160. The cases relate entirely to male homosexual transactions; if there were female homosexual street encounters, we have no evidence: unlike male homosexual acts, which had been illegal from 1533, there have never been any legal constraints on female homosexual acts, and therefore the court records, which supply so much evidence for men, are of no assistance.
161. The man who was arrested with them swore in court that he had thought they were women, and that earlier, when he had seen them dressed as men, he had thought they were women in men’s clothes. But as he was facing prosecution for intent to commit sodomy, to quote a more modern sex-trial witness, he would, wouldn’t he?
INDEX
NOTE: Page numbers in italic refer to illustrations and captions. Works by Charles Dickens (CD) appear directly under title; other works under author’s name)
Abbey Mills sewage station, 225
Aberfield, William (‘Slender Billy’), 347–8
Abney Park cemetery, Stoke Newington, 223
accommodation houses, 381n, 402, 411–12
Acton, William, 395, 395–6, 398–9, 416, 418
Adelphi Terrace, 226
advertising, 241–6
age of consent, 399n
Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of (1814), 364
Albert Bridge, 65
Albert, Prince: birthday celebrations, 365; cause of death, 215n; celebrates end of Crimean War, 309; death, 314; funeral, 323; public attitude to, 312; at theatre, 313; visits burnt-out Covent Garden theatre, 331; at Wellington’s funeral, 343, 345
Albion (supper house), 302
ale, porter and stout, 287
Alexandra, Princess of Wales (later Queen of Edward VII): reception on arrival in London, 308, 315–17; wedding celebrations, 366
Alhambra Music Hall, 347
All Soul’s Church, Langham Place, 265n
All the Year Round (magazine), 6, 225, 326, 403
Alsatias, 270 & n
American Civil War, 322
Anatomy Act (1832), 374
Angelo, Henry, 388
Anglesey, Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of, 345
animals: baiting, 347–9; street shows, 258; waste, 207–8
Anne, Queen, 261n
Anti-Duelling Association, 370
Apsley House (‘No. 1, London’), 307, 335–6
Argyle Assembly Rooms, Windmill Street, 406, 418
artesian wells, 273
Artful Dodger (character, Oliver Twist), 176
Asclepius, 242n
Astley’s Amphitheatre (and Equestrian Show), 278, 304, 347
Asylums for the Houseless Poor (Refuges for the Destitute), 196–7
Atkins (showman), 278
Bachelor’s Pocket Book, The, 404, 413
backslang, 249–50
Badcock, Jonathan: Real Life in London, 98 & n, 156, 248, 289, 348
Bagehot, Walter, 11, 60
Bailey (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 87
bakers, 26
Baldwin, Jemmy, 355
Ballard’s Menagerie, 278
Ball’s Alamode Beef House, Butcher Hall Lane, 296
Balmoral, 313n, 314
bands (musical), 252, 255
Banks, Joe (‘Joe the Stunner’), 360 & n
barbers, 136
Bardell, Mrs (character, Pickwick Papers), 245, 274
Barham, Revd Richard, 277
Barking Creek, 225
Barley Mow public house, Strand, 414
Barnaby Rudge (CD), 421
Barrett, Michael, 390–2
Barrow, John, 357
Barry, Sir Charles, 104n, 271, 272n, 276
Bartholomew Fair, 278
baths, 211–12
Baths and Washhouses Act (1847), 212
Bathyani, Prince, 98
Battersea: old wooden bridge, 64
Battersea Fields, 267
Battersea Park: free access, 43
Bay Tree, St Swithin’s Lane (chophouse), 298
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, 225
Beale, Sophia, 73, 104, 241, 313, 317, 341, 375–6
bear-baiting, 348
beating parish bounds, 318
Bedford, Dukes of, 47, 123
Bedford Estate, Bloomsbury, 261–2, 264
beer, 287–8, 350
Belgrave Square, 263
Belgravia, 182
Belton, Fred, 340
Bemerton Street, King’s Cross, 193
Benjamin, Walter, 12
Bennett, Alfred Rosling, 35 & n, 52n, 72, 248, 255, 283
Bentham, Jeremy, 214
Berkeley Square, 263–4
Berners Street: hoax, 17–20
Bethnal Green: market, 134; sanitary conditions, 38; slums, 182
Beverley Brook, 200
bill-stickers, 243–4
Billingsgate fish market, 126–7
Binny, John, 397
Black Ditch (river), 200
Blackfriars Bridge, 64, 226
Blackfriars railway station, 106n
Blackmore, Edward, 416
Blake, William: burial place, 220n
Bleak House (CD): on clocks, 22n; describes Thames, 200; on fog, 204–5; Tom-all-Alone’s location in, 49; walking in, 27–8, 184
Bloomsbury: squares, 261–2
Board of Health, 214, 222
Boffin, Mr (character, Our Mutual Friend), 32
Boiled-Beef House, Old Bailey, 296
boots: second-hand sale, 137–8
Boucicault, Dion: The Streets of London, 274
Boulton, Ernest and Frederick Park, 401, 416–18, 417
boys: street amusements and behaviour, 304–5; working in streets, 154–7; see also children
Braidwood, James: at Tooley Street fire, 112–13, 117–18; funeral, 118–21, 118; heads Fire Engine Establishment, 327–98
Brand, Jack, 415
Brass, Sampson (character, Old Curiosity Shop), 325
Bricklayers’ Arms (railway station), 316 & n, 317, 339
brickmaking, 165n, 166
bridges: advertisements on, 244; as river crossing points, 64–5; toll-free, 48
Britannia theatre, 288
British Museum: admission, 174n
Broad St, Soho (now Broadwick Street), 218
Broad Street railway station, 106n
Broadcasting House, 266n
Brompton Cemetery, 223
Brontë, Charlotte and Anne: visit London, 30, 294
Brooks, Shirley, 234
brothels, 189n, 395, 411–12; see also accommodation houses; prostitutes
Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron, 265, 335
Browne, Hablot Knight (‘Phiz’), 12n
Buccleuch, Walter Francis Scott, 5th Duke of, 226
Bud, Rosa (character, Edwin Drood), 423
Builder, The (magazine), 81n
Building Act (1844), 216
bullies see pimps
Bunyan, John, 220n
burials, 219–22
Burke, Richard O’Sullivan, 390
Burke, William and William Hare, 375n
Burton, Decimus, 265n, 307
Burton, James, 262
buses see omnibuses
butchers: and animal slaughter, 132
Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 19
cabstands and ranks, 81–3, 82
Caithness, James Sinclair, 14th Earl of, 121
Caldwell’s dancing establishment, Dean Street, 407
Camberwell Workhouse, 172
Camden Town, 2, 7
Canning, Charles John, Earl, 276
Cannon Street: built, 189
Cannon Street railway station, 106n
Carker, Mr (character, Dombey and Son), 64, 156
Carlton Gardens, 266
Carlton House, 53, 264, 266
Carlton House Terrace, 266
Carlyle, Jane Welsh, 31, 379
Carnaby market, 131
Caroline, Queen of George IV, 310n
carriages: cost, 85–6; hackney, 79; lamps and lighting, 88–9; numbers, 86, 274; technological development and types, 87–8; see also coaches; stagecoaches
Carrington, Charles Robert Carington, 3rd Baron, 370–1
Casino de Venise (the Holborn Casino), 406
Casual Wards, 197–8
Catholicism: hierarchy re-established in England, 321n
Cato Street conspiracy (1820), 387, 388
cattle-drovers, 25
cemeteries see graveyards
ceremonies and celebrations (public), 308–12, 315–17
cesspools, 206–7
Chadwick, Edwin, 218; Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842), 214
chaises, 91n
Chamberlain’s Wharf, 111
Chancery Lane, 57
Chapter Coffee-House, Paternoster Row, 294
Charing Cross, 267–8 & n; railway station, 62, 106
Charles I, King: statue, 268
Charley (character, Bleak House), 187
Charlotte, Princess, 310n
Charlotte, Queen of George III, 266
Chartist Convention (1848), 375
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 268
Chelsea, 182; domestic water supply, 209; Embankment, 227
Chelsea Bridge, 65
Chesterfield, George Stanhope, 6th Earl of, 98
chickens and fowl, 208
children: and crime, 379 & n; deaths in City of London, 216; malnutrition, 198–9; stolen for clothes, 171–2; street-selling and services, 154–6; see also boys
chimney sweeps, 144–5; May day parade, 318–19
cholera: epidemics, (1831), 213, 217, 373–5; (1846), 215; (1849), 59, 218; (1853–4), 218, 223; and ice suppliers, 144n; ignorance of cause, 213; mortality rate, 217 & n; occurrence at Millbank, 179; Snow diagnoses waterborne cause, 218
chophouses, 297–301, 297
Christmas Carol, A (CD), 170, 203
Church Lane, near Pye Street, 189
churchyards se graveyards
Chuzzlewit, Jonas (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 272
Chuzzlewit, Martin (character, Martin Chuzzlewit), 239, 288
Cider (or Cyder) Cellars, Maiden Lane, 357, 359, 412
cigars and cigar divans, 295–6, 302
Circle line (underground), 78, 226
Citizen Company (steam boats), 68
City of London: beating the bounds, 318; definition, 2n; and house drainage, 216; Lord Mayor’s Show, 310; noise, 30; office workers, 25–6; responsibilities, 57; Sewers Act (1848), 214; squares, 262
Clare market, 132, 182
Clark’s Equestrian Show, 278
Claypole, Noah (character, Oliver Twist), 42
Clennam, Arthur (character, Little Dorrit), 294, 324, 422–3
Clerkenwell Improvement Commission, 76
Clerkenwell prison, 383; Fenian attack on, 390–1
clocks, 22
clothes: selling of old, 137, 147, 240–1
clubs, 347, 350, 354–8
coaches: discomfort and danger, 98–101; drivers, 97–8; fares and seating, 96; glamour of, 97; mailcoaches parade for monarchs’ birthdays, 318; types and operation, 90–6, 95; see also carriages; stagecoaches
Coal Hole (supper and singing club), 357, 358, 362–3
Cochrane, Charles, 195n
Cock, the (chophouse), 300
Cockchafer, The (songbook), 362
cockfighting and cockpits, 348–9
cockneys: speech, 248–9
coffee houses, 293–5
coffee stalls, 23–5
Coldbath Fields prison, 218, 383
Coleraine, George Hanger, 4th Baron: The Life and Adventures of Col. George Hanger, 397, 398n
Collier, John Payne, 357 & n
Collins, Wilkie: Basil, 35
Colquhoun, Patrick, 394, 408n
Commercial Street, 189
Commissioner for Woods and Forests, 57
Constable, John, 98
Cook, James, 414
cookshops (or bakeshops), 290–2, 292
Cooper, Jane, 421
Copperfield, David (character, David Copperfield): childhood, 3; coach travel, 94; fear of homelessness, 180; follows Martha, 420; food and eating, 281, 290, 292, 296; on porters, 158; uses Roman bath, 271; walking, 28, 51
Corn Laws, 285–6 & n
costermongers: barrows on Guy Fawkes night given battle names, 322; dress, 145–6; purchase equipment and ponies at Smithfield, 130; sell goods from barrows, 123n, 142, 145; slang, 249–50
Cotton’s Warehouse, 111
Counters Creek, 200
‘courts’ see ‘rents’
Courvoisier, Benjamin-François, 384, 388
Covent Garden: character, 11; Floral Hall, 124; market, 123–6; morning activities, 21; Piazza, 261–2; porters, 125–6
Covent Garden theatre: fire (1856), 331; Old Price Riots (1809), 371–2
cows, 207–8
Cranbourne Alley, 241
Cricket (river steam boat): boiler explodes, 68–9
crime: attitudes to, 378; low-level, 379–80; and poverty, 180
Crimean War (1853–6): ends, 367, 368
Crockford’s (gambling establishment), 349
cross-dressers, 401, 416
crossing-sweepers, 49–50; girls as, 50n
Crown Estate: responsibilities, 57
Cruikshank, George, 98n, 277
Cruikshank, Robert, 98n
Crummles family (characters, Nicholas Nickleby), 356
Crystal Palace: relocated in Sydenham, 102, 103
Cubitt, Thomas, 262
Cubitt, William, 341
Cuttle, Captain (character, Dombey and Son), 130
Daily News, 63, 336, 388
‘dancing establishments’, 406–7
David Copperfield (CD): child labour episode, 4; on Hungerford Stairs, 67; on Pimlico, 179; on short-stagecoach, 69
dead: disposal of, 219–22
death: causes, 213, 324–6; from epidemics, 215–17; from starvation, 199, 200; from water, 200; sentences, 386–7; symbols and ceremonies of, 322–3; see also mortality rates
debtors: in prison, 173–8, 173
Dedlock, Sir Leicester and Lady (characters, Bleak House), 187
Defoe, Daniel, 220n
de Quincey, Thomas, 60, 93
Derby Day, 319–20
Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of, 336
Devil’s Acre, Tothill Fields, 182, 188, 196
Diamond Funnel Company (steam boats), 68
Dickens, Catherine (née Hogarth; CD’s wife): and burial of Mary Hogarth, 222; marriage, 5
Dickens, Charles: adopts pseudonym Boz, 5; appearance and dress, 8; attempts autobiography, 3; on bill-stickers, 243; birth and upbringing, 1–2, 5–6; on cabs and cabstands, 81–2, 84–5; on calling for muffins, 288; on chimney sweeps’ May day celebrations, 319; on clerks eating out, 299; on coach travel, 100; on coaching inns, 96; on coachmen’s greetings, 97; on coffee houses, 294; conviviality, 1; on death penalty, 388; on debtors’ prisons, 174–7; describes walk, 58; disparages Prince of Wales, 365n; on disposal of dead, 219–20; distaste for funeral ceremonies, 324; early writings, 4–5; earnings, 5 & n; on effect of ‘improvements’ on poor housing, 189–90; on embankment of Thames, 228; enjoys street crowds, 304; on entering hackney coach, 79; and fatal disasters, 324–5; feeds cherries to child, 132; fictional characters, 11–12; on fog and effects, 203–4; on food at Britannia theatre, 288; on food and eating places, 290; on gin palaces, 353–4; given dinner at Trafalgar Tavern, Greenwich, 277; on Great Stink (1858), 224; hatred of petty authority, 326; on hats and caps, 273; on homeless and destitute, 180–1; joins Shakespeare club, 355; knowledge of London, 7–10; life expectancy, 212; lives in Furnival’s Inn, 32; on living conditions of poor, 195; on lost child at Great Exhibition, 27; marriage, 5; o
n men keeping possessions in hats, 294n; on mobs, 377; on noise of London, 31–2; on office workers, 26; on oyster house in Holborn, 289; as parliamentary reporter, 4, 32; on pavements, 39; on pawnshops, 240; pictured in advertisement, 245; on police regulation of traffic, 48; preoccupation with London, 422–3; and public executions, 384, 386, 388, 392; on Punch and Judy, 257; on railway development, 61; on recognising prostitutes, 399; relations with Nelly Ternan, 406; revisits site of blacking factory, 131; and rhyming slang, 250; on sandwich-boards, 244–5; sculling, 275; sees Louis Philippe in Paris, 314; on shops and shopping, 238–9; on Simpson’s eating house, 301–2; sings for John Barrow, 357; on Smithfield market, 127, 129, 133; and speech and pronunciation, 248–9, 251–2; on street musicians, 255–6; on suicides, 419–22; supports police, 377, 380; on tea gardens, 274; travels north by coach, 90, 94; on turnstiles, 41; on unknowability of London, 60; view of railways, 101–2, 108; visits burnt-out Covent Garden theatre, 331; walking, 8–9, 44, 180; walks in slum areas, 184, 192–3; on workhouses, 170; works at Morning Chronicle, 5; works in Warren’s Blacking Factory, 4, 153n, 185
Dickens, Elizabeth (née Barrow; CD’s mother): plans to start school for young ladies, 2
Dickens, John (CD’s father), 1–4, 175, 177
Dickensian: as adjective, 1
‘Dinner at Poplar Walk, A’ (CD; story), 4, 70
disease see illness and disease
Diseases Prevention Act (1846), 214
Disraeli, Benjamin, 8, 117, 224, 311–12; Henrietta Temple, 174
District line (underground), 78, 226
District Railway, 77
dockworkers, 163–4
Doctor’s Commons, 32 & n
dog carts, 275 & n
dog theft, 379
dogfighting, 348–9
dolly shops, 240
Dolly’s (chophouse), 300
Dombey, Edith (character, Dombey and Son), 408
Dombey, Florence (character, Dombey and Son), 129, 171
Dombey, Mr (character, Dombey and Son), 64
Dombey and Son (CD), 10, 61, 101, 152, 171, 242
door-knocks, 86
Dorcas societies, 197 & n
Doré, Gustave, 420
Dorrit, Amy (character, Little Dorrit), 28, 169, 379, 421, 423
Dorrit, William (character, Little Dorrit), 175, 177
d’Orsay, Alfred, Count, 98
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 59
Downing Street, 61
drains see sewers and drains
dress: Billingsgate workers, 126–7; charity-school uniforms, 10; Covent Garden traders, 124–6; milkmen and milkmaids, 145; prostitutes, 398, 401–3; street sellers, 145–6; working-class, 146 & n