41. Russell Moore, “Have Evangelicals Who Support Trump Lost Their Values?,” New York Times, September 17, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/17/opinion/have-evangelicals-who-support-trump-lost-their-values.html.
42. Sarah Pulliam Bailey, “Could Southern Baptist Russell Moore Lose His Job? Churches Threaten to Pull Funds after Months of Trump Controversy,” The Washington Post, March 13, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/03/13/could-southern-baptist-leader-russell-moore-lose-his-job-churches-threaten-funding-after-months-of-trump-controversy/ ?utm_term=.cadf3cb73d80.
43. Emma Green, “White Evangelicals Believe They Face More Discrimination Than Muslims,” The Atlantic, March 10, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/perceptions-discrimination-muslims-christians/519135/.
44. Campbell Robertson, “A Quiet Exodus: Why Black Worshipers Are Leaving White Evangelical Churches,” New York Times, March 9, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/09/us/blacks-evangelical-churches.html.
45. See Jemar Tisby, “Why a Racially Insensitive Photo of Southern Baptist Seminary Professors Matters,” Washington Post, April 27, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/04/27/why-a-racially-insensitive-photo-of-southern-baptist-seminary-professors-matters/?utm _term=.2c4a097dfd4c.
46. “OC Recommends: Refer Civil Rights Resolution to 44th Assembly,” By Faith, June 10, 2015, http://byfaithonline.com/oc-recommends-refer-civil-rights-resolution-to-44th-assembly-2/.
47. Emma Green, “A Resolution Condemning White Supremacy Causes Chaos at the Southern Baptist Convention,” The Atlantic, June 14, 2017, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/06/the-southern-baptist-convention-alt-right-white-supremacy/530244/.
48. Lawrence Ware, “Why I’m Leaving the Southern Baptist Convention,” New York Times, July 17, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/17/opinion/why-im-leaving-the-southern-baptist-convention.html.
49. Robertson, “A Quiet Exodus.”
50. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” April 16, 1963.
CHAPTER 11: THE FIERCE URGENCY OF NOW
1. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech, Washington DC, August 28, 1963, during the “March on Washington.”
2. King, “I Have a Dream.”
3. Naomi Nelson, “The John Hope Franklin Papers: A Historian Becomes History,” Huffington Post, October 17, 2012, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/naomi-nelson/african-american-history_b_1973636.html.
4. For example, The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross, PBS, https://www.pbs.org/show/african-americans-many-rivers-cross/.
5. This is not to say you can never ask a racial or ethnic minority any questions, but it does mean that we all have to take ownership for our own knowledge and not burden others with the responsibility of providing answers we can easily find ourselves, especially when conversation about race can prove so exhausting to those who live through racial discrimination on a daily basis.
6. Christopher Ingraham, “Three Quarters of Whites Don’t Have Any Non-White Friends,” Washington Post, August 25, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/08/25/three-quarters-of-whites-dont-have-any-non-white-friends/?utm_term=.26fa7aa03dee.
7. Andy Crouch’s Culture Making: Recovering Our Creative Calling (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2009) offers an entire theology of how to change the culture by creating “cultural artifacts.”
8. Laura Shin, “The Racial Wealth Gap: Why a Typical White Household Has 16 Times the Wealth of a Black One,” Forbes, March 26, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/laurashin/2015/03/26/the-racial-wealth-gap-why-a-typical-white-household-has-16-times-the-wealth-of-a-black-one/#7d3d267c1f45.
9. William Darity Jr., Darrick Hamilton, Mark Paul, Alan Aja, Anne Price, Antonio Moore, and Caterina Chiopris, “What We Get Wrong About Closing the Racial Wealth Gap,” Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity (April 2014), 1, https://socialequity.duke.edu/sites/socialequity.duke.edu/files/site-images/FINAL%20COMPLETE%20REPORT_.pdf.
10. “Reparations NOW: Ecclesiastical Reparations with Duke Kwon,” Truth’s Table (podcast), interview, March 2018.
11. “Reparations NOW: Ecclesiastical Reparations with Duke Kwon.”
12. William A. Darity Jr., “Reparations,” Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, ed. Colin A. Palmer, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2006), 1924–28.
13. An argument could certainly be made for pursuing bivocational ministry regardless of salary because it allows ministers to serve the community in other ways that go beyond the church walls, and these jobs provide access to people who may not otherwise visit a church.
14. Lottie Joiner, “Bree Newsome Reflects on Taking Down South Carolina’s Confederate Flag 2 Years Ago,” Vox, June 27, 2017, https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/6/27/15880052/bree-newsome-south-carolinas-confederate-flag.
15. Soong-Chan Rah, Prophetic Lament: A Call for Justice in Troubled Times (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 2015), 21–22.
16. See, for example, Lisa Sharon Harper, “Freedom Road Pilgrimages,” https://freedomroad.us/what-we-do/freedom-road-pilgrimages/.
17. Portions of this section originally appeared in an article entitled “Why Juneteenth Should Be a National Holiday,” The Witness, June 19, 2018. It is used here with permission. See https://thewitnessbcc.com/why-juneteenth-should-be-a-national-holiday/.
18. “About Our Founder,” BlackGirlsCode, http://www.blackgirlscode.com/about-bgc.html.
19. Vivian Wang, “Erica Garner, Activist and Daughter of Eric Garner, Dies at 27,” New York Times, December 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/30/nyregion/erica-garner-dead.html.
20. Elizabeth Wagmeister, “How Me Too Founder Tarana Burke Wants to Shift the Movement’s Narrative,” Variety, April 10, 2018, https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/tarana-burke-me-too-founder-sexual-violence-1202748012/.
21. Nikole Hannah Jones, “Choosing a School for My Daughter in a Segregated City,” New York Times, June 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/12/magazine/choosing-a-school-for-my-daughter-in-a-segregated-city.html.
INDEX
abolition, 43, 47, 59, 69, 77, 79, 96, 109, 207, 221n15
abolitionism, 32, 68
abolitionists, 19, 51, 60, 68, 74, 76, 80, 83–84, 129
abortion, 156, 161, 165, 167, 182, 183, 188
accountable individualism, 175, 181
action steps
for developing a lifelong commitment to racial justice, 196–97
to develop interracial relationships, 195–96
to increase awareness of racism issues, 195
activism (as defined by Bebbington), 154
Africa, 29, 37, 44, 67, 186, 205, 220n6
African Americans, 88, 102, 116, 122, 172
African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), 53–54, 64, 109, 224n31
Africans, 25–27, 29–39, 43–45, 48, 50, 54–55, 66, 81, 83, 111
agriculture, 34
Ali, Muhammad, 144
Allen, Richard, 53–54, 76, 224n31
amendments, Reconstruction-era, 92–93
American Christianity, 17, 18, 20, 24, 71, 55, 57, 66, 68, 165. See also
American church history; American
evangelicalism; church splits
American church history, 22, 28
American Colonization Society (ACS), 67
American evangelicalism, 69, 153
American Revolution. See Revolutionary War
American South. See South, the
Andrew, James Osgood, 76–77
Anglicans, 44
antebellum era. See chapter 4,
“Institutionalizing Race in the
Antebellum Era” (56–69)
Antigua, 31
antistructuralism, 176, 181
Anyabwile, Thabiti (black pastor and writer), 181–82, 183
ARC of racial justice, 194–97
Armstrong, George D. (Presbyterian minister), 83
&n
bsp; Articles of Confederation, 57
Asberry, Richard, 114
Asch, Chris Myers (historian), 106
Athanasius, 37
Atlantic, estimated number of slaves brought across the, 33
Attucks, Crispus, 40–41
Atwater, Lee, 152–53
Augustine, 37
awareness (of racism issues), action steps to increase, 195
Azusa Street revival, 114–15
Bacon’s Rebellion, 35
Baker, Kelly (The Gospel According to the Klan), 100
baptism, 25–26, 38, 44, 86
Baptist General Committee of Virginia, 51–52
Baptist General Convention, 77, 86
Baptists, 16, 44, 52, 71, 75–76, 77–78, 137, 148, 161
split over slaveholding missionaries, 77–78
Barber William J., Jr. (pastor and activist), 208
Barbados, 31
Barna Research Group, 183
Battle of Gettysburg, number of combatant deaths, 71
Battle of Lexington and Concord, 42
Bebbington, David/Bebbington’s quadrilateral, 154
“Benevolent Empire,” 68
Bethel African Church (Philadelphia), 54
Bethesda Orphanage/Academy, 47–48
Bible and slavery, 80–82
biblicism, 154
bigotry, 16, 19, 22, 181, 187, 211
Bilbo, Theodore (Take Your Choice), 105
Billings, Robert, 166
Birmingham, Alabama, 13–14, 112, 135–38, 146
Birth of a Nation (film), 100–101
black church, the, 19, 52, 109 a call to learn from, 201–3
black Christians, 19–20, 22, 45, 48, 52–54, 57, 66, 67, 76, 110, 116, 124, 147, 176, 180, 190, 200, 202–3
black equality, 17, 68, 88–89, 97
blackface, 101, 103
Black Girls Code, 208
black lives matter. See chapter 10,
“Reconsidering Racial Reconciliation
in the Age of Black Lives Matter” (172–91)
Christian responses to, 180–91
and Christian responses across the color line, 176–80
Black Lives Matter (organization), 180
Black Madonna, Shrine of the, 147–48
black power (term/movement), 109, 129, 143, 157
blacks, first institution of higher education to
accept both women and, 68
Blair, Francis (Grant’s running mate), 97
Blake, William, 32
Bland, Sandra, 179
blockbusting, 127
Bob Jones University, 162–65, 168
Boston Massacre, 40
Boyd, Rekia, 179
Blum, Edward J., 147
Branch, Taylor (historian), 148
Bray, Thomas, 38
Brazil, 33
Britain, abolition of the slave trade and slavery in, 32
Brown, John, 72, 74
Brown, Linda (of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka), 132
Brown, Mike (slain black teenager), 178, 179
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 132–33, 134, 135, 145, 149, 151, 210
Brundage, Fitzhugh (historian), 95
Bryan, Hugh and Jonathan, 47
Bryant, Carolyn, 130, 232n1
Bryant, Kimberly, 209
Bush, George H. W., 152
Bush, George W., 165
Butler, Hannah, 154
Butler, Jon, 222n6
Cane Ridge Revival, 68
capitalism, 120, 158, 170–71
Caribbean, the, 30, 31, 33
Carmichael, Stokely (SNCC), 143
Carr, Albert, 106–7
Carter, Jimmy, 153, 165, 167
Castile, Philando, 179
Catholic Church, 120
Catholics, 16, 102, 112–13, 156, 166
Cave, R. Lin, 95
Chaney, James (civil rights worker), 168
Charleston church shooting, 201
chattel principle, 60, 75
chattel slavery, 28, 49, 59, 68, 81, 82, 84–85, 89, 93, 208
Chicago Defender, 104
Chicago Freedom Movement, 128
Christianity, 17–20, 22, 24–25, 30–31, 35–39, 43–45, 47, 50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 62, 66–69, 71, 80–82, 95, 100–102, 110, 113, 116, 129, 144, 148, 159, 165, 199, 215, 222n26
black power movement and black alternatives to, 143–44
and the KKK, 99–103
paternalism and proslavery, 66–69
Christianity Today, 140
Christian Right, 156, 166, 170
Christians, the everyday racism of American, 144–48
Church of God (denomination), 114–15
church splits, 76–79
civil rights. See civil rights movement
civil rights movement. See chapter 8 ,
“Compromising with Racism During
the Civil Rights Movement” (130–51); also 128–29, 154–55, 157, 160, 163, 166, 180, 190, 205–6, 208–12
toward the church, 211–12
participating in the modern-day, 208–10
on starting a, 211–12
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 139–41, 155, 164
Civil Rights Act of 1965 (properly, the Voting
Rights Act of 1965), 93, 155
Civil War. See chapter 7, “Defending Slavery at the Onset of the Civil War” (70–87); also 53, 57, 60, 66, 69, 88–89, 91–97, 99, 103, 105, 109, 110, 113, 144, 164, 200, 208
causes of the, 72–75
estimated number of deaths, 71
two facts about the, 71–72
Clark, Jamar, 179
Clark, Stephon, 179
Clarke, Edward Young, 102
Clay, Cassius (Muhammad Ali), 144
Cleage, Albert, Jr., 147–48
Clinton, Hillary, 187, 188
“Closed Society,” 130
colonial era, 18. See chapter 2, “Making Race
in the Colonial Era” (25–39)
color-blind conservatism/rhetoric/ideology, 153, 160, 171
Color of Christ, The (Blum and Harvey), 147
Columbus, Christopher, 27, 28, 111
Committee on the Incorporation of
Churches, 56
Compromise of 1877, 97–98
Cone, James (The Cross and the Lynching Tree), 110
Confederacy, the, 70, 72, 75, 81, 87, 94, 129, 167, 174, 200, 201
Confederate flags, 94, 95, 128, 201
Confederate Memorial Day, 95
Confederate monuments, 94, 95, 200–201, 207
Confederates, 80, 88, 92–94
Confederate Veteran magazine, 96
Connor, Eugene “Bull,” 136
Constitutional Convention of 1787, 58
Constitution of the United States. See US Constitution
conversionism, 154
convict-lease system, 105–6
Coordinating Council of Community
Organizations (CCCO), 128
Cornerstone Speech, 83
cotton, 32
Crespino, Joseph (historian), 167–68
Criswell, W. A. (First Baptist Church, Dallas), 149–50, 161
cross burning, 101
Cross and the Lynching Tree (Cone), 110
crucicentrism, 154
“culture war,” 182
curse of Ham, slavery and the, 82–85
Dabney, Robert Lewis, 81–83
Daley, Richard J. (Mayor), 129
Daniel, Carey L. (Baptist pastor), 134
Daniel (prophet), 198–99, 203
Daniels, Stormy, 185
Davis, Jefferson, 96
“death by tree.” See lynching
Declaration of Independence, 26, 41, 42–43, 57
de facto segregation, 165
Democratic Party/Democrats, 97–98, 153, 155, 156
denomination, the first historically black
Christian,
52–54
desegregation, 124, 126, 128, 134, 139, 145, 149, 162
devil, 134, 166
DeYmaz, Mark (Mosaix), 174
disease, 28, 33, 34, 43, 71, 86, 106
Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 100
Dochuk, Darren (historian), 158
Dominicans, 37
Douglas, Stephen, 74
Douglass, Frederick, 111–12
Dred Scott decision, 72, 73–74, 93
Du Bois, W. E. B., 97, 117
Du Mez, Kristin, 154
DuPont, Carolyn, 17
Dutch Reformed, 44, 127
Eastland, James (plantation owner), 106–7
Eastland, Woods Caperton (lynch mob leader), 107, 108
East St. Louis Race Riots, 118
Edwards, Jonathan, 45, 46, 49–51, 55, 78
Edwards, Jonathan, Jr., 50–51
emancipation, 35, 36, 45, 51, 66, 68, 86, 90, 91, 94, 103, 105, 207
Emancipation Proclamation, 92, 207
Emanuel AME Church (Charleston), 65, 201, 206
Emerson, Michael (sociologist), 174–75, 176, 189
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC), 139
Equiano, Olaudah, 30–31, 60–61, 221n8
Europeans, 27–29, 33–37, 39, 221n17
evangelicalism, 22, 50, 69, 140, 153, 154, 158, 171
evangelicals, 16, 66, 67, 116–17, 134, 135, 142, 148, 150, 153–54, 156, 158–61, 163, 175, 176, 180–90
four principles accepted and promoted by, 154
evangelism, 28, 38, 50, 67, 69, 116, 135, 149, 154, 163, 200
Evers, Medgar, 140
Executive Order 8802, 123
exodus, the (from Egypt), 18, 64
Fair Housing Act, 155, 186
Falwell, Jerry, 166, 167, 170–71
Ferguson, Judge John Howard, 98
Ferguson, Missouri (protests over officer-involved shooting), 178, 181, 182
Fifteenth Amendment, 93, 97, 207
Finley, Robert, 67
Finney, Charles Grandison, 68–69
Fitzhugh, George (lawyer from Virginia), 66–67
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 99, 100
Fourteenth Amendment, 93, 98, 207
Franciscans, 37
Franklin, John Hope (black historian), 193
Freedmen’s Bureau, 89–90, 92
Freedom Schools, 205–6
French and Indian War, 42
Friedman, Milton, 170–71
Frye, Rena, Ronald, and Marquette, 141
Fugitive Slave Clause, 58
fundamentalism, 116
fundamentalists, 116–17, 120, 156, 163
Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth, The