(set of articles), 115–16
Gardiner Spring Resolutions, 79
Garner, Eric, 179, 209
Garner, Erica, 209
Garvey, Marcus Mosiah, 119, 143
Garza, Alicia (black activist), 176–77
Gentiles, 214
Georgia, 42, 47, 48, 59, 78, 101, 108, 109, 145, 167, 170
German, James (historian), 170
Germany reparations to Holocaust survivors, 199
GI Bill, 123
Gilbreath, Edward, 150
Gillespie, G. T., 133–34
God, belief in, by race, 20
Goetz, Rebecca Anne, 36, 37
Goldwater, Barry, 159
Goodman, Andrew (civil rights worker), 168
Gordon, Linda (Second Coming of the KKK), 102
Gospel According to the Klan, The (Baker), 100
Graham, Billy, 18, 131, 134–35, 140–43, 144, 149, 156, 158–60, 163, 185
Graham, Franklin, 185
Grant, Ulysses S., 97
Gray, Freddie, 179
Gray, Thomas (Nat Turner’s lawyer), 65
Great Awakening, 43–45, 50, 55, 68
Great Depression, 119–20, 123, 163
Greater Detroit Committee for Fair Housing
Practices, 124
Great Migration, 119
Green v. Connally, 162
Griffith, D. W. (filmmaker), 100
Guasco, Michael, 221n17
Haiti, 33, 63, 74, 186
Haitian Revolution, 33, 63–64
Haldeman, H. R. (Nixon adviser), 160
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, 148
Ham (son of Noah), slavery and the curse of, 82–85
Hamer, Fannie Lou, 105, 138–39
“Hands up! Don’t shoot!” 178
Hannah-Jones, Nikole, 210
Harvey, Paul, 147
Hayes, Rutherford B., 97–98
Haynes, George Edmund, 118
Haynes, Lemuel, 45
Head of Christ (Sallman painting), 147
“hereditary heathenism,” 36, 37
Higgins, Michelle, 182–83
Hispanics, 19
historical survey, what it is and isn’t, 17–18
Hodge, Charles, 78
Hodges, Emmilene, Jerry, and Phoebe (slaves), 91
Holbert, Luther and Mary (lynching victims), 106–8
Home Mission Society (Baptist), 77, 78
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC), 123–24
Howard, John (judge), 98
Howard, Oliver O., 89
Huffington Post, 181
“I Have a Dream” speech, 136, 159, 192
immigrants, 100, 102, 113, 186
Immigration Act of 1924, 102
indentured servants, 33–35
Industrial Revolution, 32, 115
institutional racism, 135, 170. See racism
integration (racial), 68, 69, 124–27, 134, 145, 146, 149–50, 151, 161–63, 165, 170, 171, 174
Internal Revenue Service. See IRS
InterVarsity Christian Fellowship, 182, 183
Irons, Charles F. (The Origins of Proslavery Christianity), 66
IRS, 161–62, 164, 165, 168–69
Jackson, Joseph H. (president, National Baptist Convention), 138
Jackson, Kenneth (Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930), 102
Jackson, General Stonewall (Andrew), 81
Jacobs, Harriet (Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl), 61–62
Jao, Greg (InterVarsity), 183
Jamaica, 33, 119
Jefferson, Thomas, 41, 42, 96
Jesus, one of the most famous images of, 147
Jesus Movement, 153–54
Jet magazine, 131
Jews, 102, 114, 166
Jim Crow. See chapter 6 “Reconstructing
White Supremacy in the Jim Crow Era” (88–110). See also 18, 112, 117, 119, 122, 130, 131, 151, 155, 162, 179, 197, 208, 210
the rise of, 103–6
John Brown’s raid of Harper’s Ferry, 72
Johnson, Andrew, 91, 92
Johnson, Anthony (African slaveowner), 34
Johnson, Dorian, 178
Johnson, Lyndon B., 139, 154–55, 235n17
Johnson, Phil, 182
Johnson, Walter (author, Soul by Soul), 60
Johnson, William Bullein, 78
Johnson–Reed Act, 102
Jones, Absalom, 53–54, 76
Jones, Bob, Jr., 164
Jones, Bob, Sr., 162–64
Jones, Bob, III, 164–65
Jones, Charles Colcock, 54
Jones, Stephen (BJU), 165
Juneteenth, 207–8
justice, the ARC of racial, 194–97
Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, 72, 73
Katznelson, Ira, 122
Kennedy, David (Treasury), 162
Kennedy, John F., 140
Kielsmeier, Estrid (activist), 159
King, Bernice, 209
King, Coretta, 128, 131
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 14, 19, 39, 128–29, 131, 135–44, 159, 166, 169, 188, 192, 206
evangelical responses to, 148–51
“radical” elements of the message of, 148
King, Yolanda, 131
KKK (Ku Klux Klan), 99–103, 109, 110, 168, 187
Klankraft, 101
Kruse, Kevin (White Flight), 145
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 99–103, 109, 110, 168, 187
Ku Klux Klan Act, 100
Kwon, Duke (Presbyterian minister), 198, 199
Late Great Planet Earth (Lindsay), 153–54
“law and order”
Politics, 156–60
urban uprisings and, 141–43
Lawrence, Elizabeth (lynching victim), 106
Lecrae, 181, 183
Lee, Robert E., 70, 74, 95, 187
Legacy Museum, 209
Le Jau, Francis, 38–39
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” 135, 138, 146
Levitt & Sons/Levittowns, 125
Lewis, Rufus, 131
Lincoln, Abraham, 70, 72, 74, 75, 89, 91, 92, 97
Lifeway Research, 174
Lindsay, Hal (Late Great Planet Earth), 153–54
Locke, John, 41, 49
Lost Cause myth, 93–96, 103, 104, 110
lynching, 88, 95, 102, 106–10, 118, 131, 137, 146, 179, 205
Maddox, Lester, 164
Malcolm X, 144
March on Selma, 149
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 135–36, 140
Marsden, George (Fundamentalism in American Culture), 163
Martin, Trayvon, 177–79
Martin, William (Billy Graham biographer), 156
Martin Luther King Jr. Day, 169
Mason, John (19th-century preacher), 79
Mason-Dixon Line, 102, 129
Mathews, Mary Beth Swetnam (historian), 116
McAteer, Edward, 166
McCartney, Bill, 172–73
McCulloch, Robert P. (DA), 178–79
McGirr, Lisa (historian), 159
McGuire, Danielle, 104
“Memphis Miracle,” 115
Meredith, James, 139, 143
Methodism, 47, 53
Methodist Episcopal Church (MEC), 76–77
Methodists, 16, 44, 54, 71, 75–76, 137
split over slaveholding bishops, 76
Metoaka (aka Pocahontas), 36, 37
middle passage, 29–30, 31, 221n8
military, racial discrimination/segregation
in the, 117, 122–23
Minkema, Kenneth, 50
Mississippi, 75, 90, 97, 106–7, 128, 130, 133, 138–40, 143, 150, 162, 168
Missouri Compromise, 59, 73
Mobley, Mamie Till, 130
Montgomery Improvement Association, 131
Moral Majority, 166–67
Moravians, 222n26
Morgan, Charles, Jr., 14
Morgan, Edmund, 34
Moss, Thomas (lynching victim), 108
Mulder, Mark, 127–28
Muslims, 189
NAACP, 104, 108, 140, 144
Nashville, Tennessee, 96
National Civil Rights Museum (Memphis), 206
Nation of Islam (NOI), 143–44
“natural law” arguments (for racial segregation), 133–34
Native Americans, 29, 89, 93
“natural increase,” 33
Negro Act of 1740, 46
Negro spiritual, 202
New Deal, 120, 122
Newsome, Bree, 209
Newsweek, 154
Newton, Isaac, 49
Newton, John, 31–32
New York Times, 154, 183, 189, 190
Nixon, Richard, 156–60
Noll, Mark, 50, 70
North, the. See chapter 7, “Remembering the Complicity in the North” (111–29); also 59, 71, 81, 88, 92, 95, 102, 140
North America
the African slave trade in, 32–39
(early) European contact with, 27–29
North Carolina, number of Confederate
monuments, 95
northern states, 42, 59, 72, 75, 95
nuclear family, percent of pre–Civil War
interstate slave sales that broke up a, 60
Obama, Barack, 174, 186
Oberlin College, 68
Oglethorpe, James, 47
Ole Miss riot of 1962, 139–40
O’Malley, Gregory, 33
Packnett, Brittany, 209
Pait, Jonathan (BJU spokesperson), 164
Pan-Africanism, 119
Parham, Charles Fox, 113–14, 115
Parks, Rosa, 104, 131, 144
paternalism (toward dark-skinned people), 23, 28, 66–67, 116
patriotism, 41
Patriots, 42, 43
Paul (apostle), 22, 24, 54, 214
Pence, Mike, 185
Pennington, James W. C., 60
Pentecostal Fellowship of North America, 115
Pentecostals, 113–14, 156, 166
Pepperdine, George/Pepperdine University, 121
Peter (apostle), 214
Pew Research, 178, 187
Pfaff, John, 236n17
Phillips, Kevin, 158
pilgrimages, 206–7
Pinchback, P. B. S., 90
Pius XI (pope), 120
Planned Parenthood, 183, 188
Plessy, Homer A., 98
Plessy v. Ferguson, 98–99, 132
Pocahontas. See Metoaka
police brutality, 141, 205
politics
in the late twentieth century, evangelicals and, 153–56
the rise of law-and-order, 156–60
the white evangelical cultural toolkit and, 175–76
poll tax, 97
Presbyterian Church in America, 190
Presbyterian Church of the Confederate
States of America, 101
Presbyterian Church in the United States
(PCUS), 79, 133
Presbyterians, 16, 71, 75–76, 78–79, 190
split over “Christ and Caesar,” 78–79
presidential election of 2016, 185–89
Proctor, Samuel (black preacher), 146
Progressive National Baptist Convention
(PNBC), 138
Promise Keepers, 173
proselytizing, 35–36
Prosser, Gabriel (enslaved black person), 64, 65
Protestantism, 44, 100
Public Religion Research Institute, 189, 195
race
institutionalizing. See chapter 4,
“Institutionalizing Race in the
Antebellum Era” (56–69)
(de)constructing, 39
race riots (East St. Louis), 118
racial discrimination, 117, 122, 123, 162, 164, 176, 242n5
racial equality, 20, 21, 66, 139, 140, 141, 147, 169, 172, 193, 204, 211
racial integration, 68, 69, 124–27, 134, 145, 146, 149–50, 151, 161–63, 165, 170, 171, 174
racialization, 174–75
racial justice, the ARC of, 194–97
racial reconciliation. See chapter 10,
“Reconsidering Racial Reconciliation in
the Age of Black Lives Matter” (172–91)
racism
a call to publicly denounce, 210–11
Catholics, Pentecostals, and, 112–15
changes over time, 18–19
Christian complicity with, passim. See esp.
16–17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 95–96, 101, 110, 112, 129, 135, 137, 154, 155, 165, 170, 181, 190–91, 211
every region has, 129–30
institutional, 135, 170
a shorthand definition of, 16
the social gospel, fundamentalism, and, 115–17
Radical Republicans, 92
Rah, Soong-Chan (theologian), 179, 202
rape, 30, 61, 88, 102, 104–5, 131, 161, 197
Rauschenbusch, Walter (Christianity and the Social Crisis), 115
Reagan, Ronald, 156, 167–69
Reconstruction, 18, 89–90, 96, 97, 100
Reconstruction-era amendments, 92–93
“redemption” (effort to reclaim the South
from white northerners), 89, 96–99
Redlining, 124, 198
Red Summer, 118
Reeve, James E., 77
relationalism, 175–76, 181
Religious Right. See chapter 9, “Organizing
the Religious Right at the End of the
Twentieth Century” (152–71)
racial integration and the true origins of the, 161–65
reparations, 197–200
civic versus ecclesiastical, 199
Republican Party (aka GOP), 153, 155, 156, 157–58, 167, 171. See next
Republicans, 152, 153, 168, 169, 183, 211
residential
desegregation, 124, 128, 145
segregation, 123–25, 127, 128
Revels, Hiram, 90
Revolutionary War, 40, 41–43, 44, 45, 53, 57, 71
Rice, Tamir, 179
Rice, Thomas D. (actor), 103
Ricks, Willie, 143
Robertson, Carole, 13, 219n4
Rolfe, John, 36–37
Roof, Dylan, 201
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 120, 122
Sallman, Warner, 147
Sanchez, Juan O., 101
São João Bautista (ship), 33
Schembechler, Bo, 173
schisms, 18, 71, 75, 77. See also church splits
Schwerner, Mickey (civil rights worker), 168
Scopes trial, 121
Scott, Dred, 73
Scott, Walter, 179
Scottsboro Boys, 131
“seasoning” (of slaves), 32
Second Reconstruction, 151, 208
segregation, 15, 19, 45, 54, 68, 86, 94, 98, 99, 106, 113, 122–25, 127–29, 132–35, 143, 145, 149, 155, 162–65, 175, 176, 192, 195, 197–98, 208, 210, 232n11
Brown v. Board and “a Christian view of,” 132–35
seminary, a call to start a new, 203–5
“separate but equal” doctrine, 98, 133
Servicemen’s Readjustment Act, 123
Seymour, Horatio, 97
Seymour, William J., 113–15
Shekomeko Mohicans, 222n26
Shelley v. Kraemer, 125
Sherman, William T., 91
signs (racist), 103, 126, 128, 192
Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, 13, 136, 140, 147
slave codes, 35
slave resistance and rebellion, 62–65
slavery. See chapter 5, “Defending Slavery at the Onset of the Civil War” ( ); also 19, 26, 28, 29, 31–32, 34–36, 38–39, 41–43, 47–52, 54–55, 57–66, 68–87, 89–90, 93–94, 96–97, 103, 105, 112, 129, 144, 155, 164, 171, 172, 197, 201, 202–3, 205, 207–8, 209, 211, 220n6, 221n15
in Africa and the slavery practiced in
North America, the difference bet
ween, 220n6
the Bible and, 80–82
the chattel principle and, 60–62
and the curse of Ham, 82–83
Smith, Christian (sociologist), 174–75, 176
social gospel, 115–16
social justice, 21, 143, 190, 197
Social Security, 120, 122
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in
Foreign Parts (SPG), 38
songs, hidden messages in slaves’, 63
South, the, 14, 44, 59, 65, 71, 75, 76, 77, 79–81, 84, 85, 87, 88, 93–96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 110, 112, 114, 117–19, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 133, 134, 140, 142, 148, 158, 162, 236n18
South Carolina, 38, 42, 46, 48, 59, 64, 75, 90, 91, 97, 163, 201
South Carolina Baptist Convention, 149
South Carolina House, 90
South America, 30, 33, 35
Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), 78, 149, 161, 172, 188, 190
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 148
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC), 128–29, 136, 140, 180
Southern Methodist Publishing House, 96
southern states, 59, 76, 78, 80, 95, 96, 98
Southern Strategy, 157–58, 236n18
southern women, 95
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 190
Spain, 28, 29
“spirituality of the church” (doctrine), 85–86
Steele, Michael, 158
Stein, Stephen J., 48
Stephenson, Bryan, 209
Stevens, Thaddeus, 92
Stevenson, Bryan (attorney), 110
St. George’s (church, Philadelphia), 53–54
Stoddard, Solomon, 49
Stono Rebellion, 45–46, 48
Stout, Harry, 46
St. Philip’s (NYC), 56–57
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC), 143, 144
sugar plantations, 33
Sumner, Charles, 92
Sunbelt Creed, 158
Supreme Court, 73, 98, 125, 132–33, 134, 151, 162, 169, 188, 210
Taney, Roger (judge), 73
Tatum, Beverly Daniel, 16
Taylor, Recy, 104, 113
Tertullian, 37
Thirteenth Amendment, 93, 105, 207
Thornwell, James Henley, 85–86
Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade (Newton), 31
Three-Fifths Compromise, 58–59, 93
Thurmond, Strom, 164
Till, Emmett, 130–31, 232n1
tobacco, 34, 35
Today Show, 186
Tolton, Augustus (first black Roman Catholic priest), 113
Tometi, Opal, 178
Townshend Acts, 42
Trump, Donald, 185–89, 190
Trump, Melania, 185
Tucker, J. W. (southern Methodist preacher), 80
Turner, Henry McNeal (AME bishop), 109
Turner, Mary (mob victim), 108
Turner, Nat, 65
Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 41
Tyson, Timothy, 146, 232n1
Tyson, Vernon, 146
Union, the, 70, 71, 72, 75, 79, 80–81, 85, 86, 92, 97, 99, 110