supernatural source of 215, 457, 482
RELATIONSHIP WITH ELIZABETH xviii–xxiii, 153–4, 168, 217–18, 226, 269, 281, 292, 380, 383, 500, 504
affection 109, 212, 214, 224, 235, 248, 259–60, 277
animosity 306, 409, 435
desire for meeting xix, 224, 235–8, 297, 332, 388, 391–2, 403
estrangement 267, 269
kinship xix, 6, 203, 212, 248–9, 329, 394, 403, 500
lack of respect 39, 183, 199–200, 204, 210
letters to 448–9, 460–1
plots against 419, 421–3, 435, 455–6, 467–70, 471
rivalry xviii, xix, 41, 230, 266–7, 292, 297, 383
scandal letter to 129, 180–1, 182, 409, 439
RELATIONSHIPS: with Bothwell 250–1, 298–302, 305, 340–1, 345, 355–7, 361–3, 366–7, 371, 372, 375–7
casket letters 153fn, 377, 396–8, 399–401
with Darnley 279–82, 285–9, 305, 310, 314, 319–20, 323, 325, 328, 336, 338, 340, 342, 344–5, 346, 351
favourites 314, 322, 359
friendships 108–9
with mother xx, 98–9, 110–11, 194
with Riccio 314–15, 324–5
RELIGION: accused of being ‘dubious in the faith’ 346
aims to restore true religion 222, 306, 450
Catholicism 170, 322, 359, 385, 430, 495
importance attached to 348
tolerates Protestantism 115, 167, 220, 306
REPUTATION xxi, 216, 353, 355, 357, 362, 373, 390, 426, 479, 490, 495
and casket letters 401
mythology 430, 504
scandals xx, xxi, 180, 181, 199, 340, 345, 362–5, 391, 430
Mary of Guise 6, 168
children of 66
death 191–2, 193–4
as mother of Mary xx, 65–6, 68, 71–2, 77–8, 97, 98–9
as regent 3, 13, 21, 110–11, 112–13, 183–4, 185–6, 219, 250
suitors 64, 67–8, 298, 300fn
Matilda, Queen 130
Mauvissière (French ambassador) 292, 311
Maximilian, Holy Roman Emperor 283, 368
Melville, Sir James 332
advises restraint to Mary 307, 321, 322, 344
on Catherine de Medici 209–10
on Darnley 279, 291–2, 338
on Elizabeth and Leicester 271–4
and kidnap of Mary 363, 363–4
as Mary’s ambassador 263
at Mary’s execution 495
on Mary’s personality 266, 387
meetings with Elizabeth 269–73, 333
on murder of Darnley 345
on relations between two queens 267, 303
on Riccio 304
Melville, Robert 377, 380
Mendoza, Bernadino de 455, 458, 464, 468, 472, 474, 477, 481, 483, 487
Michiel (Venetian ambassador) 138, 143
Montmorency, Anne, 1st Duc de, Constable of France 104, 159
Moray, James Stewart, Earl of 16, 252, 278, 341, 342, 375
accompanies Mary to France 98
assassination 415–16, 431
earldom 239
education 15361
enemy of Bothwell 250, 286, 299, 300–2, 370
evidence to English commissioners 396, 399
on female rulers 297
flees to England 309, 311, 356–7
implicated in murders 323, 356
influence over Mary 220, 224, 231, 235, 255
and Mary’s marriage to Darnley 274, 276, 299, 306, 345
outlawed following rebellion 306–8, 321, 322
pardoned and returns to Scotland 327
Protestant faith 220, 249, 265, 357
refuses Mary permission to return 404
as regent 377, 384, 386–7, 390, 391–2, 395, 396
relations with Mary 241–2, 249, 286, 291, 299, 306–8, 315, 328, 357, 385, 387, 392, 399, 416
More, Sir Thomas 46, 49, 55
Morton, James Douglas, 4th Earl of 322, 323, 324, 328, 349, 370, 445, 447fn
Nantes 164
Nau, Claude 376, 482–3
Navarre, King of 163
Neville, Margaret 83
Norfolk, Duke of 192, 316, 402
as commissioner 396–8, 401
on Elizabeth’s intimacy with Leicester 280
execution for treason 418, 421–2, 425, 435, 497
imprisonment and release 407, 414, 417
and northern earls 407, 410–11
place in accession 411
plots to place Mary on Engish throne 419, 421–2
proposed marriage to Mary 276, 398–9, 404–5, 407, 414, 417–18, 428
relations with Elizabeth 341
Northampton, Marquis of 199
Northumberland, Duke of, see Dudley, John
Northumberland, Earl of 407, 410–11, 413
Nostradamus 2, 30, 31
Oglethorpe, Bishop of Carlisle 37
Olivier, Chancellor 166
O’Neill, Shane, ‘King of Ulster’ 317–18, 339
Orléans 204, 246, 446fn
Orange, Prince of 456, 463
Ormond, Earl of 347
Oxford, Earl of 348
Oxford University 120, 452
Paget, Sir William 188
Parliament: English 134, 147, 245–6, 334, 341, 422, 434, 451, 453, 457, 475, 477, 487, 489, 491
Scottish 321, 324
Parois, Madame de 116–17
Parry, Thomas 88–9, 93–6, 148
Parry, William 457
Paul IV, Pope 154
Paulet, Sir Amyas 460, 465, 470, 473, 476, 487, 490–1, 493, 494
Pembroke, Earl of 316
Percy, Lord Henry 62
Philip II, King of Spain 29, 36, 38, 40, 172, 207, 432, 453
character 347
court 180
and Don Carlos 234
marriage to Elizabeth de Valois 107, 108, 160, 348
marriage to Mary Tudor 5–6, 132, 133, 135, 146, 148, 173, 283, 297
Mary appeals for help from 404, 419, 449, 454
and Mary’s death 484, 500
Mary wills rights to accession to 468, 474, 495
plan to invade England 421, 447fn, 455–6, 464, 501
relationship with Elizabeth 19, 24, 150, 464, 489
supports Mary’s marriage to Darnley 290
Pickering, Sir William 29, 176
Pinkie Cleugh 77–8
Pisan, Christine de: The Book of the City of Ladies 129
Pius V, Pope 310–11, 322, 346, 417, 421
Pléiade poets 12, 160
Plutarch: Parallel Lives 121–2
Pope, Sir Thomas 18
Protestantism xxi, 2, 13, 29, 167, 183–5, 206–7, 359
in Scotland 21, 71, 183–7, 211, 215, 220, 291, 306–7, 311, 322, 359, 455
Puritans 430
Quadra, Bishop 177, 179–80, 185, 196, 197–8, 233–4, 247, 256, 262, 263, 274
Ralegh, Sir Walter 501
Randolph (English ambassador in Scotland) 224, 244, 267, 280, 303
accompanies Mary on progress 238
attitude towards Guises 242, 247
banished from Scotland 319
on Bothwell 250–1, 299, 301, 308
on Darnley 277–9, 285, 290, 305, 322–3
on Knox 221
on Mary’s alienation of nobles 320
on Mary’s change of character 310
on Mary’s feelings towards Elizabeth 214, 236–7, 248, 260
on Mary’s harsh justice 264–5
on Mary’s marriage plans 266, 275–7
on Mary’s military enterprises 240, 241
on Mary’s pregnancy 330fn
on Mary’s receipt of obscene letter 251–2
relationship with Mary 259, 289
on Riccio 314, 324
on unrest in Scotland 286–7, 300, 307, 308, 323
Reformation 3, 21, 66, 84, 170, 183
Regnier de la Planche, Louis 164, 165
Renaissance 102, 127
Renard (Spanish ambassador) 134–5, 137, 139, 144, 156
Riccarton, Laird of 384
Riccio, David: alleged immorality with Mary 314–15, 335–6, 340
influence over Mary 286, 289, 303–4, 322, 326
murder of 323–7, 336, 349, 351, 385, 435
relations with Mary 314–15, 324–5, 326
resented by court 320–1, 323
Riccio, Joseph 331
Richmond 145, 146
Ridolphi, Roberto 418–19, 421
Ridolphi Plot 418–24, 430
Robsart, Amy, see Dudley, Amy Rochford, Lord George 52, 60, 61
Rochford, Lady 61
Ross, Bishop of 396, 419, 421
Ruthven, Lord 289, 323, 324–5, 328, 349, 376
Sadler, Sir Ralph 69, 71–2, 396, 459–60
St Germain-en-Laye 103
St James’s Palace 75
Sander, Nicholas: De origine et progressu schismatis Anglicani 59
Schifanoya 27, 30
Schiller, Friedrich 107fn
Scotland 2–3, 222–3
alliance with France 12–14, 24, 71, 73, 97, 103, 112, 185, 193, 232, 374
anti-French feeling in 3, 13, 16, 183–4, 194
Catholics in 286–7, 292, 310–11, 322
claimants to throne 14fn
confederate lords 339fn, 369–74, 375–9
England supports rebellion 189, 192–3, 319, 322
nobles 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 184, 215, 250, 255, 274, 286, 291, 294, 299, 304, 306, 311, 320–2, 370
Protestantism in 21, 71, 183–7, 211, 215, 220, 291, 306–7, 311, 322, 359, 455
reaction to Mary’s execution in 498–9
relations with England 63–4, 68, 73–4, 77, 97, 184–8, 224, 322, 429, 488, 492–3
revolt of Lords of the Congregation 183–9, 219, 298, 311
unrest in 277, 286–7, 308–9, 361, 431
welcomes Mary’s return 218, 220–1, 321
Scrope, Lord 391, 406
Seton, Lord 384
Seton, Mary 98, 106–7, 219
Seymour, Edward, Earl of Hertford and Duke of Somerset (Lord Protector) 15, 67, 74, 77, 84, 92–3, 94, 95, 139, 140
Seymour, Edward (husband of Catherine Grey) 227, 229
Seymour, Thomas, Lord Admiral 117
execution 96
imprisonment 92–3, 140
marriage to Catherine Parr 84–6
relationship with Elizabeth 15, 85–9, 92–6, 182, 284
Shakespeare, William 43, 45, 121
Sheffield Castle 424, 443, 458
Shelton, Lady Anne 52
Shrewsbury, Countess of (Bess of Hardwick) 181, 408–9, 436, 439, 443, 456, 458–9
Shrewsbury, Earl of 402, 406–10, 412, 422, 425, 434–5, 456, 458, 494
Sidney, Sir Henry 251, 317–18
Sidney, Lady Mary 244
Simier, Jehan de 437–8, 439, 440, 442–3, 444
Sixtus V, Pope 503
Smeaton, Mark 60
Smith, Sir Thomas 248
Solway Moss, Battle of 64, 65, 68
Somerset, Duke of, see Seymour, Edward
Spain 154, 449
alliance with France 161, 310
Armada 123, 456, 499, 501–3
campaign in Low Countries 421, 431, 456, 463, 501
Inquisition 347
invasion of England planned 437, 456, 458
involvement in plots 419
relations with England 24, 134, 161, 173
war with England 463–4, 484, 501
Stanley, Sir William 336
Stephano 190
Stewart, Lord James, see Moray, Earl of
Stirling Castle 71–2, 77, 78, 349, 352, 362
Stuart, Arbella 256, 456
Stuart, Charles 256, 257
Stuart, Esmé, Duke of Lennox 447, 488fn
Stuart, Lord John 98
Stuart, Lord Robert 98, 324fn
Stuart dynasty 44
Suleiman the Magnificent 128
Supremacy, Act of 6, 23
Sussex, Earl of 141, 142, 177, 282, 396, 411, 412, 413, 416
Tamworth, John 306
Throckmorton, Lady 252
Throckmorton, Sir Francis 435, 455
Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas 228
ambassador to France 162, 165, 168, 199, 203, 217, 294
dealings with Mary 287–90, 294–5, 373–6, 378–80
on Guises 162, 206
on Mary Stuart 186, 188–9, 191, 205, 211, 212, 215–16, 221, 295, 376–8, 406
role in rebellion 144fn
on Seymour 92
taken prisoner by Guises 242
Throckmorton Plot 435, 454–5, 456
Thucydides 22
Tilbury 122–3, 502–3
Tixall manor 471
Tower of London 139–45, 155
Tudor dynasty 44
Tutbury Castle 402, 406, 410, 412, 458, 459
Tyndale, William: Obedience of a Christen Man 55
Tyrwhit, Mrs 95, 97 Tyrwhit, Sir Robert 93–6
Verdi, Giuseppe 107fn
Vielleville (French ambassador) 159
Vives, Juan Luis: De Institutione Feminae Christianae 118, 125
Walsingham, Sir Francis 424, 490, 499
on d’Alençon 436
intelligence gathering 420, 435, 450, 456, 467, 469–70, 483
on Mary’s character 455, 466
member of triumvirate 315, 421, 463
and plots against Elizabeth 454
relationship with Elizabeth 358
Warwick, Earl of, see Dudley, John Wedel, Leopold von 461–2
Westmoreland, Earl of 407, 410–11
Weymyss Castle 278, 279
Whetstone, George 401, 468
Whitehall Palace 159
Windsor Castle 407
Wingfield manor 459, 467 witchcraft 57–9, 63, 289
Wolsey, Thomas 1
Woodstock 146, 148–9
Wriothsley, secretary 70
Wyatt, Sir Thomas 47, 60, 134
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the younger 134, 136, 144
Wyatt Rebellion 134–8, 143, 144, 176
York 396
Zwetkovich, Adam 283–4
P.S.
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Portrait
Jane Dunn talks to Fanny Blake
JANE DUNN SUGGESTS her unconventional childhood is responsible for the recklessness and the romantic streak that has driven her through life. She was the oldest of eight children born to an English mother and a South African-Norwegian father in parched, colonial South Africa. When she was seven, the family moved to England where they initially lived in a wing of a decaying manor house near Yeovil. ‘There was a real sense for me of coming home,’ remembers Dunn. ‘I was never comfortable in the African heat but the autumn dampness of the Devon lanes and the harvest being brought in made me think, ‘This is where I belong.’
Although trained as a civil engineer, Dunn’s father bought a large house in Wiltshire and took up farming. ‘It was a magical house with mysterious gardens. We were brought up with old-fashioned values but with great physical and emotional freedom to explore, play elaborate games and dream. Our parents were busy and we were left to run free. A bell rang from the top of the house to call us in for meals. We had terrific privacy, something I think modern children don’t have. We had enough space to be private but we also had the privacy of our thoughts without our parents continually asking us where we wer
e going, what we were doing or traipsing us off to ballet lessons.’
The traditional country community considered them foreigners, so the family weren’t expected to conform to the mores of English society. ‘It was a strangely free but naïve and romantic sort of childhood. As a result, I entered adult life with an idealism about relationships and the world at large, accompanied by the terrific optimism that goes with it.’
She read Philosophy at University College, London before entering the Vogue Young Journalist competition that secured her a place on the staff. Married for the first time at 18, she became pregnant after a year at the magazine and turned to freelance journalism for Condé Nast. It was this background that made Christopher Falkus, MD of Weidenfeld & Nicolson, suggest at a dinner party that she should write a book. ‘I didn’t take him seriously,’ Dunn recalls, ‘Until I phoned a close friend who advised firmly, “Take him at his word.” As I put the telephone down, Mary Shelley came into my head from nowhere. I knew nothing more about her than she’d been married to Percy and was the author of Frankenstein. However I joined the London Library, saw she was in dire need of a female hand and wrote a two-page proposal for Christopher. He commissioned me.’
The biography was written at night after her two children were in bed. It enjoyed a modest success and Dunn decided to tackle next the relationship between Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell. ‘I have five sisters,’ she explains. ‘I think sisterly relationships are fascinating and not much lauded. There is no more brilliantly documented sisterly passion than Virginia’s for Vanessa and Vanessa’s for Virginia, though expressed more articulately in paint.’ This was followed by her masterly biography of Antonia White whose much edited diaries had recently been published. ‘Again, this was another family drama because the damage Antonia wrought continued long after her death.’ The reviews were enthusiastic and lifted Dunn to the next stage of her writing life where again serendipity played its hand.
Asked to review a collection of Elizabeth I’s writing, Dunn discovered the power of her rhetoric and language. ‘She equals Shakespeare in eloquence. Her magnificent pungent personality comes bursting through, making me think of her more as a literary personage than as a queen. Mary, on the other hand, has always seemed more fallibly human.’ For a non-historian, moving into one of the most well-trodden areas of history was a daunting prospect but Dunn’s enthusiasm for her characters carried her on until it was too late to go back. ‘In a way I came at them through sisterhood again. The book is a progression from my work on Virginia Woolf and Vanessa Bell in that it’s another story of two women trying to make their mark in a pretty hostile world and the complexity and interdependence of the relationship between them.’