death of 248–9, 273
Duke of York’s protectorate 241–2, 243
and Duke of York’s rising 238
flees to Scotland 246
Hundred Years War 234–7, 238
imprisoned in the Tower 247–8
in literature and national myth 291
mental breakdown 241, 242
posthumous cult of 249
Readeption 247–8, 262
‘Rout of Ludford’ 244
spouse see Margaret of Anjou
Wars of the Roses 241–7, 248, 249
Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 34, 39
Henry VII (Henry Tudor) 281–2, 283, 284
Bosworth 286–7
claim to the throne 285
lands in England 285
Henry the Young King, son of Henry II 21, 23–4, 25, 26, 27, 28
Henry of Huntingdon 7
Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of 98, 107, 133, 134
Hexham, battle of (1464) 256
Higden, Ranulph 121, 199
Hoccleve, Thomas 154
Holinshed, Raphael 166, 289
Holland, Sir Thomas 154
Howden, Roger 34–5, 42–3
Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln 17, 35, 42, 52
Hugh of Hereford 14
Hume, David 290
Hundred Rolls 94
Hundred Years War xix, 155, 156–61, 162, 163–6, 177, 182, 209, 234–7, 238, 256, 259, 266–8
Hywel Dda code 101, 103
Ingelger 3
Innocent III, Pope 53, 57, 58, 60, 63, 71
Isaac Komnenos, ‘Emperor’ 35, 36
Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France 225
Isabel of Gloucester 33, 46
Isabella of Angoulême, Queen consort of England 46, 50–1, 75
Isabella of France, Queen consort of England 120, 121, 123, 125, 128–9, 132–4, 137, 138–9, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148–9, 150, 151
Isabella of Valois, Queen consort of England 182
Jaffa 37, 38
James III, King of Scotland 275, 276
James of Savoy 103
Jerusalem 29, 32, 37–8, 194
Jews 15, 25, 27
under Edward I 104
under Henry III 78, 79, 85
under John 54, 61
under Richard I 33
Joan of Arc 234–5
Joan of England, Queen of Sicily34 35, 38
Joan of Kent 154
Joan of Navarre, Queen consort of England 198, 227
John, King 21, 28, 30, 31, 33, 39, 40, 41, 44–65, 67, 69
administrative reforms 54
appearance 50
character and qualities 50, 51, 56
civil war 62–3
conflict with barons 55–7, 58, 60–3
coronation 45
crosses the Wash 64–5
death of 65
and the death of Arthur of Brittany 46–7
excommunication 53–4, 57
French campaigns 46–9, 58–9
grants Magna Carta 61–2
in literature and national myth 289–90
and invasion of Prince Louis (Louis VIII) 63–4
Irish campaign 55
loses Normandy 45–8, 49, 59
papal vassal 57
quarrel with the Church 51–2, 53
Scottish policy 55
spouses see Gloucester, Isabella, Countess of; Isabella of Angoulême
wealth 54–5
John II, Duke of Burgundy 224, 225
John II, King of France 162, 164
John XXII, Pope 150
John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond 97, 113, 117, 133, 134, 139
John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 153, 166, 167, 168, 171–2, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 183, 186, 193, 194
John of Montfort 158–9 John of Powderham 131
Kenilworth Castle 85, 140, 243
Kent, Edmond, Earl of 138, 139, 149, 154
King’s Evil (scrofula) 96
King’s Langley 122, 128, 196
Knights Hospitallers 37, 93
Knights Templar 36, 105, 129
Knolles, Sir Robert 163
La Rochelle 68, 106
Lacy, Hugh de 26
Lancaster, Edmund Crouchback, Earl of 70, 73, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 97, 106, 181
Lancaster, Henry, Earl of 140, 148, 149
Lancaster, Henry of Grosmont, Duke of 159, 160, 162, 163–4
Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of see John of Gaunt
Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129–31, 132–3, 134, 199
Landois, Pierre 283, 284–5
Langland, William 167
Langtoft, Peter 110, 115–16
Langton, Stephen 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 68
Langton, Dr Thomas 280
Langton, Walter, Bishop of Lichfield 105, 111, 115, 119
le Baker, Geoffrey 119
le Fartère, Roland 20
Leeds Castle 133, 227
legal system
under Edward I 94, 98–9
under Henry II 15–16
under John 54
Welsh 101, 103
Leopold, Duke of Austria 37, 39
Les Espagnols-sur-Mer, battle of (1350) 147–8, 162
Lincoln, Henry de Lacy, Earl of 98, 122, 123, 129
Llewelyn ap Gruffydd 81, 86, 100, 101–2
Llewelyn ap Iorwerth 55
Llewelyn Bren 128, 133
Lollards 174–5, 181, 196, 211–12, 213, 216, 226
longbows 152, 201
Longchamp, William 40
Losecoat Field, battle of (1470) 260–1
Louis IV, Emperor 156
Louis VII, King of France 10, 11, 12
Louis VIII, King of France 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70
Louis IX, King of France 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 92, 96
Louis XI, King of France 247, 256, 259, 261, 262, 267–8, 269, 274, 281
Lovell, Viscount 277, 285
Ludlow Castle 252
Lusignan family 70, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82
Lusignan, Guy of, King of Jerusalem 36
Lusignan, Hugh of, Count of La Marche 46, 74, 75
Lyons, Sir Richard 167, 168, 172
Mad Parliament (1258) 79, 86
Madog ap Llewelyn 103–4, 108
Magna Carta 44, 61–2, 67, 72, 78, 98, 99, 108, 111, 157
Malcolm III, King of Scotland 5
Malemort, Hélie de, Archbishop of Bordeaux 49
Malmesbury Castle 12
Maltravers, Sir William 84
Mancini, Domenico 256–8, 272, 281
Manfred, King of Sicily 77, 78
Manny, Sir Walter 162, 163
Manuel II Paleologus, Emperor 185, 196
Map, Walter xviii, 6, 11, 17–18, 19, 20, 27
March, Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of 171
March, Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of 188, 199, 201, 203, 211, 212–13, 214, 217, 226
Marcher lords 81, 84, 100, 102, 133, 134
Mare, Sir Peter de la 168
Margaret, Fair Maid of Norway 108–9
Margaret of Anjou, Queen consort of England 233, 236, 239, 242–4, 245–6, 247, 253, 261, 263, 264, 265
Margaret of France, Queen consort of England 106–7, 116
Margaret of Wessex, Queen consort of Scotland (St Margaret) 5
Marlborough 69, 86
Marsh, Adam 81
Marshal, William, Earl of Pembroke 29, 30, 33, 43, 45, 49, 52, 57, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70
Matilda, Empress 4, 5–6, 7, 9, 10
Matilda, Queen consort of England 6–7, 13
Mauléon, Savaric de 49, 63, 64
Meaux, siege of (1421) 228–9
Melusine xviii
Mercadier (French mercenary) 41, 42
Merciless Parliament (1388) 179
Middleham Castle 273, 275, 278
Mistlebrook, William 271–2
Model Parliament (1295) 104
Moleyns, Adam, Bishop of Chichester 237
Monstrelet, Enguerrand de 192
Montague, John Neville, Marquess of 255–6, 261, 263, 264
Montague, Sir William 150, 151
Montferrat, Marquis of 36, 39
Montfort, Eleanor de 100, 101
Montfort, Simon de 66, 74, 77, 78–9, 80, 81, 82, 83–5, 92, 131
More, Sir Thomas 252, 268, 271, 272, 278, 281, 283
Mortimer, Hugh de 14
Mortimer, Sir Edmund 200–1, 203, 206
Mortimer, Sir John 226
Mortimer, Roger 102, 133, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 148, 149, 150–1
Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461) 253
Morton, Dr John 265, 283
Netter, Thomas 212, 216, 229
Neville, George, Archbishop of York 248, 256, 259, 262
Neville, Hugh de 50, 51
Neville, Lady Anne, Queen consort of England 261, 266, 273, 277, 280, 284
Neville, Thomas, Bastard of Fauconberg 264–5, 273
Neville’s Cross, battle of (1346) 160
Norfolk, Hugh Bigod, Earl of 26
Norfolk, John Howard, Duke of 279, 286
Norfolk, John Mowbray, Duke of 254
Norfolk, Roger Bigod, Earl of 98, 99, 107
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, 4th Earl of 204
Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, Duke of (earlier, Earl of Nottingham) 178, 183, 184, 185–6
Northampton 25, 60, 83
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 1st Earl of 188–9, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 208
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of (Harry Hotspur) 199, 200, 201, 202
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of 261, 285, 287
Norwich 26
Nottingham 25–6, 55, 56, 156, 168, 257, 278, 285
O’Connor, Rory 24
Old Byland, battle of (1322) 117–18, 136, 137
Oldcastle, Sir John 213, 214, 226
Olivier, Laurence 292
Order of the Garter 154, 162
Ordinance of Labourers 161
Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor 58–9, 59
Outremer 36, 38
Oxford, Dowager Countess of 274
Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of 262, 263, 265, 266, 273, 283, 286
Oxford, Robert de Vere, Earl of 178–9
Paris, Matthew 44, 50–1, 62, 65, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 92
Paston, John 237
Peasants’ Revolt 171, 172–3, 193
Pecham, John, Archbishop of Canterbury 99
Peele, George 290
Pembroke, 1st Earl of see Marshal, William Pembroke, Aymer de Valence, Earl of 97, 116, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135
Pembroke, Jasper Tudor, Earl of 253
Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl of (‘Strongbow’) 24
Pembroke, Richard, Earl of 72
Perrers, Alice 166–7, 168
Peter of Blois 18, 20
Peter of Savoy 73
Peter the Hermit 57
Peverell, William 14
Philip II, King of France 27, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 57, 58, 59, 68, 70
Philip III, King of France 93, 96
Philip IV, King 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 120, 123, 128, 129
Philip VI, King of France 155, 156–7, 158, 159, 160
Philip of Flanders 26
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy 224, 226, 229, 235
Philippa of Hainault, Queen consort of England 139, 153, 160–1, 166
Pipe Rolls 15
Pizan, Christine de 199
Plantagenet family
diabolical genes xviii–xix
in literature and national myth 289–93
name xix poaching 19, 40, 61
Poitevins 72, 75, 79, 80
Poitiers, battle of (1356) 164
Pope, Alexander 249–50
Portsmouth 40, 156
Potyer, Richard 271–2
‘Princes in the Tower’ 272
see also Edward V; York, Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of
Provisions of Oxford 79–80, 81, 82, 85
Puddlicott, Richard 112
Purton Castle 8, 9
Radcot Bridge, battle of (1387) 179, 186, 194
Ragman Rolls 98
Ralph of Coggeshall 47–8, 61
Ratcliffe, Sir Richard 277, 283, 284
Raymond Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 72–3
Raymond of Toulouse 29
Reynolds, Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury 121, 128, 141, 148
Rhys ap Griffith 142
Richard I xviii, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28–31, 32–43, 50
appearence 34
captivity and ransom 39
character and qualities 35, 42–3
coronation 33
Crusader 32, 33–9
death of 42
Duke of Normandy 33
Lionheart 35, 43
popularity 33
spouse see Berengaria of Navarre
war with Philip II 41
Richard II 170–91, 202, 212, 290
appearance 175
banishes Bolingbroke 186–7
character and qualities 173–5
coronation 171
death of 195–6, 209
deposition 189–90
despotism 183–5
imprisoned in the Tower 189
in literature and national myth 290
Irish campaigns 180–1, 187
and the Lords Appellant 178–9, 183–4, 186
and the Peasants’ Revolt 171, 172–3
relations with the Church 174–5, 182
Scottish campaign 177
spouses see Anne of Bohemia; Isabella of Valois
Richard III 249, 271–88
appearance 259
birth and early life 272–3
Bosworth 286–7
and Buckingham’s revolt 281–2
character and qualities 277–8
coronation 280
death of 287
discovery of grave in Leicester 272, 287
Duke of Gloucester 255, 266, 271, 273
hostile propaganda 272
in literature and national myth 291
in the North 275–6
and the ‘Princes in the Tower’ 272
scoliosis 272, 277, 287
Scottish campaign 275–6
spouse see Neville, Lady Anne
warden of the Western Marches 276
Richard of Devizes 11
Rishanger, William 83, 85
Rivaux, Peter de 71, 72
Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Earl 279
Rivers, Richard, Lord 258, 259, 260
Robert III, King of Scotland 196
Robert of Artois 156
Robert of Reading 119, 137
Robert the Bruce (younger) see Bruce, Robert (later, Robert I, King of Scotland) Robert Bruce (elder), Earl of Carrick 109, 111, 113
Robin of Redesdale 260
Roches, Peter des 59, 60, 67, 70, 71, 72
Roches, William des 45, 46, 48
Rochester Castle 63
Roger, Bishop of Worcester 17
Roger of Wendover 56, 62, 71
Rouen 223–4, 237
Round Table 97, 154
‘Rout of Ludford’ (1459) 244, 252
Russell, John, Bishop of Lincoln 282
Rustichello da Pisa 97
St Albans, battle of (1455) 242
St George’s Chapel, Windsor 257
Sainte-Chapelle 77
Saladin 29, 36, 37, 38
Saladin Tithe 39
Salisbury, John Montague, Earl of 184, 188
Salisbury, Ralph Neville, Earl of 216, 241, 244, 245
Salisbury, William Longespée, Earl of 57, 59, 64
Salle, Sir Robert 163
Sanchia of Provence 76
Saumur 4
Scarborough 275
Scott, Sir Walter 291
Scrope, Henry, Lord 214
Scr
ope, Richard, Archbishop of York 204, 209
Scrope, Richard, Lord 176
Segrave, Stephen de 71
Shakespeare, William xix, 290, 292
Sheen 168, 174, 180, 216, 258, 273
shield money (scutage) 16, 54, 61
Shore, Jane 268
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, 1st Earl of 238, 241
Shrewsbury, battle of (1403) 201–2
Sigismund of Hungary 221–2, 224
Sluys, battle of (1340) 157, 158
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of 236, 238, 241, 242
Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of 262, 263, 264
Somerset, Henry Beaufort, Duke of 243, 255, 256
Southampton Plot (1415) 214
Stanley, Thomas, Lord 285–6
Stanley, Sir William 285–6, 287
Stapledon, Walter, Bishop of Exeter 136, 138, 140
Statute of Gloucester 98
Statute of Merchants 104
Statute of Mortmain 99
Statutes of Wales 103
Stephen, King xix, 5, 6–7, 9, 10, 11, 12
Stephen of Blois see Stephen, King
Stevenson, Robert Louis 291
Stirling Bridge, battle of (1297) 110
Stirling Castle 113–14, 126, 127
Stone of Scone 110, 149
Stratford, Archbishop 157, 158
Straw, Jack 173
Strongbow see Pembroke, Richard de Clare, Earl of
Stubbs, Bishop William 32, 33, 69, 80, 85, 93, 118, 148, 155, 193, 197, 209, 210, 249, 251–2, 271, 272, 275, 291
Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of 83
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of 176, 177, 184
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of 217
Suffolk, William de la Pole, Duke of 236, 237
Surrey, John de Warenne, Earl of 97, 109, 110, 122, 126, 130
Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of 184
Swinehead Abbey 65
Swynford, Katherine 181, 198
Tancred, King of Sicily 34
Tany, Luke de 102
taxation 15, 39
clerical taxation 107, 112
papal tax-gatherers 77
under Edward I 104, 107, 108, 112, 116
under Edward II 136
under Edward III 156, 157, 158, 163
under Edward IV 266
under Henry III 77
under Henry V 227
under John 50, 54–5, 56, 57, 60
Tertulle the Forester 3
Teutonic Knights 194, 225
Tewkesbury, battle of (1471) 264, 273
Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury 10, 13, 14, 22
Toulouse, Raymond, Count of 75
tournaments 40, 96, 97, 120, 149, 155
Tours 4, 30
Towton, battle of (1461) 246, 251, 255
Treaty of Brétigny (1360) 164–5
Treaty of Leake (1318) 131, 132
Treaty of Troyes (1420) 225, 227
Trivet, Nicholas 95
Trokelowe, John 119
Tudor, Owen 253, 285
Tunstall, Sir Richard 240, 247, 248
Tyler, Wat 172–3
Urban II, Pope 181
Urban III, Pope 28