and violence, 307
workers bombarded, 24–5
See also right
coup, 220–1, 225, 228
failure of, 231
crime, 190–1, 244, 256
Crimean War (1853–55), 7
crowds, 167, 173
attack police, 46
and leaflets, 52
police shoot at, 45, 47
revolutionary fervour of, 62, 264
at Smolny Institute, 282
at Tauride Palace, 50, 52
at Winter Palace, 302
See also masses
culture, 302
See also history; literacy
Daily Chronicle (newspaper), 189
Dan, Fyodor, 125, 147, 149–50, 152, 156, 182–3, 264, 280–1, 283, 290, 294
Danilov, General, 76, 80
Danisevskis, Julijs, 140
Dashkevich, P. V., 276, 292
death penalty, 92, 96
Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99–100
‘defencism’, 33, 62, 105, 222, 260
revolutionary, 102, 104–5, 110–1, 123, 125, 131, 152
Delo naroda (newspaper), 84, 100
democracy, 92, 223, 234
antipathy to, 307
Democratic State Conference, 238, 240, 245–52
absurdity of, 250
attendees, 245
Bolsheviks at, 246, 249, 251
and bourgeoisie, 246, 248–51
coalition, vote on, 249–51
Lenin at, 246
demonstrations. See protests
Denikin, General, 194, 232
Denis, Osvald, 281, 283
desertion, 32, 101, 132, 136–7, 162–4, 209, 243, 319
diaspora, 27–8
See also exiles
dignity, 26, 70–1, 93
discrimination, 92
Dneprovskiy, Aleksandr, A Deserter’s Notes, 162, 164
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 5
Dralyuk, Boris, 3
Dual Power, 57–8, 90, 124, 139, 141, 146, 194
and Bolsheviks, 133
ended by Second Coalition Government, 196
‘in so far as’, 84–5
repudiation of, 133
Trotsky condemns, 130
Dubrovin, Alexander, 21
Duma, 26–7, 44, 48
announced, 21
Bolsheviks meeting at, 266–8
call to overthrow, 155
elections (August), 212
and First World War, 31
Muslims in, 85
negotiations with Petrograd Soviet on taking power, 72–4
Progressive Bloc, 34, 52
Provisional Committee, 51–2, 56–8
debates transfer of power to Provisional Government (March), 66–70
distrust towards, 63
military commission, 58–9
and new cabinet of Provisional Government (March), 76
takes power in February insurrection, 61–2
and revolution, 292–3, 296–8
unwilling to rebel against tsar, 50–1
Dune, Eduard, 61, 113, 131, 165
Durnovo, Pyotr, 30, 145
Dybenko, Pavel, 279
Dyusimeter, Colonel L. P., 220, 228, 231–2
economism, 14
Egorov, Nikolai, 62
Ehrlich, Henryk, 53
eight-hour day, 19, 30, 90, 113, 133, 223
electricity, revolutionaries take over, 283
Elizarova, Anna (Lenin’s sister), 191
emigration, 27–8, 88
Engelhardt, Colonel, 58, 68–9
Engels, Friedrich, 14, 29, 111, 193
Communist Manifesto, 14
Europe:
and revolution, 23, 29, 40, 109, 113, 247, 254
strikes in, 310
exiles, 39–40, 88, 99, 103, 105, 111–2, 212, 297, 308
diaspora, 27–8
more radical, 114
Ezergailis, Andrew, 139
Fabzavkomy, 140–1
factories, 140, 158, 170
Faerman, Michael, 283
fascism, 311
February insurrection (1917), 1, 56, 60
appropriation of buildings, 109–10
Duma takes power, 61–2
See also insurrection; protests; rebellion; revolution
Filonenko, Maximilian, 194, 199, 229
Finisov, P. N., 220, 228, 231–2
Finland, 85, 108, 117, 134, 175, 192, 195, 202, 242, 253, 284
map of, x
First World War, 30–4
Allies request Russian support, 124
anti-war efforts, 33–4, 55, 91, 101–2, 109, 118, 123, 136, 149, 164–5, 168, 315
desertion, 101, 132, 136, 162–4
Germany approaches, 211
hell of, 153, 193, 195
and Kerensky, 31, 135–6, 154
leftist support for, 125
Lenin on, 109
and machine-gunners, 159, 161, 166–73
and Mensheviks, 32–3, 105
and military, 98
and Petrograd Soviet, 159
Petrograd Soviet vs Provisional Government on, 102, 117–8, 128
Petrograd threatened by, 211–2
power struggles and negotiation over, 73
Pravda on, 97
and revolution, 30, 33, 105
revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231
and Russia, 32, 86–7, 124, 154, 158–9, 162
Brest-Litovsk treaty ends Russia’s involvement, 309
and soldiers, 135–6, 159–60, 162
plunging morale, 136–7, 162, 164, 200, 209, 265
protest against, 169, 259
soviet power to end, 234
war-wounded against, 43
women against, 42
See also anti-war efforts
Flakserman, Galina, 260–1
Flakserman, Yuri, 261–2
Fofanova, Margarita, 189, 259, 279
Fondaminsky, Ilya, 33
food, 34, 39, 41–2, 45, 54, 57, 59, 72, 95, 103, 115, 129, 153, 159, 167–8, 192, 206, 210, 227, 244, 252, 291, 309, 311
See also hunger
forced labour, 6
Francis, David, 310
Frederiks, Count Vladimir, 48, 81
freemasons, 129
Gabo, Naum, 21
Gapon, Georgy, 18–9
Gazeta-kopeika (newspaper), 133, 264
Gerd, Nina, 138
Germany, 31–2, 46, 103–4, 106, 153, 162–3, 166, 185, 208, 211–2, 247, 254, 258, 309–11
approach of, 211, 247, 254
Brest-Litovsk treaty, 309
and Lenin’s return from Switzerland, 88, 101, 103–4, 106
polarisation of, after WWI, 310
takes Latvia, 211–2
unrest in, 247
Gippius, Zinaida, 31
Globachev, K. I., 244
Golitzin, Prince, 51
Golos soldata (newspaper), 191, 270
Goncharova, Natalia, 28
Gorky, Maxim, 102, 156, 160, 191
Gots, Avram, 147, 156, 183, 275, 281, 290
Grade, Chaim, 318
Graves, Major General William, 312
Grimm, Robert, 142
Groza (newspaper), 192
Guchkov, Alexander, 74, 81–3, 85, 89, 118
resignation of, 123–4
Gvozdev, K. A., 52–3
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, 79
Haynes, Mike, 316
Helphand, Alexander (‘Parvus’), 29, 158
Herzen, Alexander, 8
hijab, 122
history:
historical writing, 1–2
Marxist vision of, 13
Trotsky on, 28–9
Holy Russia, 192
homosexuality, 317
Hryniewiecki, Ignacy, 9
hunger, 39, 143, 201, 210, 252, 309, 311–2
See also food
Huseynova, Labiba, 122
Iakovleva,
Varvara, 261
Ilyin-Genevsky, A. F., 43, 278
imperialism, and war, 87
‘in so far as’, 84–5
postol’ku-poskol’ku, 86, 105, 109
industrialisation, 11, 314
information, 76
Bolsheviks take command of, 281
Military Revolutionary Committee takes command of, 279
and trains, 20, 48, 59, 75, 82
See also leaflets; news; newspapers; slogans; telegrams
insurrection:
begins at Winter Palace, 283–4
and Bolsheviks, 262, 264–70
vote in favour of, 268
inevitability of, 262
Lenin on, 261–3, 269–70, 276
in Moscow, 24
now is the time for, 261, 282–3
in Russia, 1
Trotsky on, 298–9
See also February insurrection; power; protests; rebellion/revolt/riot/uprising; revolution
International Women’s Day, 41
and revolution, 94
Irkutsk, 121
Iskra (journal), Lenin resigns from, 17
Ivan the Terrible, Tsar, 7
Ivanov, General, 56, 59, 66, 71–2
Izvestia (newspaper), 84, 99, 116, 135, 154, 191, 200, 206, 261
Declaration of the Rights of Soldiers, 99
and military demonstration, 149
Jakubova, Selima, 134
Jalava, Guro, 202
Japan, 17–8
Jews, 10, 12, 15–6, 28, 133, 144, 154, 242, 256–7, 311
American Jewish Committee, 25
Black Hundreds butchery of, 21
Jewish Bund, 16, 53, 96, 296
Kerensky, 256
killing of, 311
Trotsky, 285
violence against, 192
Zhitomir attack on, 20
Julian calendar, 3
July Days, 175, 183, 187, 191–4, 197, 206, 222, 236, 278
Provisional Government divided after, 192–3
Kadets (Constitutional Democratic Party), 27, 52, 128, 179, 181, 200, 207, 219, 224, 236, 240, 249–52, 280, 290
celebrate Milyukov and Provisional Government in counter-protest, 119
and City Militia, 100
conservative turn of (April), 107
founding of, 24
Kadlubovsky, Karl, 283
Kaledin, General, 208
Kalinin, Mikhail, 263, 267
Kamenev, Lev, 96–7, 104–6, 110, 112, 123, 144, 155, 171, 175, 180, 188–9, 234–6, 238, 242, 258, 261, 266, 272, 276, 284–5, 292, 303, 308, 315
arrest of, 189, 191, 201
disagreement with Lenin, 113, 122, 268–9
on insurrection, lobbies against, 263
Lenin ridicules, 108
and military demonstration, 148, 150, 161
on power, 246
Kamkov, Boris, 138, 277, 280, 299
Kaun, Alexander, 1
Kerensky, Alexander, 44, 52–5, 73, 99, 103, 125–6, 166, 177, 185, 242, 248, 250, 252, 280, 283, 286, 292, 304
adoration of, 92
and ascension of Michael, 83–4
assault on Bolsheviks, 275–7
authoritarian madness of, 233, 281
on Bolshevik insurrection, 264
Bonapartism of, 193, 239
and counterrevolution, 228, 230–3, 243, 307
Directory of, 223–4, 238
protest against, 241
distrust towards, 63, 168, 172, 277, 280, 296
and Duma’s Provisional Committee, 55–6
and First World War, 31, 135–6, 154
gossip about, 256
and Kornilov, 194, 196, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, 211
Kornilov ordered to step down, 220
on martial law, 213–4, 216–9
plot against Kerensky, 216–9
war between, 221–2
on law and order, 259
Lenin suspicious of, 87, 193
and Lvov, 215
and military demonstration, 147, 151
at Moscow State Conference, 207–9
and new cabinet of Provisional Government, 76–9, 129
‘On the Rights of Soldiers’, 135
as prime minister, 193–6
and Provisional Government, 256
and revolution
demands dissolution of revolutionary committees, 239
desperate appeal against, 285
escapes from, 287
liquidation of Military Revolutionary Committee, 272–3
smothers radical agitation, 239
and soldiers, 135–6, 140, 162
and Soviet, 54
begs for soviet acquiescence, 58
Trotsky repudiates, 260
Zavoiko announces execution of, 217–8
Khabalov, General Sergei, 39, 46, 49, 55
Khinchuk, Lev, 150, 152, 296
Khlebnikov, Velimir, 28
Kishkin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 290, 301
as dictator, 290–1
Koksharova, Yelizaveta, 186
Kolchak, Alexander, 311
Kollontai, Alexandra, 86–7, 94, 98, 108, 114, 189, 261, 263, 272, 294, 313
arrest of, 189, 201
Konovalov, Alexander, 288, 301–2
Kornilov, Alexander, Modern Russian History, 1
Kornilov, General Lavr, 119, 193–4, 206, 211, 224
as commander in chief, 194, 196
counterrevolutionary plan, 215–6, 225, 227–9
collapse of, 231
maximum mobilisation against, 230
and Kerensky, 194, 196, 199–200, 204–5, 207–8, 211
Kornilov ordered to step down, 220
on martial law, 213–4, 216–9
plot against Kerensky, 216–9
war between, 221–2
mobilisation against, 223
at Moscow State Conference, 208
and soldiers, 245
transferred to Bykhov Monastery, 238–9
as tyrant, 196, 199
Kornilov Revolt, 231–4
Krasnov, General, 307
Krimov, General, 214, 216–7, 220, 230, 232
suicide of, 233
Kronstadt naval base/sailors, 56, 149, 160, 169, 171, 286, 289, 316
await Lenin’s return, 108
and counterrevolution, mobilisation against, 229
and February insurrection, 56
military display, 142, 144
and protest, 201
radical sympathies of, 91
and revolution, 63–4, 176–8, 180–2
Kronstadt Soviet, 91
denounces coalition government, 133
Kropotkin, Prince Peter, 31
Kruglova, Arishina, 44
Krupskaya, Nadezhda, 18–9, 27–8, 40, 103, 138, 144, 188, 203, 259, 279
in exile, 40
Krymov, Alexander, 36
Kshesinskaya Mansion, 110, 112, 145, 148, 168, 170, 173, 176, 186–7
map of, ix
Kshesinskaya, Matilda, 110
Kuprin, Alexander, 92
Kuzmin, Michael, 71
labour, and technology, 11
land:
Lenin calls for nationalization of, 111
Lenin calls for redistribution of, 137
lost after First World War, 309
and peace, 280–1
and peasantry, 111, 137, 181, 210, 223, 234, 243, 259, 304, 312, 317
power struggles and negotiation over, 73, 115–6
seizure of, Provisional Government on, 91–2
See also private property
Larin, Yuri, 62, 197, 234, 269
Lashkevitch, Captain, 48–9, 173
Latifiya, Fatima, 122
Latsis, Martin, 147, 149, 151–2, 161, 167, 188, 191, 258, 263, 266
Latvia, 90–1, 139, 153, 192
Germany takes, 211–2
Lazimir, Pavel, 265, 276
leaflets:
against protest, 174–5
anarchist, 145
and crowds, 52
on martial law, 217
military demonstrations, 147
for mobilisation against Kornilov, 223
only organisation publishing during opening skirmishes of revolution, 63
overthrow Provisional Government, 119
overthrow tsar Nicholas, II, 18
Soviet acquiescence, 58–9
left:
diaspora, 27–8
Kerensky scared of, 232
recovery, 201
rise of, 107, 241, 244, 246
Left Opposition, 313–5
Lena Massacre, 30
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, 12, 27–8, 133, 138, 152, 154, 170, 174–5, 197, 215, 243, 250, 305
anti-war call, 33–4, 86–7, 109, 118, 123, 164–5, 309
on April Days, 122
April Theses of, 106, 111, 122, 139
published in Pravda along with disagreements, 113
rejection of, 111–2
arrest warrant for, 189, 191
and Bolsheviks, 111–3
on insurrection, 262
on bourgeoisie, 143
campaign to win comrades, 114
censored writings of, 252–4
on coalition with Mensheviks, 212, 315
Cossacks hunt for, 201–2
on counterrevolution, 212, 231
death of, 313
on defence, 279
at Democratic State Conference, 246
denunciation of, 111
disguise of, 248, 282
early debates with Trotsky, 23
in exile, 40
and First World War, 32, 161
health of, 313
in hiding, 188–90, 202–4
on insurrection, 261–3, 269–70, 276
isolation of, 111, 247, 309
Kadets protest against, 119
on Kamenev, 268–9
on Kerensky, 87, 193
on Kornilov crisis, 231–2
on land redistribution, 111, 137
letters of, 203–4, 247–8, 257–8, 268
Martov, split with, 16–7
masses waiting for Bolsheviks, 267
on military demonstration, 144, 148, 160–1
military plot of, 253
on Milyukov note, 118
and news, 184–5, 203, 249
on overthrow of Provisional Government, 120
plots a comeback, 248–9
political sensibility, 12–3
on power, take it now, 246, 254–5, 258, 261, 279, 282–3
and protests, 177
on Provisional Government, 111–2, 114, 288, 290
return from Switzerland, 101, 103–4, 106–9
return to Russia, 87–8
return to Petrograd, 259, 281–2
on revolution, 86, 98, 109–10, 113, 151, 247, 255, 290, 304, 309–10
and revolutionary defeatism, 34, 86–7, 96, 164–5, 231
on revolutionary ‘defencism’, 110–1, 123
revolutionary planning, 283–5, 289, 291
revolutionary proclamation, 286–7
on Russia, defence of, 86–7
on socialism, 306
on soviet power, 239, 303
spy allegations against, 179, 183, 185, 189, 192
takes a break, 166