and trains, 103–4, 106–7, 190, 202–3, 282, 319
‘sealed train’ deal, 88
and Trotsky, 130, 285
on vehicle for bourgeois–democratic revolution, 66–7
on Winter Palace, 284, 288–9
in Zurich, reads of revolution, 77
works
‘The Crisis Is Ripe’, 254
‘From a Publicist’s Diary’, 253
‘Heroes of Fraud and the Mistakes of the Bolsheviks’, 252
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, 33
‘Letters from Afar’, 87, 98–9
‘Marxism and the State’, 192
‘On Compromises’, 237–8, 240, 248
‘One of the Fundamental
Questions of the Revolution’, 239
‘Our Revolution’, 316
‘Rumours of a Conspiracy’, 212
‘The Russian Revolution and Civil War’, 239, 248
The State and Revolution, 204
‘The Tasks of the Revolution’, 239, 253
letters:
from Lenin, 203–4, 247–8, 257–8, 268
soldiers threaten desertion, 209
torrent of, from peasantry, 116
Liberation of Labour, 11
liberty’s dim light, 3, 315, 320
Liebknecht, Karl, 109, 310
Lilina, Zlata, 103
Linde, Fedor, 117–8
literacy, 317
See also culture
Lomov, 247
Luga garrison, 230
Lukomsky, General, 200, 220
Lunacharsky, Anatoly, 62, 96, 146, 168, 172, 177, 189, 224, 290, 294–5, 299–300, 303, 317
arrest warrant for, 189
on Lenin, 12–3
and military demonstration, 147
in prison, 191
on soviet power, 183
Luxemburg, Rosa, 310
Lvov, Prince Georgu, 83, 88, 92, 99, 111, 129, 193
Lvov, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 214–21, 233
and Kerensky, 215
and Kornilov, 216
machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282
Makharadze, Filipp, 139
Makhno, Nestor, 310
Manchester Guardian (newspaper), 103
Mandelstam, Osip, 2
Marcu, Valeriu, 231
Mariinsky Palace, 56, 118, 259, 277, 288
map of, ix
soldiers take over, 288
martial law, 213–4, 216–9
Martov, Julius, 12–3, 101, 105, 130, 142–3, 151, 180–1, 183, 197, 210, 224, 238, 249, 280, 294–5, 298–300, 303
against coalition, 127, 131
proposes ‘sealed train’ deal, 88
split with Lenin, 16–7
Martynov, 30, 130
Marx, Karl, 11, 14, 29, 111, 132, 193, 317, 319
Communist Manifesto, 14
on history, 13
Marxists, 10–1, 23
and First World War, 32
Maslov, Semion, 293, 296
masses, 53, 57, 173
and counterrevolution, mobilisation against, 225, 266
inevitability of protest for, 168
Trotsky on insurrection of, 298–9
waiting for Bolsheviks, 267
Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 28
meetings, proliferation of, 105
Mensheviks, 55, 91, 142–3, 149, 154, 201, 210, 224, 237–8, 241, 248, 273, 283, 300, 315
aim for power, 53, 113
All-Russian Conference in Petrograd, 130
and Bolsheviks, 104, 110
counter-counterrevolutionary partnership, 206
Lenin on coalition between, 212, 315
and bourgeoisie, 30
and coalition government, 131, 139, 315
and counterrevolution, 222
First All-Russian Conference in Petrograd, 130
and First World War, 32–3, 105
membership, 197
minority in Russian, 17
not ready for power, 188
oppose revolutionary participation, 23, 290, 295
and Petrograd Soviet, 125
splintering of, 241
split between left and right of, 239
on transfer of power to Provisional Government, 66, 69
Mezhraiontsy group, 62–3, 129–30, 146, 168, 182, 191
calls for provisional revolutionary government, 66–7
and military protests, 146
Michael Alexandrovich, Grand Duke, 51, 82–3, 96
opposition to ascension of, 83
refuses throne, 84
Michael I, Tsar, 7
military:
and Bolsheviks, 95–6, 140
City Militia, 100
democracy in, 223
demonstrations, 142–50
discipline re-established in Petrograd, 119–20
Lenin calls for abolition of, 111
loyal to Duma, 52
machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282
march for nationalism, 158
and negotiations over power, 73–4
Petrograd Soviet struggles with Duma over, 58–9
and power, 100
and power struggle over Provisional Government, 67–70
and revolution, 100, 194
and Russia, 152
tsar wants war despite revolution, 72
and World War I, 98
See also Bolsheviks, Military Organisation; desertion; soldiers; World War I
Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), 260, 263, 265, 269–76, 279, 281, 283–4, 286–92, 301, 303, 307
barricades cancelled by, 281
and Bolshevik MO, 269, 273
on defence, 278
and defence of Petrograd, 263
disarms loyalists, 285
inauguration of, 265
Kerensky wants liquidation of, 272–3
military authority cancelled, 275
not ready for insurrection, 270
to protect revolution from counterrevolution, 271
and soldiers, 273–4
takes Petrograd communications, 279
takes Provisional Government, 289
takes state bank, 286
takes Winter Palace, 301
threatens takeover without ammunition, 291
Milyukov, Pavel, 24, 31, 36, 73–4, 76–8, 83, 101–3, 107, 111, 117–20, 123–4, 129, 207, 228
note on war aims, 102, 117–8, 120
resignation of, 123–4
minorities, 242
mir, 8
Modern Circus, 273–4
map of, ix
modernity, 88–9
modernisation, 7–8
Moldovan National Party, 134
monarchy, revolutionaries despise, 77–8, 83, 93
Moscow:
ancient city of, 6
insurrection in, 24
Moscow State Conference, 205–9, 222
protests against Provisional Government, 119
and revolution, 61, 308
revolutionary parades, 93
strikes in, 30, 34, 40, 50, 205
Moscow garrison, 206
Moscow Soviet, 89–90, 184, 205–6, 241, 258, 296
Muslims, 28, 85, 121, 134, 154, 242
All-Russian Muslim Women’s Conference, 121–2, 134, 340
Jadidist movement, 121–2
Muslim National Committee, 154
Pan-Turkestan Muslim Congress, 121
Sharia law, 121
Union of Muslim Soviets, 228–9
narodniki, 8
Naryshkin, Colonel, 81
Natanson, Mark, 138
nationalism, 101, 154, 158
Neue Zürcher Zeitung (newspaper), 77
New Economic Policy, 312–3
news, 50, 166
Bolsheviks take command of, 281
and Lenin, 184–5, 231
of Lenin’s return from Switzerland, 106
Military Revolutionary Committee takes command of, 279
and revolution, 60, 288–9
spread of, 89–93, 171
See also information; leaflets; newspapers; slogans; telegrams
newspapers, 54, 93, 95, 210
Biulleten, 162
Bolsheviks’ debate over, 170
British Daily News, 167
Daily Chronicle, 189
Delo naroda, 84, 100
fake news, 184–5
Gazeta-kopeika, 133, 264
Golos soldata, 191, 270
Groza, 192
Izvestia, 84, 99, 116, 135, 149, 154, 191, 200, 206, 261
and Lenin, 203, 249
letters from peasantry, 116
Manchester Guardian, 103
Neue Zürcher Zeitung, 77
Novaya zhizn, 156, 191, 233, 268
Okopnaya pravda, 146
Petrogradsky listok, 190
Pravda, 87, 97–100, 108, 130, 148, 150, 154–5, 161, 170–1, 175, 184–5, 277
Rabochaya gazeta, 85, 100, 135
Rabochy i soldat, 193
Rabochy put, 220, 232–3, 240, 252–4, 268, 275
radicals takeover, 178
Rech, 191
and revolution, 275–6
Russkaya volia, 145
San Francisco Bulletin, 295
Smolensk Bulletin, 257
Soldatskaya pravda, 146, 148–9, 161, 166
Trud Press, 275–6
Työmies, 195
Volia naroda, 128, 191, 244
Nicholas II, Tsar, 10–1, 15, 18
abdication of (March), 80–4
asked to abdicate, 72, 74, 77
call for overthrow of, 18–9, 61
Duma unwilling to rebel against, 50–1
and First World War, 31
in denial (February), 51
in denial (March), 75–6
justice wanted for, 88
military rushes to pre-empt (February), 59
October Manifesto, 23–5
and Rasputin, 35–6, 38
reality check for (March), 71–2
requests permission to join his family (March), 88
restore order (February), 49, 52, 56
roams by train during revolution, 64–5
told to form new government, 48
Nikolaevich, Grand Duke, 80
Nilov, Admiral, 81
Nogin, Viktor, 104, 147–8, 206
Norman, Henry, 11
Novaya zhizn (newspaper), 156, 191, 233, 268
Novayia rus (journal), 275
Novosyolov, A. M., 62
October Manifesto, 23–5
Octobrists, 24
Okhrana, 10, 39, 41–2, 52, 244, 267
Okopnaya pravda (newspaper), 146
Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 135, 159, 194
Order Number 2, 85–6, 100
Ossetia, 121
Osvobozhdenie (journal), 18
Paléologue, Maurice, 15
Panina, Sofia, 296
Parvus. See Helphand, Aleksander
patriotism, 31, 33–4, 83, 101–2, 124, 154, 158–9, 162, 194
peace, 287, 306
Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s role in First World War, 309
and land, 280–1
peasantry:
attacks estates, 24, 115–6, 153–4, 243
and bourgeoisie, 183
Constitutional Assembly of the All-Russian Peasants Union, 23
crackdown on, 27
democratic dictatorship of workers and peasants, 23, 30, 113
First All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Soviets, 128, 137
ill temper escalating, 132
and land, 111, 137, 181, 210, 223, 234, 243, 259, 304, 312, 317
letters from, 116
as man of future, 8
patriots demand food from, 159
population of, 28
and power, 113, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258
and revolt, 8, 18, 195, 310
and revolution, 23, 298
serfdom of, 7, 13
and soldiers, 159
and soviets, 263
uprisings of, 91
and White forces, 311
and young radicals, 9
People’s Will, 9–10
Perevezev, P. N., 145, 157, 178–9, 185
permanent revolution, 28–30, 114
Peshekhonov, A. V., 129
Pestkovsky, Stanislav, 279
Peter and Paul Fortress, 6, 19, 26, 47, 95, 176, 178, 186–8, 270, 273–4, 278, 291–4, 303
Kronstadt sailors takeover, 182
map of, ix
Peter I the Great, Tsar, 5–6
Petrograd:
All-Russian Conference of Soviets, 105, 110, 145, 147, 149, 152
All-Russian Congress of Peasants’ Soviets, 128, 137
All-Russian Menshevik Conference in Petrograd, 130
All-Russian Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies, 105, 142–3, 271, 276, 287
anarchy in, 244
appropriation of buildings (February–March), 109–10
Bolshevik City Conference, 114, 118, 168, 170–1
bourgeoisie threat to, 272
bourgeoisie to abandon, 257, 260
bridges, 277–9, 284
Committee of Public Safety, 215, 217, 280, 283
and counterrevolution, 224–31
mobilisation against, 225–7
crime, 190–1, 244, 256
crisis in (April), 115
crisis in (August), 210
defence of, 259–60, 263, 265, 272, 274
delirium of, 167
electricity taken over, 283
explosions, 210–1
First Conference of Petrograd Factory Committees (Fabzavkomy), 140
First World War threatens, 211–2
geography of, 42
Germany could take, 211, 247, 254
Interdistrict Conference of Soviets, 215, 226
left slide of, 107, 241
Lenin’s return (April), 108
‘Let God take care of Petrograd’, 211
machine-gunners, 144, 158–9, 161, 166–73, 188, 234, 282
martial law in, 213–4, 216–9
military discipline re-established in, 119–20
military suppresses disorder, 39
protests, 42, 142–59, 171–84
against coalition, 173–4
against Provisional Government, 119
counterrevolutionary reaction, 186–7
Red Guards swarm, 229
and revolution, 56, 60, 77, 85, 283–7
Duma takes power, 61–2
soldiers join workers, 47–9
St Petersburg becomes, 31
strikes in, 19, 40–1, 45–6, 48, 169
banning of, 217
unrest increases, 143–4
women march on, 41–2
workers in, 39–40, 42
See also Petrograd Soviet
Petrograd garrison, 70, 95, 159, 161, 234
and First World War 159
Soviet has more authority over, than Provisional Government, 120
Petrograd Soviet, 62, 242
anti-war manifesto, 102
begs Kronstadt sailors to leave, 176
and Bolsheviks, 187, 243, 253
contradictions of, 145
counter-demonstration of, 152–5
and counterrevolution, 224–5, 228
defence of, 276
disorganisation of (April), 126
and Dual Power, 57–8
executive committee (Ispolkom), 53–5, 147, 158, 160, 174, 180, 185, 224, 234, 251
on Kerensky, 223
and Milyukov note, 117, 120
name change to VTsIK, 105
and new cabinet of Provisional Government, 76–9
soldiers inquire about Bolsheviks, 210
and First World War, 159
formation of, 22, 52–4
Lenin wants Bolsheviks to win a m
ajority of, 114
letters from peasantry, 116
and machine-gunners, 167
membership of, 94
and Mensheviks, 125
military commission, 58–9, 67
and Milyukov note, 118
name changes to All-Russian
Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’
Deputies, 105
negotiations with Duma on taking power, 72–4
Order Number 1, 70, 73–4, 85, 100, 159, 194
Order Number 2, 85–6, 100
and power, 118, 182–3
on power to soviets, 141
and protests, 181–2
and Provisional Government, 106, 139
attempted oversight of, 85–6
and coalition, 123–9, 173–4
debates transfer of power to, 66–70, 78
denounced as bourgeois, 79–80
dispute over war aims, 102, 117–8
government overthrown, 292
government powerless without, 89
Soviet rejects collaboration, 124
and revolution, 289
Smolny Institute as new home of, 199
and soldiers, 63
at Tauride Palace, asked to leave, 195
‘the Soviet’, 90
Trotsky returns, 253
wants tsar brought to justice, 88
and women, 94
Petrograd Soviet Day, 270–1
Petrogradsky listok (newspaper), 190
Plehve, Viatcheslav von, 17
Plekhanov, Georgy, 11, 13, 31–2, 62
Podvoisky, 173, 188, 270, 290
Pokrovsky, Michael, 16
Poland, 242
police, 42–3
abolished after tsar’s abdication, 85
Cossacks shoot at, 46
crowds attack, 46, 61
Lenin calls for abolition of (April), 111
Okhrana, 10
and power, 100
shoot at crowd, 45, 47
shoot at workers, 47
shooting of, 9
unions, 16, 18
political prisoners, 79
Polkovnikov, General, 258, 271–2, 290–1
Polovtsev, General, 174, 180, 187
polygamy, 121–2
power, 143
and Bolsheviks, 189, 197, 246, 258, 261, 269
Bolsheviks aim for, 53
call to supress, 149–51
and bourgeoisie, 104, 188, 261
Duma Provisional Committee takes, 57
Lenin on
premature seizure of, 160
struggle for, 111
take it now, 246, 254–5, 258, 261, 279, 282–3
negotiations between Duma and Soviet on (March), 72–4
and peasantry, 113, 224, 230, 234, 245, 258
and Petrograd Soviet, 118, 182–3
and proletariat, 113, 189
and protests, 180
Provisional Government lacks, without Soviet approval, 89
and Provisional Government (March), 66–70
and soldiers, 89, 100, 130, 224, 230, 258
Soviet not yet ready for, 58
and soviets, 118, 120, 122, 130, 132, 139, 141, 146–7, 155, 166, 168, 170, 177–8, 182, 184, 188, 201, 224, 230, 234, 237, 239, 246, 258–9, 270, 274, 296, 303