German yellowjacket (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 79: 50–53.
36. Spurr EB. 1995. Protein bait preferences of wasps (Vespula vulgaris and V. germanica) at Mt Thomas, Canterbury, New Zealand. N. Z. J. Zool. 22: 282–89.
37. McGovern TP, HG Davis et al. 1970. Esters highly attractive to Vespula spp. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 1534–36.
38. Wildman T. 1770. A treatise on the management of bees. Book 3: Of Wasps and Hornets and the Means of Destroying Them, 2nd ed. London: Kingsmeade.
39. Ormerod RL. 1868. British Social Wasps. London: Longmans, Green Reader, and Dyer.
40. Rabb RL and FR Lawson. 1957. Some factors influencing the predation of Polistes wasps on the tobacco hornworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 50: 778–84.
CHAPTER 8. HARVESTER ANTS
General interest references:
Cole AC. 1974. Pogonomyrmex Harvester Ants. Knoxville: Univ. Tennessee Press.
Taber SW. 1998. The World of the Harvester Ants. College Station: Texas A&M Univ. Press.
1. Creighton WS. 1950. Ants of North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. (Harvard) 104: 1–585.
2. Wheeler WM. 1910. Ants: Their Structure, Development and Behavior. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.
3. Lockwood JA. 2009. Six-Legged Soldiers. New York: Oxford Univ. Press.
4. Groark KP. 2001. Taxonomic identity of “hallucinogenic” harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex californicus) confirmed. J. Ethnobiol. 21: 133–44.
5. Blum MS, JR Walker et al. 1958. Chemical, insecticidal, and antibiotic properties of fire ant venom. Science 128: 306–7.
6. Herrmann M and S Helms Cahan. 2014. Inter-genomic sexual conflict drives antagonistic coevolution in harvester ants. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 281: 20141771.
7. Johnson RA. 2002. Semi-claustral colony founding in the seed-harvesting ant Pogonomyrmex californicus: A comparative analysis of colony founding strategies. Oecologia 132: 60–67.
8. Cole BJ. 2009. The ecological setting of social evolution: The demography of ant populations. In: Organization of Insect Societies (J Gadau and J Fewell, eds.), pp. 75–104. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
9. Keeler KH. 1993. Fifteen years of colony dynamics in Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, the Western harvester ant in Western Nebraska. Southwest. Nat. 38: 286–89.
10. Michener CD. 1942. The history and behavior of a colony of harvester ants. Sci. Monthly 55: 248–58.
11. Lavigne RJ. 1969. Bionomics and nest structure of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62:1166–75.
12. MacKay WP. 1981. A comparison of the nest phenologies of three species of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Psyche 88: 25–74.
13. McCook HC. 1907. Nature’s Craftsmen. New York: Harper & Brothers.
14. Zimmer K and RR Parmenter. 1998. Harvester ants and fire in a desert grassland: Ecological responses of Pogonomyrmex rugosus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to experimental wildfires in Central New Mexico. Environ. Entomol. 27: 282–87.
15. McCook HC. 1879. The Natural History of the Agricultural Ant of Texas. Philadelphia: Lippincott’s Press.
16. Rogers LE. 1974. Foraging activity of the Western Harvester ant in the shortgrass plains ecosystem. Environ. Entomol. 3: 420–24.
17. Knowlton GF. 1938. Horned toads in ant control. J. Econ. Entomol. 31: 128.
18. Headlee TJ and GA Dean. 1908.
The mound-building prairie ant. Bull. Kans. State Agr. Exp. Station 154: 165–80.
19. Clarke WH and PL Comanor. 1975. Removal of annual plants from the desert ecosystem by western harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis. Environ. Entomol. 4: 52–56.
20. Porter SD and CD Jorgensen. 1981. Foragers of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex owyheei: A disposable caste? Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 9: 247–56.
21. MacKay WP. 1982. The effect of predation of western widow spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae) on harvester ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Oecologia 53: 406–11.
22. Evans HE. 1962. A review of nesting behavior of digger wasps of the genus Aphilanthops, with special attention to the mechanics of prey carriage. Behaviour 19: 239–60.
23. Knowlton GF, RS Roberts, and SL Wood. 1946. Birds feeding on ants in Utah. J. Econ. Entomol. 49: 547–48.
24. Giezentanner KI and WH Clark. 1974. The use of western harvester ant mounds as strutting locations by sage grouse. Condor 76: 218–19.
25. Spangler, Hayward G., personal communication.
26. Pianka ER and WS Parker. 1975. Ecology of horned lizards: A review with special reference to Phrynosoma platyrhinos. Copeia 1975: 141–62.
27. Schmidt PJ, WC Sherbrooke, and JO Schmidt. 1989. The detoxification of ant (Pogonomyrmex) venom by a blood factor in horned lizards (Phrynosoma). Copeia 1989: 603–7.
28. Schmidt JO and GC Snelling. 2009. Pogonomyrmex anzensis Cole: Does an unusual harvester ant species have an unusual venom? J. Hymenoptera Res. 18: 322–25.
29. Wray DL. 1938. Notes on the southern harvester ant (Pogonomyrmex badius Latr.) in North Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 31: 196–201.
30. Wheeler GC and J Wheeler. 1973. Ants of Deep Canyon. Riverside: Univ. California Press.
31. Wray J. 1670. Concerning some uncommon observations and experiments made with an acid juyce to be found in ants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 5: 2063–69.
32. Schmidt JO and MS Blum. 1978. A harvester ant venom: Chemistry and pharmacology. Science 200: 1064–66.
33. Schmidt JO and MS Blum. 1978. The biochemical constituents of the venom of the harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 61C: 239–47.
34. Schmidt JO and MS Blum. 1978. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex badius, venom. Toxicon 16: 645–51.
35. Piek T, JO Schmidt et al. 1989. Kinins in ant venoms—a comparison with venoms of related Hymenoptera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92C: 117–24.
36. Schmidt JO. 2008. Venoms and toxins in insects. In: Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd ed. (JL Capinera, ed.), pp. 4076–89. Heidelberg, Ger.: Springer.
CHAPTER 9. TARANTULA HAWKS AND SOLITARY WASPS
General interest references:
Evans HE. 1973. Wasp Farm. New York: Doubleday.
O’Neill KM. 2001. Solitary Wasps: Behavior and Natural History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press.
References for tarantula hawks:
1. Wilson EO. 2012. The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Norton.
2. Swink WG, SM Paiero, and CA Nalepa. 2013. Burprestidae collected as prey by the solitary, ground-nesting philanthine wasp Cerceris fumipennis (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) in North Carolina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 106: 111–16.
3. Sweeney BW and RL Vannote. 1982. Population synchrony in mayflies: A predator satiation hypothesis. Evolution 36: 810–21.
4. Hook, Allen W., personal communication.
5. Evans HE. 1968. Studies on Neotropical Pompilidae (Hymenoptera) IV: Examples of dual sex-limited mimicry in Chirodamus. Psyche 75: 1–22.
6. Schmidt JO. 2004. Venom and the good life in tarantula hawks (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): How to eat, not be eaten, and live long. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 77: 402–13.
7. Pitts JP, MS Wasbauer, and CD von Dohlen. 2006. Preliminary morphological analysis of relationships between the spider wasp subfamilies (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae): Revisiting an old problem. Zoologica Scripta 35: 63–84.
8. Williams FX. 1956. Life history studies of Pepsis and Hemipepsis wasps in California (Hymenoptera, Pompilidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 49: 447–66.
9. Petrunkevitch A. 1926. Tarantula versus tarantula-hawk: A study of instinct. J. Exp. Zool. 45: 367–97.
10. Cazier MA and MA Mortenson. 1964. Bionomical observations on tarantula-hawks and their prey (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae: Pepsis). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 533–41.
11. Odell GV, CL Ownby et al. 1999. Role of venom citrate. Toxicon 37: 407–9.
12. Piek T, JO Schmidt et al. 1989. Kinins in ant venoms—a comparison with venoms of related Hymenoptera. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 92C: 117–24.
13. Leluk J, JO Schmidt, and D Jones. 1989. Comparative studies on the protein composition of hymenopteran venom reservoirs. Toxicon 27: 105–14.
References for cicada killers:
1. Rau P and N Rau. 1918. Wasp Studies Afield. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2. Dambach CA and E Good. 1943. Life history and habits of the cicada killer in Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 43: 32–41.
3. Smith RL and WM Langley. 1978. Cicada stress sound: An assay of its effectiveness as a predator defense mechanism. Southwest. Nat. 23: 187–96.
4. Hastings J. 1986. Provisioning by female western cicada killer wasps Sphecius grandis (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae): Influence of body size and emergence time on individual provisioning success. J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 59: 262–68.
5. Coelho JR 2011. Effects of prey size and load carriage on the evolution of foraging strategies in wasps. In: Predation in the Hymenoptera: An Evolutionary Perspective (C Polidori, ed.), pp. 23–36. Kerala, India: Transworld Research Network.
7. Alcock J. 1975. The behaviour of western cicada killer males, Sphecius grandis (Sphecidae, Hymenoptera). J. Nat. Hist. 9: 561–66; and Holliday, Charles H., personal communication.
8. Hastings J. 1989. Protandry in western cicada killer wasps (Sphecius grandis, Hymenoptera: Sphecidae): An empirical study of emergence time and mating opportunity. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25: 255–60.
9. Holliday C, J Coelho, and J Hastings. 2010. Conspecific kleptoparasitism in Pacific cicada killers, Sphecius convallis. Ent. Soc. Am. Meeting, San Diego, CA [Poster D 0708].
References for mud daubers:
1. Bachleda FL. 2002. Dangerous Wildlife in California and Nevada: A Guide to Safe Encounters at Home and in the Wild. Birmingham, AL: Menasha Ridge Press.
2. O’Connor R and W Rosenbrook. 1963. The venom of the mud-dauber wasps. I. Sceliphron caementarium: Preliminary separations and free amino acid content. Can. J. Biochem. Phys. 41: 1943–48.
3. Frazier C. 1964. Allergic reactions to insect stings: A review of 180 cases. South. Med. J. 47: 1028–34.
4. Collinson P. 1745. An account of some very curious wasp nests made of clay in Pensilvania by John Bartram. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 43: 363–65.
5. Shafer GD. 1949. The Ways of a Mud Dauber. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford Univ. Press.
6. Fink T, V Ramalingam et al. 2007. Buzz digging and buzz plastering in the black-and-yellow mud dauber wasp, Sceliphron caementarium (Drury). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 122(5, Pt 2): 2947–48.
7. Jackson JT and PG Burchfield. 1975. Nest-site selection of barn swallows in east-central Mississippi. Am. Midland Nat. 94: 503–9.
8. Smith KG. 1986. Downy woodpecker feeding on mud-dauber wasp nests. Southwest. Nat. 31: 134.
9. Hefetz A and SWT Batra. 1979. Geranyl acetate and 2-decen-1-ol in the cephalic secretion of the solitary wasp Sceliphron caementarium (Sphecidae: Hymenoptera). Experientia 35: 1138–39.
10. Bohart GE and WP Nye. 1960. Insect pollinators of carrots in Utah. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 419: 1–16.
11. Menhinick EF and DA Crossley. 1969. Radiation sensitivity of twelve species of arthropods. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 62: 711–17.
12. Muma MH and WF Jeffe
rs. 1945. Studies of the spider prey of several mud-dauber wasps. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 38: 245–55.
13. Uma DB and MR Weiss. 2010. Chemical mediation of prey recognition by spider-hunting wasps. Ethology 116: 85–95.
14. Uma D, C Durkee et al. 2013. Double deception: Ant-mimicking spiders elude both visually- and chemically-oriented predators. PLOS One 8(11): e79660.
15. Konno K, MS Palma et al. 2002. Identification of bradykinins in solitary wasp venoms. Toxicon 40: 309–12.
16. Sherman RG. 1978. Insensitivity of the spider heart to solitary wasp venom. Comp. Biochem. Phys. 61A: 611–15.
References for iridescent cockroach hunters:
1. Hook AW. 2004. Nesting behavior of Chlorion cyaneum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae), a predator of cockroaches (Blattaria: Polyphagidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 77: 558–64.
2. Peckham DJ and FE Kurczewski. 1978. Nesting behavior of Chlorion aerarium. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 71: 758–61.
3. Chapman RN, CE Mickel et al. 1926. Studies in the ecology of sand dune insects. Ecology 7: 416–26.
Reference for water-walking wasps:
1. Isely D. 1913. Biology of some Kansas Eumenidae. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull. 7: 231–309.
References for velvet ants:
1. Brothers DJ, G Tschuch, and F Burger. 2000. Associations of mutillid wasps (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae) with eusocial insects. Insectes Soc. 47: 201–11.
2. Mickel CE. 1928. Biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 143: 1–351.
3. Brothers DJ. 1972. Biology and immature stages of Pseudomethoca f. frigida, with notes on other species (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 50: 1–38.
4. Brothers DJ. 1984. Gregarious parasitoidism in Australian Mutillidae (Hymenoptera). Aust. Entomol. Mag. 11: 8–10.
5. Tormos J, JD Asis et al. 2009. The mating behaviour of the velvet ant, Nemka viduata (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). J. Insect Behav. 23: 117–27.