as Virgin Queen xviii, 50, 128, 129, 147, 171, 181, 202–3, 213
as warrior queen 502–3
RELATIONSHIP WITH MARY STUART xviii–xxiii, 153–4, 168, 226, 232, 259, 264, 267, 269–70, 382, 383, 426, 500, 504
attitude towards Mary’s marriage plans 257, 259, 262–4, 274, 275–6, 282, 286–7, 290–2
coolness towards casket letters 401
estrangement 267, 269, 424–5 godmother to Mary’s son 332, 339
kinship xix, 6, 394
prevarication over Mary’s death xvii, 353, 415, 423, 488–91, 493–4, 498, 500
proposes meeting 235–8, 392
protects reputation of 401–2
reaction to Mary’s flight to England 388–95, 403, 415
reluctance to meet xix, 109, 237, 297, 394, 402, 406, 477
rivalry xviii, xix, 41, 230, 266–7, 269–72, 284–5, 297, 383, 405–6, 440
sympathy 207, 326–8, 331, 332, 339–40, 354–5, 358, 362, 367, 373–5, 378–80, 382, 384, 387, 390, 403
willingness to pardon 477, 479–80, 485
RELATIONSHIPS: with father 75–6, 83, 85, 109, 123
favourites 90, 109, 305, 438, 443, 501
with Leicester 27, 174–6, 178, 194–202, 213, 216, 227–8, 229–30, 243, 262–4, 272–6, 280, 294, 312–14, 316–17, 330–1, 358, 405, 420, 443–4, 464–5
with Mary Tudor 138, 148–9
with mother xx, 76, 83, 109
RELIGIOUS VIEWS 33, 354, 451–3
coronation Mass 37–8
equivocation in 29, 135, 172
excommunication 417, 419, 430, 451, 455, 467, 503
expediency in 135
persecution of Catholics 347
REPUTATION xviii, xx, 216, 354, 392, 420, 457, 488
scandal and slander xx, 15, 84–9, 92–7, 170, 179–82, 196–201, 203, 314, 345fn, 409, 420, 436, 439
Elizabeth de Valois, Princess 104, 107–8, 115, 160, 208, 232, 262, 348
Elliot of the Park 340
Elyot, Sir Thomas 127
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy 144, 146, 160
Enfield 82
England 1–2, 4–5, 8
English temperament 7, 346–8
fear and alarm in 472, 493
and Ireland 318
isolation of 428–9
plague 258
Privy Council 84, 142, 243, 244, 250, 290, 334, 404
rebellion of northern earls 410–13, 418
relations with France 25, 154, 156–8, 168, 211, 237, 242, 416, 420, 424, 437
relations with Scotland 63–4, 65–6, 67–71, 73–4, 77–8, 97, 168, 178, 182–8, 212, 224, 231, 319, 429
relations with Spain 161, 463–4
religion in 347–8, 393, 411, 430, 450–3, 458, 501
supports Scottish lords’
rebellion 189, 192–3, 213
war with France 5–6, 7, 75
war with Spain 464, 501–3
Erasmus: Colloquies 115
Eric XIV, King of Sweden 29, 179, 231
Erskine, Lord 78, 98
Essex, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of 20fn, 90, 359, 501
Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria 177
Feria, Count de 36, 38, 147, 172, 175, 176–7, 188
Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester 55
Fleming, Lady 98, 105, 106–7, 116, 124
Fleming, Lord 154, 390
Fleming, Mary 98, 106–7, 219
Fontainebleau 102
Forster, Anthony 200
Fotheringhay Castle 474, 475, 478, 481, 494
Fouquelin, Antoine 115
Foxe, John 82, 132fn, 145, 149; Book of Martyrs 132
France: alliance with Scotland 3, 12–14, 24, 71, 73, 103, 112, 191–2, 374
alliance with Spain 310
court 99, 101–3, 111, 152–3, 180, 222, 303
Guise power in 6, 8, 13
monarchy 9, 11, 28, 111, 160
rebellion in 163–8
relations with England 25, 30, 36, 156–8, 424
religious dissent 101, 163–4, 167, 189–90
St Bartholomew massacres 431–3
war with England 5–6, 7–8, 12, 16, 75
wars of religion 190, 200, 236, 237, 242, 245, 247, 347, 431–2
François I, King of France 45, 47, 52, 67, 100, 101–2, 103
François II, Dauphin and King of France 17, 25, 474
betrothal to Mary 78, 82
childhood 103–4, 113
illness and death 204–7
marriage 4, 8–12, 13
reign of 110, 152, 160, 162, 184, 204–5
relationship with Mary 104, 106, 108, 109, 114, 204–5
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester 135, 137, 139, 149
George III, King of England 261
Gifford, Gilbert 467
Gondi (French envoy) 435
Gordon, Jean, Lady Bothwell 345, 367
Gordon, Sir John 239–41, 251, 326
Gray, Patrick, Master of 447, 489
Greenwich Palace 49, 51, 62
Greenwich, Treaty of 71, 73
Gregory XIII, Pope 432
Grene, Robert 284fn
Grey, Lady Catherine 84fn, 155, 227–8, 229, 243, 245, 246, 290
Grey, Lady Jane 4, 84fn, 89, 130, 132, 137, 155, 227
Grey, Lady Mary 84fn, 155, 227, 229, 230
Grey, Lord 189
Grillparzer, Franz 368
Grindal (Elizabeth’s tutor) 90
Guise, Antoinette, Duchess of 102–5, 108, 109
Guise, Charles de, Cardinal of Lorraine 165, 194, 300, 395
and Darnley 346, 351
death 190
dynastic ambitions 110, 124
establishes Mary in own household 124–5
on Mary’s girlhood 81, 113, 116
and Mary’s marriage 6, 9, 206
Mary’s relationship with 298
power of 113, 152, 162–3, 189
and rebel lords 322
and Riccio 303
wealth of 152
Guise, Charles de, Duc de Lorraine 31
Guise, Claude de 103, 105
Guise, 3rd Duc de 446, 455, 473–4
Guise, François, 2nd Duc de 161, 236, 488fn
death of 190, 246–9, 431
dynastic ambitions 6, 31, 110
marriage 108
on Mary’s character 370fn
and Mary’s marriage 6, 8–9, 206, 209, 210
Mary’s relationship with 247–9, 298
as military leader 6, 242, 248
power of 113, 152, 162–4, 206, 247
religious fanaticism 248
in wars of religion 163–7, 189–90, 237
Guzman de Silva 290, 311, 394
on Darnley 274–5, 332, 338
on Elizabeth’s reaction to Riccio murder 327, 330
on Elizabeth’s treatment of Mary 392
on Elizabeth’s views on marriage 282–3, 315, 368
on kidnap story 362–3
on Mary and Bothwell 366, 367
on murder of Darnley 351, 354
on religion in England 347
Haddington 97
Hamilton, Sir James 65
Hamilton, Patrick 53fn
Hamilton family 14fn, 385, 394, 415–16
Hampton Court 149, 462
Hardwick, Bess of, see Shrewsbury, Countess of Hatfield 4, 26, 51, 93, 117, 150
Hatton, Sir Christopher 480, 493, 497, 501
Hayward, Sir John 20, 82
Heneage, Sir Thomas 312, 317
Henri II, King of France 4, 9, 14, 16, 25, 36, 78, 285
death 100, 160–2, 184
imperial ambitions 112, 154
and Mary 15, 103, 106, 108, 109, 158, 209
mistresses 100, 107, 152
Henri III, King of France 419–20, 431, 490, 494, 500
Henry III, King of England 37
Henry VII, King of England 6, 10, 38, 155, 234
Henry VIII, King of England 1, 6–7, 19, 24, 283, 369
and Anne
Boleyn 46–9, 53–7, 59
death 79, 82–4
and Elizabeth 50, 52, 63, 70, 75–6, 85
excommunication 48
ill health 74
lack of male heir 43, 44–6, 51, 61, 333
and Mary of Guise 64, 67–8
Reformation of 48, 55, 429
relations with Scots 63–4, 65, 67–71, 73–4, 77
succession 83–4, 243
virility in question 61
Hepburn, Capt. 251
Herries, Lord 335, 354, 390, 396
Hertford, Earl of, see Seymour, Edward
Holyrood Palace 220, 251, 293, 327
Howard, Charles, Earl of Nottingham 29fn
Howard, Lady 350
Howard, William 136
Huguenots 163, 236, 237, 247, 431, 437
Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, Earl of 198, 243, 245
Huntly, Earl of 239–40, 241, 242, 310, 326, 329, 345, 363, 376
Huntly Rebellion 239–42, 248, 308, 383, 425
Inchmahome 78
Inverness Castle 240
Ireland 312, 317–18, 319
Isocrates 119
James II, King of Scotland 255, 256
James V, King of Scotland 43–4, 64–6, 67, 71, 109, 255
James VI of Scotland and I of England, King xxi, 44, 386–7, 397
accession 377, 504
alliance with Elizabeth 447–8, 458, 468
appearance 336
baptism 348–9
betrothal plans 348
birth 333–4
claim to English throne 334–5, 345
education 153fn
favourites 322, 447, 488fn
French designs on 369, 374–5
and Guise family 446–7
proposed removal to England 369, 375, 416, 418
Protestantism 468
reaction to mother’s execution 499
relationship with mother 445–8, 468, 488, 498
Jane Seymour, Queen of England 57, 63, 67, 91
Jewel, John, Bishop of Salisbury 236
Joan of Arc 446fn
John of Austria, Don 436
Jones, Robert 201
Kenilworth 331
Kent, Earl of 494
Keyes, Thomas 229
Kircaldy of Grange 339fn, 361, 364, 371
Knollys, Sir Francis 391, 392–6, 398, 399, 406, 441
Knollys, Lettice, Countess of Essex 312–13, 443
Knox, John 3, 16, 21, 28, 184–6, 207, 249, 259, 278, 359; The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women 21, 24, 127
on James V 64–5
on Lennoxes 274
on Mary 79–80, 82, 219–20, 240, 252, 376, 415
relationship with Mary 221–2, 303
La Mothe Fenelon (French ambassador) 412
Langside 386
La Renaudie (French rebel) 164
L’Aubespine (French ambassador) 493
Leeds Castle 75
Le Havre 242
Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of 30, 90, 179, 212, 492
character 168, 193
chaste relations with Elizabeth 243
as councillor 224, 243, 245, 376, 420–1, 462
Elizabeth’s generosity towards 331
Elizabeth’s jealousy over 312–13, 317
Elizabeth’s love for 174–5, 178, 194–6, 230, 313, 358, 444
ennoblement 201, 272, 331
exile from court 198, 201, 316, 330–1
friendship with young Elizabeth 174
intimacy with Elizabeth 272, 280, 465
and Mary 404, 405, 416, 456
jealousy 443
and Lennox 274
marital status 178, 182, 197, 199–200, 284, 443
as Master of the Horse 27, 33, 189, 193, 331
military commander 463–5, 502
prospective husband for Elizabeth 174, 175, 178, 197, 213, 216, 227–8, 230–1, 263, 312, 315–16
prospective husband for Mary 262–4, 270, 274, 275–6, 279
scandals and rumours involving 170, 175, 179–82, 196–201, 314
unpopularity of 27, 175–6, 179
Leith 186, 189, 192, 219
Lennox, Duke of, see Stuart, Esmé
Lennox, Margaret Douglas, Countess of 155, 269, 273, 274–5, 277, 290, 369
dynastic ambitions 234, 255, 256–7
imprisonment 234, 292–3, 307, 338, 351
marriage 73
reaction to murder of son 350–1
Lennox, Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of 72, 294
ambitions for son 278, 281
claim to Scottish throne 14fn
death 431
enemy of Bothwell 370
funded by Cecil 279; imprisonment 245, 257
marriage 73
and murder trial 360
property forfeited 259
prospective husband for Mary 73
recalled to England 291
as regent 416, 431
return to Scotland 267, 273–4, 277
suitor to Mary of Guise 298
Leonardo da Vinci 102
Lethington, William Maitland of 247, 342, 363
on Bothwell’s jealousy 366–7
as chief minister 220, 224, 231, 275
as commissioner 397
conversations with Elizabeth 121, 225–8, 262–3
eclipse of 286
on Elizabeth’s debating skills 235–6
hostility towards Bothwell 250, 300
on Knox 221
and Mary’s marriage to Darnley 288, 342, 345
on safekeeping of James VI 375
as Scottish ambassador 121
Lever, Thomas 197
L’Hôpital, Michel 12
Lindsay, Lord 349, 371, 377, 378
Linlithgow Palace 64, 65, 71
Livingston, Mary 98, 106–7, 219
Livingston, Lord 98
Livy 122–3
Loch Leven Castle 373, 377, 384, 387, 413
Longueville, Duc de 66fn
Lorraine, Cardinal of, see Guise, Charles de
Machiavelli, Niccolò 122
Maitland, Sir Richard 12
Maitland, William, see Lethington Mar, Earl of 239, 362, 369, 370, 431
Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland 10, 73, 84fn, 155, 235, 255
Marguerite, Queen of Navarre 101
Marguerite de Valois, Princess 161
Mary I, Tudor, Queen of England 1, 20, 28, 63, 130
accession 121, 131, 132
and Boleyns 52, 54
Catholicism 5, 132–3, 246, 297, 347, 429
childlessness 333
coronation 38
education 118
illness and death 4, 5, 19–20, 24
marriage 5, 132, 133–4, 135, 146, 148, 173, 283, 297
place in accession 19, 74, 84, 131
rebellions against 134–9, 150
reign of 5, 132–3
relationship with Elizabeth 138, 148, 149–50
relationship with mother 56, 131
repeals Act of Supremacy 6–7
Mary, Queen of Scots:
APPEARANCE 9–10, 72 bibliography: arrest and treason trial 470, 478–84, 486–7
as baby 69, 71–2
birth 43–4, 65–6, 68
childhood 77, 78–9, 81, 113–17
flight to England 380, 382, 385, 387–93, 429
French upbringing xxi, 3, 4, 7–8, 13–14, 16, 31–2, 79–80, 82, 97–117, 124, 152, 206, 222–3, 382–3, 429
ill health 191, 260–2, 265, 281, 341–4, 366, 377, 418, 449, 480
imprisonment xxi, 151, 325, 327–8, 373–9, 382, 384, 394–5, 402–3, 407–14, 422, 429–30, 434–6, 449–50, 458–60, 465, 474
pastimes 113–14, 152, 191, 223, 271, 407–9, 436
return to Scotland 210, 211, 214, 217, 219–22
widowhood 204–10, 217, 256, 293
will 332
CHARACTER 103, 116, 125, 215–18, 268, 393–4
&
nbsp; arrogance and haughtiness 210, 307, 309, 310, 395, 479
courage xxiii, 78, 370fn
depressive nature 262, 281, 289, 309–10, 344, 356, 418
emotional nature xx, 205, 213, 238, 261–2, 366, 393, 394
impulsiveness 16, 191, 258, 262, 281, 298, 305, 386, 388
loneliness 299, 303, 332, 383
nervous sensibility 78
optimism 439, 454, 470
passion xxiii, 191, 298
self-destructiveness 468
self-dramatization 348, 469, 473, 481
self-righteousness 425, 480, 487
sense of humour lacking 348
spirit of adventure xxiii, 98, 238–9, 281, 298, 383–4, 393, 414, 419, 450, 466
volatility 435
wilfulness 116, 213, 298
EDUCATION AND SCHOLARSHIP 106, 113–16, 153fn
poetry written by 207–8, 381 execution xvii, xxi, 151, 488, 491, 492, 494–6, 504
Catholic powers swear vengeance 484
Elizabeth’s remorse 498
as martyrdom xxi, 151, 390, 430, 469, 473, 474, 476–7, 479, 481, 485, 487, 496
pressure for 415, 418, 434
signing of death warrant 493–4
MARRIAGE PROPOSALS AND NEGOTIATIONS 211–13
with Charles IX 206, 209, 247
with Don Carlos 232–4, 247, 258, 261–2
with Edward VI 66–7, 68–71, 73, 77, 107
with Eric XIV 231
with Leicester 262–6, 274–6
with Norfolk 276, 398–9, 404–7, 409–10, 414–15, 417–18
MARRIAGES 181–2, 240, 284–5
to Bothwell 364–7, 405fn
to Darnley 253, 259, 267–8, 287–94, 300, 350–4, 391–2, 400–1
to dauphin 3, 6, 8–15, 17, 41, 78, 82, 97, 153–4, 173, 203
AS MONARCH 23, 162–3, 294, 296, 305, 355, 383, 404–5
abdication 377, 418
alienation of nobles 286–7, 289, 291, 300–4, 320–2, 331, 359, 369–74, 385
claim to English throne xix, 6–7, 24, 30, 41, 84fn, 112, 154, 155, 163, 170–1, 178, 224–6, 244, 247, 274, 314, 334, 418–19, 455
coronation 72
court 223
hostility towards 350, 357, 372–3, 377, 378
influence in Ireland 317–18
lack of support and advice 358–9, 366
loses right to accession 434
military exploits 240, 241, 248, 309, 330, 339fn, 370, 383, 386–7
political judgement 14–15, 16, 39, 152, 236, 265–6, 383, 384, 388
progresses 223, 238, 343
public perception of 372–3, 488
as Queen of France 160, 162–4, 166–7, 180, 184, 189, 203
as Queen of Scotland 130, 167, 222–4
wills accession to Philip II 468, 474, 495
MOTHERHOOD xxi, 314–15, 319, 329, 330fn, 332–6, 343fn, 366, 371, 376, 377
relationship with son 446–8, 455, 468, 495
PERSONAL CHARM 224, 235, 241, 251–2, 266, 298, 372, 376, 384, 394, 404–6, 424, 426