Stier, Dr, 20, 237
Stinghlhamber, Commandant, 112
Strasser, Captain Peter, 347
Stuemer, Major Willibald von, 105–7, 202, 306, 319, 338, 342
Suba River, 82
submarines, 215–16, 289, 347; see also U-boats Sudan, 214, 216–17, 220
Sudi Bay, 209–11, 236, 250
Suez Canal, 1, 114, 214–15, 219
Sumani, Colour Sergeant-Major, 37, 160
Suninga, 69
supplies, 74, 131–2, 211–12, 264–5, 278–80; medical, 132, 304; scarcity during German retreat, 338, 340
Sutherland, Lieutenant, 312–13, 315
Swaffer, Hannen, 110
Swahili, 160, 177, 289
Swahilis, 29
Sweens, Mgr, 106
Tabora, 29, 80, 197, 200, 383; and Belgian advance, 225, 227–30, 242–3, 269, 284–5, 316–17, 325, 335; and Wahle’s trek, 243, 258, 262; and Wintgens raid and Naumann stunt, 309–11; threat to bomb, 350; German prisoners arrive, 389
Tabora, 71–3
Tafel, Captain Theodor, 33, 37, 247–8, 276; commands Mahenge front, 301, 310–11, 313, 317; and Mahenge action, 324–6, 332; opposes British advance, 333–6; documents seized, 335; surrenders, 341–2; World War II service, 342n
Takir, Lance-Corporal Ismail, 37
Tandala, 265, 307
Tanga, 19, 38, 143, 197, 206, 257, 387; and open port policy, 18n; abortive British attack, 39, 41–58, 63, 65, 68, 76, 80, 83–4, 105, 129, 135, 140, 149, 170, 180, 182, 185, 187, 199, 244, 344; intelligence failures, 41, 60, 131, 171, 179, 212, 268; aftermath of battle, 59–62; further threats to, 66, 74, 83; bombardment countermanded, 71; Kronborg heads for, 90–2; topography and climate, 102; Germans withdraw and British capture, 207–8; von Lettow-Vorbeck lectures on victory, 390
Tanganika, 262
Tanganyika, Lake, 13, 22, 32, 50, 96, 242–3, 383; and Stevenson Road, 80, 265; struggle for naval supremacy, 97–101, 110–12, 145–51, 172; and Belgian advance, 109, 173n; final episode in battle, 229–30; naval expedition wound up, 233–4; Belgians muster at, 316, 318; German prisoners transported on, 389
Tatum, Major, 54
Taute, Dr Max, 382
Taveta, 130, 134, 154, 156, 279, 281; ‘Taveta Affair’, 19–22, 27, 31; provides German base, 23, 29, 39, 55, 79–80, 179–81, 183n, 188–9; topography, 169, 177–8; front, 170–1, 187, 191; German withdrawal and British advance, 188–9, 192, 197, 208, 216, 387; field hospital, 206
taxation, 155, 158, 161–2, 281, 319, 358, 370, 394
Taylor, Colonel A.J., 191
Teita district, 392, 397n Tete, 320–1
Theodore, Emperor, 41
Thesiger, Wilfred, 218–20
Thomas, Captain, 245
Thomas, Colonel, 310n Thompson, Major, 191
Thornley, Commander G.S., 233
Thornycroft, Captain, 30
Tighe, General Michael, 40, 74, 97, 100; and Tanga operation, 46–9, 52, 56, 61, 63; Umba Valley expedition, 75–6, 79, 160, 281; occupies Jasin, 76, 81–3; and attack on Mafia, 80; restricted by War Office, 84, 96; assumes command, 102–4; mounts Bukoba attack, 104–8; relations with Belgians, 108, 172; causes for anxiety, 130–2, 134, 152; bibulousness, 131; and German East Africa offensive, 153, 170–1; and Salaita ‘show’, 179, 185, 187–8; commands Latema-Reata attack, 190–1; subsequent career, 194–5; death, 195n
Times, The, 2, 20, 24, 228
Times History of the War, 268
Tirene Bay, 118
Togo/Togoland, 3, 16n, 17, 347; surrenders, 27, 125
Tombeur, General Charles-Henri, 96–7, 107–10; leads independent army, 173n, 174; and Belgian advance, 224, 226, 228–9, 284; and capture of Tabora, 242–3, 316–17; and British carriers, 284, 286
Tomlinson, Colonel A.J., 255, 306, 309
Topliss, Percy, 350
Toten Island, 58
Tothovu, 81
Toutou, 101, 110–12, 146–8, 150, 229, 233
Townshend, General, 220
Transcaspia Expedition, 193n
Transvaal, 1–2, 125, 127, 320, 396
Trotha, Colonel Lothar von, 354–5
Tsavo, 37, 82, 102
Tsavo River, 29
Tulo, 302
Tunduru, 306, 326, 332, 334
Tungwe, Lake, 230
Turi, 134
Turkana, 30, 158
Turkey, 67, 213–14, 216; enters war, 158; jihad proclaimed, 212; and German expansionism, 353
Turks, 29n, 213–14, 216, 220, 222
Turner, Captain, 83
Tytler, Colonel, 325, 330–1
U-boats, 37, 326, 347
Ufiome, 199, 201, 313
Ugala River, 309
Uganda, 14, 19n, 29, 224; defence of, 30–1, 172; invasion threat, 75; Kagera front, 75, 94–5, 102, 104, 108; economy, 108; uprisings, 157; rumoured Muslim invasion, 212; recruitment of carriers, 281, 284, 286; kasanvu labour, 395; infant mortality, 397n
Uganda Police, 367
Uganda Railway, 20, 26, 30, 79; Germans threaten, 29, 84, 94, 108, 130, 134, 148, 154, 170, 324
Uganda Transport Corps, 160
Ugogo district, 398
Ujiji, 29, 50, 317
Ukerewe Island, 225–6, 227n
Ulanga River, 261
Ulu district, 397
Uluguru Mountains, 241, 247–8, 288
Umba Valley, 75–6, 79, 81–2, 84, 160, 281
Union Defence Force, 128
United States of America, 150, 162; total war dead, 3; and peace negotiations, 226n; Civil War, 286; and Versailles Conference, 401
Urundi, 94, 96–7, 104, 108, 110; Belgians occupy, 225–6, 316–17, 335; White Fathers’ accounts of, 228–9; end of German rule, 293; conscription of carriers, 398; ceded to Belgium, 400
Usambara, 29, 145, 149
Usambara Mountains, 42, 45, 131, 197, 304
Usambara Railway, 19, 47; German defence of, 38–9; and British advance, 40–2, 45, 50, 55; German troop movements, 44, 60, 63
Usoga, 98, 105
Utengule, 234
Utete, 276, 303
Utungi, Lake, 276
Vallings, Colonel H.A., 130
van der Byl, Piet, 195, 350
van der Spuy, Sergeant, 176
van Deventer, Colonel Jakobus ‘Jaap’: arrival in East Africa, 169; and Robbers’ Raid, 187–8, 191–4; advance and defence of Kondoa, 197–202, 204–5, 224, 232, 279–80, 300, 314; luck, 198, 200, 204; advance on Central Railway, 232, 235, 237, 239–42, 287–8; and German withdrawal, 247–9, 252, 254–5, 261–2; and supply chain and carriers, 279–80, 287–8; assumes command, 300–3, 305; and German retreat, 312, 317, 319, 325–7, 329–30, 332–3, 348, 366–9, 371, 373–5, 377, 379–80, 383; and Portuguese, 322, 339–41, 344, 346, 363–5, 373–5, 377–8; criticism of, 344–5; and airlift attempt, 350; and African troops, 366; and manpower shortage, 374, 392; secures German surrender and evacuation, 388–9
Vanga, 23, 30, 76
Vedette, 150
Velden, Colonel van, 345
Versailles Peace Conference, 3, 6, 234, 289, 317, 378, 393; colonial outcomes, 399–400; representation of African interests, 400–1
Victoria, Lake, 23–4, 30, 94, 96, 104; naval supremacy on, 97–8, 154; and Belgian advance, 225–7, 243, 284; armaments on, 278; and threat from Naumann, 311–12, 315
Victoria Cross, 73, 82n, 170n, 310
Voi, 20, 27, 79, 102, 130; military railway, 154, 170, 281; rains, 200; carrier cemetery, 289
Voi River, 281
Volunteer Army, 160; see also ‘Kitchener’s Army’
von Syburg (German consul), 219–20
Vorberg, Captain, 130
Wabarue, 320
Wachagga, 38
Wadi Halfa, 349
Wadigo, 75, 159, 397n
Wahehe, 38, 236, 244
Wahle, General Kurt, 72, 97, 326; joins German army, 32–3, 38; and N
orthern Rhodesia offensive, 108–10; and Goetzen, 245; and Belgian advance, 228, 230; and withdrawal from German East Africa, 242–4, 249, 251, 253–8, 261–6, 270; relinquishes command, 301, 324; son captured, 306, 384; and retreat into Portuguese East Africa, 326, 329–34, 338, 342–3, 368, 373, 376; attempt to dismiss, 373; taken prisoner, 384; decorated, 384
Wainwright, Lieutenant ‘Paddy’, 111, 234
Wajir, 158
Wakamba, 282
Wakasigau, 283
Walker, Captain, 254–5
Wallis, H.R., 395n
Wamanyema, 174, 388
Wami, 120, 150, 230
Wami River, 240
Wapshare, General Richard, 40, 51–6, 62, 296n; assumes command, 74–6, 80; restricted by War Office, 84, 96; promoted and posted to Mesopotamia, 102; unease over Muslims, 213
War Office: and importance of East Africa campaign, 4; and abortive invasion of German East Africa, 39, 59, 61–2; assumes responsibility for campaign, 74; imposes defensive policy, 84, 96, 102; provision of troops, 102–3; and Bukoba attack, 104, 107; and surrender of German South-West Africa, 125; and South Africa, 128–9, 134; renewed interest in East Africa, 134–5, 152–3; and German East Africa offensive, 170, 175, 187, 192, 194, 196, 278; informed of Salaita catastrophe, 186; calls up civilians, 213; and Muslim threat, 216; and Smuts’s attempt to force surrender, 247, 250; and use of gas, 258; and supply chain, 279; requests release of troops, 298–9, 344, 373; determination to defeat Germans, 326, 329; and van Deventer’s appointment, 345; fails to supply maps, 366; fails to protect chiefs, 369; ships wrong lorries, 371; and criticisms of Portuguese, 374–6; insistence on unconditional surrender, 389; and medical establishment, 393–4
Ward, Colonel, 54
Warwick, Major, 311–12
Wasukuma, 226, 312, 388
Wataveta, 177
Wateita, 281, 283
Watkins, Flight Lieutenant, 85, 113, 121
Watkins, Colonel Oscar, 281–2
Watusi, 157
Wavell, Captain (later Major), 29, 75n, 154
Webb, Mr, 13, 20, 31
Weck, Dr Wolfgang, 22–3, 86, 143
Wenig, Lieutenant Richard, 115, 119, 337, 388
Wessels, Captain, 134
Western Front, 84, 90, 170, 216, 309n; aviation on, 204; German victories, 213; Ludendorff’s offensive, 221, 369, 373; conditions on, 303; Portuguese troops on, 318; black troops deployed, 357; German reverses, 384
White Fathers, 106, 222, 228–9, 256, 265
Whittall, Lieutenant-Commander W., 180, 183
Wiedhafen, 262, 306–7, 383
Wilde, Captain, 250
Wilhelm, Kaiser, 15, 83, 99, 219, 261, 293; expresses confidence in East African army, 80, 81n; pictures destroyed, 107; ‘Unser Feld ist die Welt’ doctrine, 126; and Islam, 213, 223; publishes peace terms, 275; reassures von Lettow-Vorbeck, 327; approves airlift plan, 348; colonial ambitions, 352–3; end of war and abdication, 385–7
Wilhelmshaven, 17, 45, 90, 209
Williams, Sergeant George, 37, 82, 160
Wilson, Commander R.A., 116, 118–21, 123
Wilson, Woodrow, 226n, 301
Windhuk, 16n, 125
Winifred, 105–6, 225, 311
Wintgens, Captain Max, 37, 97, 288, 325–6, 383; promotes anti-British feeling, 157–8, 164; and Belgian advance, 224–7; and withdrawal from German East Africa, 242–4, 254–7, 262–4; mounts raid, 306–10, 316–17; character, 307, 313, 315; surrender, 309, 311; awarded Pour le Mérite, 309; suppresses Spartacists, 390
Wintgens, Kurt, 309n
Winzer, Sergeant-Major, 263
Woldemariam, Sergeant Gizau, 37, 160
Wolfram, Ernst, 343
Woodhall, Edwin, 350
World War I, see Great War Wren, P.C., 356n
Wyatt, Captain, 256–7
Yao, 299, 319
Zambezi River, 99, 142, 264, 351; Valley, 320; barrier to German retreat, 377; Zambezi-Congo watershed, 386
Zambezia, 142, 320
Zanzibar, 26, 88–9, 91, 144; spies, 24, 116; attacked by Königsberg, 34–7, 45, 67, 117; clove industry, 80; aerodrome, 114, 246; Sultan of, 213, 245–6
Zauditu, Empress, 221
zeppelins, 347–50, 351 Zieten, 60, 116
Zimmer, Captain Gustav, 145–50, 224n, 230, 242
Zimmerman, Captain, 227
Zimmerman, Emil, 353n Zingel, Lieutenant Joseph, 242–3, 254, 262, 314
Zomba, 163, 306, 308, 366
Zulus, 51, 81, 127; Bambatha rebellion, 103
Zumbo, 320
Zupitza, Max, 347–9
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A WEIDENFELD & NICOLSON EBOOK
First published in Great Britain in 2007 by Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
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* The Royal Navy’s bombardment of Dar-es-Salaam was defensible under the stipulations of Chapter 1 of the Memorandum Concerning the 2nd International Hague Peace Conference of 1907 (the ‘Hague Convention’). Schnee’s decision to destroy the wireless station was attributed by von Lettow-Vorbeck to ‘a rather excessive fear of its falling into the enemy’s hands’ (Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 27). It was soon rendered serviceable again by Chief Postmaster Rothe, who erected a new aerial disguised as a palm tree, but contact with Berlin became more problematic and intermittent after the intermediate station in Togo was captured and the one at Windhuk, in German South-West Africa, was destroyed.
* Legend had it that von Lettow-Vorbeck had a glass eye which, on one occasion, he lost in the bush. An askari returned it to him and enquired why the colonel had removed it. Von Lettow-Vorbeck’s reply was that he had ‘placed it there to watch that askari were doing their duty’ (The Nongqai,May 1919,p. 202).
* Von Lettow-Vorbeck was convinced that an open port policy meant that ‘Dar-es-Salaam and Tanga . . . the termini of our railways and the obvious bases for hostile operations from the coast towards the interior, would fall into the enemy’s hands without a struggle’ (Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 21).
* Ada Schnee, for one, believed that British troops from Uganda had invaded German territory south of the Kagera River before Taveta was seized (Ada Schnee, p. 16). This was untrue. An incursion into German East Africa at Buddu by 300 troops and 1,000 levies from Uganda did not take place until 17 August, two days after the ‘Taveta Affair’. Other German sources cited the action against the Hermann von Wissmann on Lake Nyasa as predating the Taveta offensive, which was also not the case.
* Churchill, First Lord of the Admiralty, remarked on the anomaly of ‘respectable Liberal politicians sitting down deliberately and with malice aforethought to plan the seizure of the German colonies in every part of the world . . . the whole world was surveyed, [and] six different expeditions approved’ (see Forster, p. 75).
* Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 29; see also p. 19. ‘The Congo Act . . . only says that in case of conflict between two of the Powers concerned, a third Power may offer its good services as a mediator. But as far as I know this step was not t
aken by any Power. We were therefore not obliged to restrict our operations out of regard for any agreement.’
* The 1911 census listed 2,022 European males (including children) as resident in British East Africa, of whom 632 government officials, railway staff and missionaries were excluded from military service. The male population had not increased significantly by 1914.
† RCS/Arnold Paice, letter to his sister, 30 August 1914. Paice expressed rather greater interest in this letter in the fact that a pig on a neighbouring farm had just, most unusually, devoured a mare.
* According to Boell (1), p. 28 the Schutztruppe comprised 218 European officers and NCOs (of whom 130 were combatant and the remainder non-combatant medical and support services) and 2,542 askari (including two officers and 184 NCOs). In addition there were fifty-five European officers and NCOs and 2,160 askari in the paramilitary police, 1,670 European registered reservists, and the sailors from various Deutsche Ostafrika-Linie merchant vessels in Dar-es-Salaam who were rapidly incorporated into the Schutztruppe. The total male population of German East Africa listed in the 1913 census was 3,536, of whom most were German by birth.
* When completed, a ‘train’ of thirty trucks, each carrying eight soldiers, and pushed by six men, could complete the sixty-mile journey in thirteen hours.
† Wavell was a former officer in the 60th Rifles who had made the pilgrimage to Mecca disguised as a Zanzibari and suffered imprisonment by the Turks in Yemen. He wrote AModern Pilgrimage to Mecca, and was later regarded as ‘British East Africa’s T.E. Lawrence’.
* The Leader, 13 March 1915. That Mombasa was Baumstark’s objective appears to be confirmed by German sources, for example the Deutscher Kolonial-Atlas mit Jahrbuch 1918 (p. 23).
* See, for example, Lettow-Vorbeck (1), p. 71. Von Lettow-Vorbeck seemingly only became aware of ‘the existence’ of what he called ‘small bodies of troops’ at Mwanza, Kigoma and Lindi ‘after a considerable time’.
* Looff (1), pp. 57–8. The debate about whether a white flag was hoisted or not, implying that Looff had continued to fire on a vessel after the event, raged for years. Looff could not be certain, for the simple reason that ‘as the flag came up the masthead it was gathered into a little box that served as gun control position for Hattersley-Smith, the gunnery lieutenant, and so subsequently for each sheet or pillowslip that was hoisted’ (see IWM/McCall, a midshipman on Hyacinth). This caused the appearance, disappearance and reappearance of the flag which, given the smoke and flames pouring from the stricken Pegasus, understandably caused confusion.