speculations about nature of 72, 86
Willoughby in (1553–4) 73
Chancellor in (1553–4 and 1556) 73
Burroughs in 73
Frobisher in (1576–8) 85–6
Pet and Jackman in (1580) 73, 75
Davis in (1585–6) 86
Barents in (1594–7) 75–82
Hudson’s expedition (1610–11) 87–95
Bylot and Button in (1612–13) 96
Bylot and Gibbons in (1614) 96
Bylot in (1615) 96
Bylot and Baffin in (1616) 96–7
expedition led by Foxe and James in (1631–2) 97–102
Bering in (1725–42) 125–37
Cook in (1776) 165–6, 170
Mackenzie’s explorations 195
Parry in (1818–27) 122, 207–16
Barrow sends expeditions to (1824) 226–7
Ross in (1829–33) 122, 256–63
Franklin’s expedition to (1845–50) 271–3
search for Franklin in (1848–59) 273–85
and heyday of polar exploration 291–2
Koldewey in (1869–70) 333
Hegemann in (1869–70) 331–5
Hal, Tyson and the Polaris in (1871–3) 336–42
Weyprecht and von Payer in (1872–4) 353–60
Nares’s expedition in (1875–6) 361–6
De Long’s expedition in (1879–82) 367–74
Greely’s expedition in (1881–4) 375–84
Nansen’s skiing expedition in (1893–6) 385–91
Andrée’s attempt to travel by balloon over (1897) 392–7
Abruzzi’s expedition in (1899–1900) 404–9
Peary in (1908–9) 410–21
Frederick Cook in (1908–9) 418–19, 420–1
Nobile’s airship expedition (1928) 477–88
Arctic Circle 3, 17
Arctic Council 274, 275
Arduino, Sub-Lieutenant Ettore 482
Arikuras 199
Arimaspians 72
Arkansas, River 108
Arlington Cemetery 421
Armenia 12
Armstrong, Alexander 278–9
arsenic 342
asbestos 14
Asia 4, 11, 12, 22, 125, 127, 129, 166, 294 see also names of countries
Astrakhan 23
Atabapo, River 185
Atahuallpa 64–5, 187
Atlantic 5, 42, 60, 61, 83, 94, 151, 160, 257
slave trade 6
voyage of Columbus (1492–1506) 30–41
Hudson crosses (1609) 88
Humboldt and Bonpland cross (1799) 181
and Nansen’s ideas 385
link with Pacific see Strait of Magellan; North-East Passage; North-West Passage
Atlas Mountains 29, 254
Aurora (ship)
on Mawson’s expedition (1911–13) 433, 434, 439, 440, 441, 442–3
on Shackleton’s expedition (1914–16) 445, 447, 448, 450, 451, 459, 460
Aurora Peak 435, 440
Austin, Captain Horatio 274, 277, 282
Australia 120, 121, 124, 153, 293
southern coast charted by Tasman (1642–4) 8, 156, 157
Cook’s expedition (1768–79) 157–9
circumnavigated by Franklin and Flinders (1800) 217
crossing of (1860–1) 296–307
Austria-Hungary 353, 356, 359
Ava and Dufferin, Marquess of 292
Axel Heiberg Island 420
Azores 31, 39–40, 50
Azov Sea 22
Aztecs 64
Babeque 36, 37
Babuskin 487
Back, George
on Franklin’s expedition (1818–25) 219, 220, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227
discovery of Great Fish River 283
Bacon, Francis 96
Badagry 234, 237, 238
Badlands 222
Baffin, William 96–7
discovers Smith Sound, Jones Sound and Lancaster Sound 97
Baffin Bay
expedition of Baffin and Bylot in (1616) 96–7
expedition of Ross and Parry in (1818) 207, 209, 217
Parry’s expedition in (1819) 210, 213
Ross’s expedition in (1829–33), 257, 261, 263
sighting of two ships in (1851) 283
Tyson’s party blown into (1872) 339
Baffin Island 85, 86, 336
Baghdad 9, 21
Bahamas 34–5
Bahía de Manta 141
Baines, Thomas 345
Baker, Florence 313–14
Baker, Samuel 292, 313–14, 345
Balbo, Italo 479, 484
Balboa, Vasco Núez de 63
Baldwin, Evelyn 292
balloon, attempt to reach North Pole by (1897) 392–7
Balmat, Jacques 173–6, 177, 178
Bambara 255
Bangalore 191
Banks, Sir Joseph
on Cook’s expedition 120, 149, 151–3, 154, 155, 156, 156, 158, 159, 170
as mentor 121
sponsors expeditions 120, 245
advises sending convicts to Australia 124
death 246
Banks Island 213, 275, 276, 277, 278, 281
Bantam 89
Barbosa, Duarte 59
Barents, William 75–82
reaches Ice Point 75
commands Greyhound 76
reaches Novaya Zemlya 77
looks for the North-East Passage 76–9
caught by early winter 78
winters on Novaya Zemlya 78–81
becomes scorbutic 80
dies 81
Barents Sea 82
Bari, River 252
Barnum’s Circus 293
Barrie, J. M. 430
Barrow, Sir John 256, 423
impact on exploration 121–2, 207
and Ross’s expedition (1818) 207, 210
and Parry’s expedition (1824) 214, 215, 216
and Franklin’s Canadian expedition (1818–25) 217, 219, 226–7
sends four expeditions to Arctic (1824) 226–7
and quest for the Niger (1821–31) 228, 229, 234, 237, 238, 241, 242
and search for Timbuctoo (1825–8) 246, 249, 255
and Franklin’s Arctic expedition and search for Franklin 271, 273, 274
death 274
Barth, Heinrich 255
Bartholomew (on Mississippi expedition) 113
Bartlett, Bob 415, 417–18, 419, 420
Basra 21
Batavia 159
Bath 315
Bathurst, Lord 247
Bay of St Louis 110
Bay of St Nicholas 73
Bay of Whales 425, 426, 428
Bayreuth 180
Bear (ship) 382, 383
Bear Island 77
Beardmore Glacier
Shackleton forges route up (1907–8) 423, 444
Scott’s expedition (1911–12) 425, 426–7, 428, 429, 431
Shackleton’s expedition (1914–16) 445, 448, 450
Beaujeu, Captain 110, 111
Beaumont, Lieutenant Lewis 363, 365, 377
Beauparlant, Gabriel 223
Beechey, Lieutenant Frederick 226, 227, 274
Beechey Island 274, 280, 282, 285
Beethoven, Ludwig van 123
Beijing/Peking 27, 462
Belanger, Jean Baptiste 224
Belanger, Solomon 223, 224
Belcher, Captain Sir Edward 274–5, 278, 279, 280, 281, 283
Belgica (ship) 419, 422
Belgium 351–2
Bell, Alexander Graham 369
Belle (ship) 110, 111, 114
Bellingshausen, Fabien Gottlieb von 165
Bellingshausen, Thaddeus 264
Bello, Sultan 233, 235, 236, 241
Ben Ali 245
Bengal 26, 329
Bennett, James Gordon, 290, 346, 347, 367, 369, 373, 374
Bennett Island 371
Benue, River 232, 239
Berin
g, Vitus 125–37
list of orders from Peter the Great 125
reaches Okhotsk 127
builds Fortuna 127–8
builds Gabriel 128
back in Siberia (1734) 129
constructs St Peter and St Paul 130
reaches Kayak Island 132
voyages through the Aleutians 133
crew’s health 133
off Kurile Islands 134
effects of scurvy 134
Steller’s obituary to Bering 135
Bering Island 134–7
Bering Strait 217, 283, 426
discovered by Bering 129
Cook’s expedition to (1776) 165, 166
Barrow sends expeditions to (1824) 226, 227
search for Franklin in 273, 275
Petermann’s ideas about 367
US Coast and Geodetic Survey report on 369
Berlin 188
Bernese Oberland 317
Berrio (ship) 46, 50
Bessels, Emil 337, 342
Biagi, Giuseppe 483, 484, 485
Bible 4
Big Lead 415, 416, 417, 419
Biskra 399
Bismarck, Otto von 375
Black Death 27
Black Sea 4, 17, 27
Blackfeet 204–5
Bligh, William 170
Bloody Falls 220, 221
Bloomsbury Group 466
Blossom (ship) 275
Board of Longitude 165, 211
Boer War 423
Bohio see Hispaniola/Espaniola
Boma 350, 351
Bombay 193
Bona Confidentia (ship) 73
Bona Esperanza (ship) 73
Bonpland, Aimé, 120, 180–8
Booth, Felix 256
Boothia Felix 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 285
Borchgrevink, Carsten 422, 423
Bordeaux 188
Borgen, Dr 333
Borneo 59
Bornu 231, 232, 233, 235
Bossons Glacier 174
Botany Bay 158
Bottom of the Bay (later James Bay) 89, 99, 100
botulism 284
Boudeuse (ship) 153
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de 120, 124, 153, 180, 187
Bouguer, Pierre 139, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146
Bourrit, Marc-Théodore 176
Bowers, Lieutenant ‘Birdie’ 428, 430, 431
Boy, King 240, 241
Bradley, John 419
Braganza (ship) 484
Brahe, William 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306, 307
Brahmaputra River 329
Brainard, Sergeant David 377, 379, 380, 381, 382
Braithwaite and Erickson 256–7, 258
Brass 240, 241
Bratvaag (ship) 394, 396
Brazil 6, 31, 53, 54, 63
Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan de 292, 352
Brazzaville 350, 403
Breadalbane (ship) 280
Bremerhaven 331, 333, 335, 353
Breuil 319, 320, 321, 322, 324
Briscoe, Peter 152
Bristol 83, 85, 97, 102
Bristol, Lord 180
Bristol Channel 102
Britain 6, 72, 85, 102, 123, 124, 194, 367, 382, 398
and longitude problem 120–1
survey of India and surrounding countries 190–3, 326–30
expeditions from 121–2, 149–70, 207–50, 256–85, 308–25, 343–6, 361–6, 422–31, 444–76
see also England; London
British Association for the Advancement of Science 315
British Museum 293
Bruce, General Charles 465, 470
Bruce, Geoffrey 467–8, 471
Bruno, Don Pedro Grandmaison y 146, 147, 148
Buchan, Alexander 149, 152, 155
Bucholz, Dr 334
Budington, Sidney 337, 339, 341, 342
Buenos Aires 188
Buganda 312
Bukhara 11, 23, 29
Bulun 373
Bunyoro 312, 313
Burke, Robert O’Hara 296–305, 306, 307
description of Burke 296
desire for speed 297
writing on Wills 299
buries note 303
leaves Wills 305
dies of starvation 305
Burma 15
Burnaby, Colonel Frederick 294
Burney, James ‘Jem’ 163
Burrough, Stephen 73
Burton, Richard 292, 308–12, 314–15, 345, 346
anti-establishment 308
lands at Zanzibar with Speke 309
describes Africans 310
irritated by Speke 310
returns to Mombasa 311
convalesces in Aden 312
disagreement with Speke on source of Nile 314–15
Lake Regions of Central Africa 312
The Scented Garden 315
Bussa 235, 236, 238, 239, 242
Button, Thomas 96
Bylot, Robert 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97
Byrd, Richard Evelyn 477
Byron, Lord 123
Byzantium 21, 23
Emperor of 23
Cabot, John 83, 85
Cabot, Sebastian 85
Cabral, Pedro Alvares 53, 63
Cagni, Captain Umberto 404, 405, 406–9
Caillié, René 124, 250–5
adopts local garb and manners 250
reaches Tieme 251
gets scurvy 251
shivering with fever 252
arrives Timbuctoo 252
catches caravan to Morocco 253
reaches Fez 254
made Chevalier of the Légion d’Honneur 255
dies 255
Cairo 5, 18–19, 27, 44, 312
Calabozo 184
Calcutta 193
Calicut 25, 26, 44, 47–9
California 130, 181, 194
Cambridge Bay 277, 283
Cameroon 308
Camp Wood 197
Canada 257, 271, 293, 361, 480
British territories in 194
Mackenzie follows Mackenzie River 195
Franklin’s expeditions (1818–25) 123, 217–27
Collinson navigates coast 281
Canary Islands 31, 33, 45, 53–4
Canelos 146, 147
cannibalism, 157, 162–3, 169, 224, 281, 284, 383–4, 487
Cano, Juan del 59–62
becomes Magellan expedition leader 59
sails for Cape of Good Hope 60
docks in the Cape Verde Islands 61
Canterbury, Archbishop of 96
Canton 27
Cão, Diogo 42
caoutchouc 142
Cape Adare 425, 432, 433
Cape Alexander 339
Cape Breton Island 418
Cape Bridgman 481
Cape Britannia 377
Cape Colgate 417
Cape Colony 293, 343
Cape Columbia 419, 420
Cape Cross 42
Cape Denison 433, 434, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443
Cape D’Urville 414
Cape Digges 89
Cape Disappointment 203
Cape Evans 424, 447, 448, 451, 455, 460
Cape Fligely 389
Cape Flora 390, 395, 407
Cape Henrietta Maria 99
Cape Horn 163, 164, 165, 181, 268, 275, 453
Cape Isabella 339, 381
Cape Kellett 277
Cape Mill 407, 408
Cape Morris Jessup 414
Cape of Eleven Thousand Virgins 56
Cape of Good Hope 43, 45, 46, 50, 53, 60, 72, 157, 160
Cape of Good Success 151
Cape Sabine 378, 380, 381–3
Cape Santa Maria 42
Cape Sheridan 415, 416, 417, 419
Cape Town 159, 161, 163, 165, 265, 351
Cape Verde Islands 46, 50, 61
Cape Wolstenholme 89
Cape York (Arctic) 209
Cape York (Australia) 159
Caracas 183
Caribbean 41, 63, 181 see also names of islands
Caribs 37, 38–9, 40, 41
Carrel, Jean-Antoine 321, 322, 324
Cartagena 139, 144, 187
Cartagena, Juan de 54, 55
Carvajal, Father Gaspar de 66, 69, 70
Carvalho, João de 54, 59
Cary Islands 379
Casiquiare 183, 185, 186
cassava 67
Cassini, Jacques 138, 139
Castlemaine 296
Cathay, 17, 30, 41, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 83, 86 see also China
Cavelier, Jean 110, 111, 113, 114
Cavelier, René Robert, Sieur de La Salle see La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de
Cayenne 146, 148
Cebú 58
King of 58, 59
Cecioni, Natale 482, 485
Central America 60, 103, 181, 188 see also names of places
Ceuta 27
Ceylon 5, 51 see also Sri Lanka
Challenger, HMS (ship) 422
Chamonix 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178
Champlain, Samuel de 103
Chancellor, Richard 73, 85
Chang Thang plateau 327
Changalli 143
Charbonneau, Sacagawea 200, 201, 203
Charbonneau, Toussaint 200
Charles (ship) 97, 99
Charles I, King of Spain 53, 65, 70
Charles X, King of France 255
Charlie Polaris (Inuit) 339
Charlton Island 100, 101
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley 425, 460
Cheshskaya Bay 82
Chicago Record Herald 291
Chile 458
China 4, 6, 19, 29, 30, 51, 75, 119, 121, 127, 326
routes sought to 5, 6, 7–8, 31, 87, 95
Mongol conquest of 9
Marco Polo in (1271–95) 11–16, 17
and Ibn Battuta 24–5, 26–7
Columbus plans to sail to (1492) 31, 33
Columbus believes he has reached 38
Chirikov, Aleksei 127, 128–9, 130, 131
Christiana (modern Oslo) 385, 391, 409
Christianity, 7, 11, 12, 31, 35, 44, 45, 58, 65, 105, 343, 345
chronometers 120–1, 160, 388
Chukchis 124, 127, 128, 129, 133
Chukotsk Peninsula 127, 128, 129
Churchill, Winston 444, 447, 451
Cieza de León, Pedro de, 68
Cincinnati News 336
cinnamon 5, 65–6
Citta di Milano (ship) 480, 483, 485
Ciudad Bolivar (Angostura) 186
Clapperton, Lieutenant Hugh 229–36, 237, 238, 241
travels with Oudney to Murzak 229
wracked by fever 231
following River Yeou 232
journeys alone 233
leaves for Bornu 233
back in Kuka 233
lands at Badagry 234
under house arrest with Lander 235
dies 236
Clark, William 194–206
writes on condition of party 197
reports on effects of eating boiled roots 202
writes on reaching Sandy River 202
carves name with Lewis 203
buys blubber and oil 203
goes down Yellowstone River 204
Clarksville 195, 197
Clatsops 124, 203