O’Sullivan, John, 28.1, 29.1, 31.1, 33.1, 36.1, 37.1, 38.1, 38.2, 39.1, 47.1, 47.2
Oyster, George, 24.1, 27.1, 41.1
Pallison, Patty
panic of 1833–34, 12.1, 20.1, 34.1, 40.1
Parker, Philo, 23.1, 35.1
Parthene (slave), 1.1, 18.1
Pearce, Dutee
Pennsylvania, abolitionists in, 2.1, 9.1, 9.2
people of color:
African colonization for, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 18.1, 19.1, epl.1
and amalgamation, 1.1, 42.1, 44.1
buying their freedom
civil rights of
Dred Scott decision, 7.1, 12.1, bm1.1
and Emancipation Proclamation
free, 1.1, 1.2, 26.1, 29.1, 30.1, 32.1, 34.1, 41.1, 47.1, epl.1
and jobs
and lynching, 21.1, 28.1
mobs as threat to, 26.1, 30.1, 31.1, 32.1, 32.2, 34.1
political action of, 5.1, 18.1
restrictions on
and Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments
as wet nurses
and white backlash
Philomathean Talking Society, 4.1, 14.1, 18.1, 18.2, 35.1
Phoenix Saloon, Toronto
Plant, George, 14.1, 15.1, 26.1
Pleasants, John Hampden
Poindexter, George
Poore, Ben Perley
Postal Service, U.S., 2.1, 19.1, 119, 32.1, 34.1, 41.1
Prosser, Gabriel
Prout, John, 4.1, 5.1, 13.1, 14.1, 27.1
Randolph, Beverley
Randolph, John, 6.1, 7.1, 34.1
Randolph, Mary, The Virginia Housewife
Randolph, Tom
Republican Party, formation of
Ridout, William
Ritchie, Thomas
Roane, Pleasant
Robertson, Henry, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 32.1, 41.1
Robinson, Poll, 20.1, 40.1
Robinson, William, 24.1, 26.1, 41.1
Ross, Robert, 8.1, 31.1
Royall, Anne, 4.1, 29.1
Seaton, Julia, 4.1, 16.1, 29.1, 29.2
Seaton, William, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 24.1, 31.1, 33.1, 36.1
Sherburne, John, 45.1, 46.1, 46.2, bm1.1
Shiner, Michael, 26.1, 29.1, 29.2, 32.1
Sierra Leone, emigration to
Sifford, Ann, Rachel, and Sarah
Simpson, Kell
slavery:
and African colonization, 1.1, 5.1, 9.1, 18.1, 19.1, 41.1, epl.1
American ideals vs., 5.1, 31.1, 32.1, 34.1, 36.1
bondsmen buying their freedom
denunciation of, 4.1, 34.1; see also abolitionists
and Dred Scott decision, 7.1, 12.1, bm1.1
and Emancipation Proclamation, epl.1, epl.2
escapes from
Key’s defense of, 31.1, 31.2, 42.1
and lawsuits
and manumission of slaves, 1.1, 4.1, 9.1
masters’ and slaves’ intertwined lives, 1.1, 18.1
numbers of slaves, 6.1, epl.1
proponents of, 4.1, 42.1
“Slave Market of America,” 205
slave uprisings, 9.1, 21.1, 22.1, 23.1, 25.1, 29.1, 34.1, 41.1, 42.1
and white men’s property, 13.1, 32.1, 34.1, 41.1, 42.1, 42.2, epl.1
Slave’s Friend, The
Smallwood, Thomas
Smith, Bayard, 24.1, 24.2, 25.1, 25.2, 26.1, 32.1
Smith, Margaret Bayard, 7.1, 11.1, 24.1, 30.1, 35.1, 36.1, 37.1
Smith, Page
Snow, Beverly Randolph, 1.1, epl.1
and abolitionists, 4.1, 20.1, 48.1, epl.1
advertising by, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3, 20.1, 25.1, 235, 48.1
as cook, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 47.1
death of
and Epicurean Eating House, 5.1, 16.1, 25.1, 29.1, 31.1, 40.1, bm2.1
and Epicurus, see Epicurus
escape of, 29.1, 33.1
and fall races, 3.1, 3.2
finances of, 16.1, 16.2, 29.1
in Fredericksburg
freedom plans of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, bm2.1
as free man of color, 1.1, 16.1, 29.1, 40.1, 41.1, 47.1
journey to Washington City, 2.1, epl.1
literacy of
menu for Masonic Ball
mixed-race heritage of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
mob threats to, 29.1, 30.1, 32.1, 47.1, 47.2
ownership of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
oyster house run by, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1
plans for restaurants, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1
rumors spread about, 29.1, 29.2, 33.1
in Toronto, 46.1, 48.1
in Washington City, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 47.1, epl.1
Snow, Julia:
and Beverly’s restaurants
in Canada, 48.1, 48.2, bm1.1
in Lynchburg
move to Washington, 2.1, 4.1
Snowden, Edgar, 21.1, 32.1, 36.1
Snow-Storm, 30.1, 31.1, 32.1, 34.1, 36.1, 36.2, 40.1, 48.1, 48.2, epl.1
Southampton, Virginia, slave uprising in, 9.1, 21.1, 23.1, 26.1, 34.1
South Carolina, black sailors in
Southworth, Sam
Stanbery, William, 10.1, 10.2, 41.1
“Star-Spangled Banner, The” (Key), prf.1, 5.1, p02.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 12.1, 12.2, bm1.1
Stevenson, Andrew
Stewart, David, 17.1, 17.2
Stockton, William, 46.1, bm1.1
Stuart, Gilbert, portrait by, 83, 14.1, 14.2
Taney, Ann Key
Taney, Elizabeth
Taney, Roger, 8.1, 9.1, 28.1, 44.1
as attorney general, 6.1, 7.1, 11.1
and banks
death of
and Dred Scott, 7.1, 12.1, bm1.1
early years of
and Jackson, 7.1, 12.1, 36.1, 40.1
and Key, 7.1, 11.1, 12.1, 36.1, 40.1
law practice of, 7.1, 7.2
and people of color, 7.1, 12.1
reputation of
and Supreme Court, 7.1, 36.1, 40.1, bm1.1
Tanner, Lethe
Tappan, Arthur, 19.1, 21.1, 21.2, 32.1, 34.1, epl.1
Tappan, Lewis
Tayloe, Benjamin Ogle, 14.1, 15.1, 22.1, 37.1
Tecumseh, Chief
Terra Rubra, 9.1, 34.1, bm2.1
Thomas, Matilda
Thompson, James
Thompson, William
Thornton, Anna Maria, 11.1, 83, 14.1, 15.1, 21.1
and Arthur Bowen, 18.1, 18.2, 23.1, 25.1, 26.1, 27.1, 29.1, 32.1, 34.1, 35.1, 35.2, 35.3, 36.1, 36.2, 36.3, 37.1, 38.1, 39.1, 39.2, 44.1, 46.1, bm1.1
death of
husband of, see Thornton, William
and mob violence
Thornton, William:
Anna as widow of, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 15.1, 15.2, 29.1
as architect, 15.1, 15.2, 36.1
and Bowen, 18.1, 23.1
and colonization, 5.1, 14.1
death of
design for Capitol, 2.1, 8.1, 14.1, 15.1, 46.1, bm2.1
and Patent Office, 8.1, 14.1, 15.1
and slaves, 14.1, bm1.1
writings of, 15.1, 18.1, 38.1
Thruston, Buckner, 35.1, 39.1, 41.1
Todd, Francis
Toronto:
Masonic Ball in, 48.1, app.1
Osgoode Hall in, 48.1, 48.2
Snow in, 46.1, 48.1
Torrey, Charles
Torrey, Jesse
Trollope, Frances, Domestic Manners of the Americans, 2.1, 4.1
Turreau, Mr. and Mrs.
Underground Railroad
Union Bank
United States:
Bank War in
citizenship in, 42.1, 47.1, epl.1, epl.2
presidential pardon in
red-blue partisans in, 7.1, 42.1, epl.1
sectional hostility in
two-party system in, 7.1, 42.1
United States Telegraph, 3.1, 24.1, 31.1
Upper Canada Anti-Slavery Society
U.S. v. Fenw
ick et al., 36.1, 40.1
U.S. v. John Arthur Bowen, 32.1, 34.1, 34.2, 35.1
and presidential pardon, 39.1, 39.2, 44.1, 46.1, epl.1
U.S. v. Reuben Crandall, 41.1, 42.1
acquittal in, 43.1, epl.1
Van Buren, Martin, 7.1, 7.2, 12.1, 18.1, 37.1, 44.1, 44.2, bm1.1, bm1.2
Virginia, Commonwealth of, freed slaves forced to leave
Walker, William:
and Epicurean Eating House, 16.1, 16.2, 29.1
and National Eating House
and Refectory: Snow and Walker’s
as Snow’s partner, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 16.1, 34.1, 47.1
War for Independence, 1.1, 2.1, 5.1
War of 1812, 8.1, 15.1, 31.1, 40.1
Warwick, John Marshall, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 47.1, bm2.1
Warwick, Susannah Norvell, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 5.1, 47.1
Warwick, William
Washington, Bushrod
Washington, George, 2.1, 2.2, 14.1, 15.1
Washington, Martha, 7.1, 30.1
Washington City:
abolitionists in, 19.1, 20.1, 36.1, epl.1, epl.2
alcohol served in
bawdy houses in, 11.1, 20.1, 30.1, 34.1, 40.1
camp meetings in
Capitol, 1, 2.1, 8.1, 15.1, 31.1, bm2.1
censorship in, 34.1, 42.1, epl.1
Centre Market in, 3.1, 4.1, bm2.1
cholera epidemic in
City Hall
crime problems in
design of
development of
dueling in, 10.1, 45.1, 46.1
early years of
fall races in, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 34.1
free people of color in, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 16.1, 20.1, 25.1, 47.1, epl.1
gambling houses in
immigrants in
militia of, 20.1, 28.1, 29.1, 29.2, 32.1
mobs in, 26.1, 27.1, 28.1, 29.1, 30.1, 31.1, 32.1, 34.1, 36.1, 40.1
nation’s capital sited in
norms of debate in
Octagon House
Patent Office, 8.1, 14.1, 15.1
Post Office, 19.1, 32.1, 34.1, 41.1
race riots in
rule of law in, 40.1, 41.1, 42.1, 47.1
slave trade in, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 11.1, 16.1, 20.1, 31.1, 39.1
Snows’ arrival in
Snow’s restaurants in, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 16.1, 16.2, 31.1, 40.1
Snow’s return to
summer in, 20.1, 22.1, 28.1, 32.1, 34.1, epl.1
temperance societies in
Tudor House
and War of 1812, 8.1, 15.1, 31.1, 40.1
White House in
Waters, David
Watkins, Tobias, 7.1, 11.1
Watterson, George
Webster, Daniel, 10.1, 16.1, 48.1
Webster, Susan
Wertz, Mary, 11.1, 20.1
Wertz, Mary Jr.
West, Richard
Weybright, Victor
Whittier, John Greenleaf, “Astraea at the Capital,”
Williams, Robert C., 19.1, 19.2, 34.1
Williams, William H.
Wilson, John
Wimsatt, Samuel
Winder, William H.
Wirt, William
Withers, John, 5.1, 16.1, 29.1, 40.1
Woodbury, Levi, 17.1, 20.1
Woolfolk, Austin
Wormley, Mary
Wormley, William, 4.1, 30.1, 34.1
Wright, Elizur
Young Man’s Moral and Literary Society
ILLUSTRATIONS
Beverly Snow opened his basement refectory on the busy corner of Sixth Street and Pennsylvania Avenue in the winter of 1832. Snow’s elegant tables and excellent menu were soon popular with the high society of the American capital. (illustration credit bm.1)
Beverly Snow’s restaurant stood next to Jesse Brown’s mammoth Indian Queen Hotel. Home to politicians, lobbyists, and slave traders, Brown’s establishment was a social and political hub of the burgeoning capital city. (illustration credit bm.2)
An itinerant editor from West Virginia, Benjamin Lundy started publishing in Washington City in 1831. With the help of friends among the free blacks, his antislavery publication provoked hope, arguments, and a grand jury indictment. (illustration credit bm.3)
As Lundy’s assistant in Washington, William Lloyd Garrison learned the art of waging journalistic war on the American slave system. Lundy would die in obscurity while Garrison would go on to become one of the most influential journalists of the nineteenth century. (illustration credit bm.4)
Lundy’s newspaper, the Genius of Universal Emancipation, not only catalogued the crimes of the slave traders, but also needled District Attorney Francis Scott Key for overlooking them. Key responded with criminal charges. (illustration credit bm.5)
A shoemaker by trade, John Francis Cook took over a school for colored children on H Street in 1834 and named it the Union Seminary. He organized a secret talking society for young African American men seeking to escape slavery. (illustration credit bm.6)
While the ranks of the free people were swelling in Washington City, the trafficking in humans was also booming, as slave traders sold black families “down the river” to work on the burgeoning cotton plantations in the South and West. Buying and selling people was a respectable business in Jacksonian America. (illustration credit bm.7)
As the architect of the U.S. Capitol, William Thornton was a close friend of George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. A cranky genius, he was also an inventor, a horseman, and a bon vivant. After he died in 1828, his widow, Anna Maria, struggled to pay off his debts. (illustration credit bm.8)
The Thorntons lived on F Street between Thirteenth and Fourteenth streets, one of the finest blocks in the capital. Arthur Bowen, nineteen years old and enslaved, lived in a garret on the top floor in 1835. (illustration credit bm.9)
After Arthur Bowen’s drunken intrusion and escape, Anna Thornton advertised a reward for his capture in the National Intelligencer. (illustration credit bm.10)
A headline in the Lynchburg Daily Virginian announced the news that the flamboyant colored restaurateur had been arrested. The sensational story spread quickly. (illustration credit bm.11)
The editors of the National Intelligencer blamed the antislavery men for provoking Arthur Bowen with their “incendiary” publications. (illustration credit bm.12)
Famous for writing “The Star-Spangled Banner” in 1814, Francis Scott Key went on to a hectic and lucrative career in law and politics, including eight years as the district attorney for the unruly and amoral city of Washington. (illustration credit bm.13)
Key helped his brother-in-law and close friend Roger Taney achieve one of the most remarkable careers in American politics. In the Jackson administration, Taney served as attorney general, secretary of the treasury, and the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, where his 1857 Dred Scott decision hastened the coming of civil war. (illustration credit bm.14)
Nearing the end of his second term in 1835, President Andrew Jackson relied on Key to advance his administration’s agenda. Jackson was frail, conspiratorial, and determined to protect the slave system. (illustration credit bm.15)
In the case of accused slave Arthur Bowen, the passionate intervention of Anna Thornton persuaded the president to pardon a young African American sentenced to be hanged. (illustration credit bm.16)
Escaping the contradictions of Washington, Beverly Snow moved to Toronto, a mecca for Africans in America, and opened a succession of saloons and restaurants along King Street in the 1840s and ’50s. (illustration credit bm.17)
Washington’s expatriate restaurateur, Beverly Randolph Snow, died free and prosperous at age fifty-seven. He is buried at left in the Toronto Necropolis. (illustration credit bm.18)
A Note About the Author
JEFFERSON MORLEY is the Washington correspondent of Salon. He has worked as an editor and reporter at The Washington Post, The Nation, The New Republic, and
Harper’s Magazine. His work has appeared in The New York Review of Books, The New York Times Book Review, The Washington Post Book World, Reader’s Digest, Rolling Stone, and Slate. His first book was Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the Hidden History of the CIA.
ALSO BY JEFFERSON MORLEY
Our Man in Mexico: Winston Scott and the
Hidden History of the CIA