Afro-Europeans, see mulatto
Agra
“agricultural revolution” (18th century), 6.1, 8.1
see also agro-industrial complex; fertilizer; monoculture, industrial
agriculture
of Andes
of China
of Indians
of Powhatan people, 2.1, 2.2
sugarcane plantation
see also specific crops
agro-industrial complex
fertilizer and
pesticides and
potatoes and
Akbar, Mughal emperor
Akha, 7.1, 7.2
Alagoas
albarazado
Albert of Aachen
albino
Alcoa
Alegría, Ricardo E., 8.1, 8.2, 10.1
Alexander VI, Pope
Algiers
Algonkian societies, 3.1, 3.2
Almeida, Manuel
almidón de papa (potato starch)
alpaca
altiplano, 6.1, 6.2
Amapá, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
Amazon basin
indigenous population of
malaria in
Amazonian manatee
Amazon River, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
land tenure in
weather conditions of
American Journal of Potato Research
ammonia
Amoy, see Xiamen
Anaurapucu
anchoveta fish
Andalusia
Andean Indians, 4.1, 4.2
Anderson, Robert C., 3.1, 3.2
Anderson, Virginia D.
Andes Mountains, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 9.1
cultures of
farming and
slaves imported from
traditions of
weather patterns of
Angola, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2
Annals of Botany
Anopheles, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
A. albinmanus, 3.1, 3.2
A. darlingi, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
A. gambiae
A. maculipennis
A. quadrimaculatus, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
Anqing
Anson, George
Antigua, see Santa María la Antigua del Darién
ants (plague in Hispaniola), 1.1, 1.2, 10.1
Antwerp
Apache
Apax Partners
Aqualtune, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6
Arabian Sea
Arana, Julio César, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Arapahoes
Arawak
Argensola, Bartolomé Leonardo de
Argentina
slavery in, 3.1, 8.1, 10.1
Army of the Potomac
Arobe, Francisco de
arsenic, 6.1, 6.2
Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela, Bartolomé
Asante empire
asexual reproduction
Asians
as business competition
as slaves, 8.1, 8.2
Atawallpa, 8.1, 8.2
Atlantic City, N.J.
Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census, The (Curtin)
Atlantic sturgeon
Atwell, William
Aubrey, John
Austerlitz
Australia
Austria
Azemmour
Azores
Aztec empire, see Triple Alliance
Azúa de Compostela
bacaba
bacuri
Bad Earth, The (Smil), 5.1
Bahamas
“Bahay Kubo”
Balboa, see Núñez de Balboa
Balbuena, Bernardo de
balls, 7.1, 7.2
bamboo
banana
Banaue
bandeirante
Bangladesh
Ban Namma
Ban Songma
Bañuelos y Carrillo, Hieronimo de, 4.1, 4.2
Barbados, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
yellow fever in
Barbary pirates
barbers
barcino
barley, 5.1, 6.1
Basílica de Nuestra Señora de la Merced
bats, 9.1, 10.1
Battle of Okeechobee
Bauhin, Gaspard
bauxite, 9.1, 9.2
Bayano, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Bay of All Saints
beans, 1.1, 6.1
beaver, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1
beeswax
Beeton, Isabella
Beijing, 1.1, 5.1, 8.1
Belém do Pará, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
Belgian Congo
Belgium, 6.1, 6.2
Belize
Benavides, Miguel de, 4.1, 10.1
Berbers
beriberi
Berkeley Hundred, 2.1, 10.1
Bermuda, 2.1, 3.1
Beyer, Henry Otley
Biogeochemistry of Vertebrate Excretion, The (Hutchinson), 6.1
bio-piracy
bison
Blackfeet
blight, see potato blight
blight units
Bolivia, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
independence of
boll weevil, 6.1, 6.2
Bonaparte, Napoleon
bone meal
Booker, Josiah
Booker Brothers, 3.1, 3.2
Bordeaux mixture
Borneo
Bosch, Carl
Botany of Desire, The (Pollan), 6.1
Bouillon, Godfrey of
Bramble Club
Brasília
brass coins
Braudel, Fernand
Brazil, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8
abolition of slavery in
Afro-Brazilian religions of
highways built in
maroons in
quilombos in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8
rubber industry of, 7.1, 7.2
slavery abolished in
slavery in, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1
sugar plantations in
Brazilian broad beans
bread
Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Las Casas), 8.1
British Anti-Slavery Society
British Guiana
bronze coins, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
Brook, Timothy, 2.1, 5.1
Brummell, Beau
Bry, Theodorus de
Bryggman, Erik
Buenos Aires, 3.1, 8.1
buffalo bur, 6.1, 6.2
Bulalacao, 10.1, 10.2
Bullock, William
Bull Run, Battle of
bumba-meu-boi
Burma
bushmasters
Byrd, William
Cabagay-Jano, Chiquita “Ching”
Cabagay-Jano, Rudmar, 10.1, 10.2
caboclinhos
cachaça
Cairo
Calabar, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1
calcium arsenate
Caldeira
Caldeirinha
caltrops, 9.1, 9.2
Cambodia
cambujo
Cameroon
Campbell, “Jock”
Canada
Canary Islands, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
Candomblé, 9.1, 9.2
Canner, Phoebus
cannibalism
Cape Verde Islands
capoeira
carbon dioxide, 1.1, 4.1
Carib
Caribbean, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
Caribbean Amazon
Caribbean sugar
Caribe Indians
Carlos V, King of Spain, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Carolina, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1
malaria in, 3.1, 10.1
carrot
Cartagena
cartels
Carter, Landon
Carter, Sukey
Casement, Roger
cashew
casta paintings, 8.1, 8.2
casta system
Castilla elastica
Castillo Grajeda, José del
castizo, 8.1, 8.2
Catalonia
Catarina de San Juan (Mirra), 8.1, 8.2
Catawba (Indian group)
Catholicism
cattle, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
caucho (rubber type), 7.1, 7.2, 10.1
cave dwellings (yaodong), 5.1, 5.2
Cavite, 4.1, 4.2
Cayenne
Cebu, 1.1, 1.2
ceiba
center of diversity
Central Africa
Central Suriname Nature Reserve
Chagres River, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Chakchiuma
Champa rice
Chan Chan
Chapel of the Martyrs, 8.1, 8.2
charcoal
charity
Charleston, S.C.
Charleston Harbor
Chaunu, Pierre
Chavín (Chavín de Huantar)
Chen, Mr.(rubber man)
Chen Cong
Chen Jinglun
Chen Zhenlong
Cherokee (Tsalagi, Indian group), 3.1, 8.1
Chesapeake Bay, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
abundance of
as meteor crater
saltwater boundary in
chestnut
Cheyenne
chicha (maize beer)
Chickahominy River
Chickasaw (Indian group)
children, malaria and
Chile, 8.1, 8.2
smallpox in
Chilean desert
Chimor
China, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1
arable land in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
bandit incursions in
banning of private sea trade in, 4.1, 4.2
coinage of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
contracts between companies and villages in
deforestation in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
dentistry of
drought in
dynasty history of
female infanticide in
fiat money in
flooding in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
food prices in
“Go Out” strategy of
government dependence on silver in
government promotion of foreign crops in
granaries in, 5.1, 5.2
insularity of, 4.1, 10.1
Little Ice Age in, 1.1, 5.1
Manila trade and
migrations within, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
money supply in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1
paper currency of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
peasant rebellions in
Phillipine trade of, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2
piracy in
population of, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
porcelain from
price of rice in
rebellions in, 5.1, 5.2
reduced navy of, 4.1, 4.2
reforestation efforts in
rubber in
rubber industry in
shack people of, see shack people
silver mines of
silver trade and, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1
smuggling in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
tax system of, 4.1, 4.2
terraces in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4
textile production in
tobacco in, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3
trade of
transportation networks in
U.S. rubber blockade on
water management in
Zheng He’s voyages and
see also specific Chinese dynasties
China International Marine Containers
China-Laos Ruifeng Rubber
China Tobacco
Chincha Islands, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6
chinos, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3
chlorophyll
Choco
chocolate
Choctaw (Indian group), 3.1, 3.2
Christianity, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1
conversion to
Islam vs.
Christ of Humility and Patience
chronic rheumatism
Chuchunaque River
chuño
Church of San Gregorio
çiçiones, 3.1, 3.2
cinchona trees, 7.1, 7.2
Civil War, U.S., 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1
malaria in
clachans
clean fields
Clement VII, Pope
clerics, 8.1, 8.2
Clinton, Henry
clones, 6.1, 6.2
Clossey, Luke
clover
Coates, Austin
“cob” coins
Cobija
cocaine
cocoa, 8.1, 9.1
coconuts
coffee, 1.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
coffin ships, 6.1, 6.2
Colley, Linda
colloids
Colombia, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Colón, Bartolomé
Colón, Cristóbal, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 10.1, 10.2
adminstrative inadequecies of
ambition of
burial place of
death of
faith of, 1.1, 1.2
first voyage of, 1.1, 1.2
historical reputation of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
letters and reports of
monuments to, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
seamanship of
second voyage of, 1.1, 1.2
signature of
slaves and
third voyage of, 1.1, 10.1
views on size and shape of earth, 1.1, 10.1
Colón, Diego, 1.1, 9.1
Colón, Hernán, 1.1, 3.1
colonization
Colorado potato beetle, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Columbian Exchange, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2
in China
human migration in
impact on humans of
see also specific plants and animals
Columbian Exchange, The (Crosby)
Columbus, Christopher, see Colón, Cristóbal
Columbus Lighthouse, see Faro a Colón
Comagre
commodity money
communications
Companhia Vale do Rio Doce
comparative advantage
condoms
Confederacy
confraternities
Confraternity of the Holy Christ
Confucius
Congo
Congress, U.S., 1.1, 3.1, 6.1
Connecticut colony, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Conquest of the Incas, The (Hemming)
conquistadors
Conrad, Joseph
Conservation International, 9.1, 10.1
conversos
Cook, Noble David, 3.1, 3.2
Cook Islands
copper, 4.1, 4.2
copper sulfate
Cornwallis, Charles
Cortés, Hernán, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 9.1, 10.1
cattle ranch of
estate of
illegitimate children of
relocation of
Triple Alliance and
Cortés, María
Cortés, Martín (elder)
Cortés, Martín (younger), 8.1, 8.2
Cortés Moctezuma, Leonor
Costa Rica
cotton, 6.1, 6.2
cottony cushion scale
Coughlin, E. Bryan, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
counterfeiting
cowry shells, 1.1, 4.1, 10.1
cows, 6.1, 8.1
coyote, 8.1, 8.2
crack cocaine
Craig, Neville Burgoyne, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5
Crashaw, Rev. William
Craven, Wesley Frank
Crawford Lake Conservation Area
Crease, Robert
Creek (Indian group), 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
creoles
Crespo, Alberto, 4.1, 4.2
Crete
Crèvecoeur, Jean de
Cromwell, Oliver
Crosby, Alfred W., prl.1, 1.1, 5.1, 10.1
Crystal Palace
Cuauhtemoc, 8.1, 8.2
Cuba, 3.1, 9.1
cupuaçu
Curtin, Philip, 3.1, 8.1
Cuzco
Cyprus
da Cunha, Euclides, 7.1, 7.2
Dahomey, king of
Dai (ethnic group), 7.1, 7.2
Dale, Thomas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
d’Anghiera, Pietro Martire, 7.1, 7.2
Darwin, Charles
David, Armand
Dazhai
DDT
Dean, Warren, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Declaration of Independence, U.S.
Deerfield, Mass.
Defense Department, U.S.
Defoe, Daniel
deforestation, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 10.1, 10.2
in China, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
by Native burning, 1.1, 2.1, 10.1
del Monte y Tejada, Antonio, 1.1, 1.2
democracy
dentistry
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines)
desertification
Devils Island
diamond
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 8.1, 10.1
Dickens, Charles
Diderot, Denis, 6.1, 6.2
dieldrin
disaster-relief programs
disease, epidemic
see also specific diseases
Dixon, Jeremiah
DNA
Dobson, Mary, 3.1, 3.2
dogs
dollar, U.S.
domesticated animals
lack of
Domingo Congo, 9.1, 9.2
Domíngues Ortiz, Antonio
Dominican Republic, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
donkeys, 2.1, 8.1
Dorantes, Esteban (Estevanico) de, 8.1, 8.2
Dorantes de Carranza, Andrés
d’Orbigny, Alcide
Drake, Joseph
Drake, Sir Francis, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
maroons and
Dred (Stowe)
DuBois, Leanne
Duffy antigen (malaria resistance)
Dull, Robert A.
Durán, Diego, 8.1, 8.2
dust storms
Dutch East India Company, 4.1, 10.1
Dutch elm disease
Dutch pirates
Dutch West India Company, 3.1, 9.1
dyewood
dysentery, 2.1, 3.1
Eanes de Zurara, Gomes
Earle, Carville V.
earth, circumference of
earthworms, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 10.1, 10.2
see also worms
Easter Island
East-West Center
ecological release
Ecuador, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Edo (Tokyo), 1.1, 1.2
education
Edwards, William Henry
eggplants, 6.1, 10.1
Eguía, Francisco de
Egypt
Eighth Wonder
elastomers, 7.1, 7.2
electrification
Elías, Domingo, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2
elm
Elmina, 9.1, 9.2
elm leaf beetle
El Niño
Eltis, David, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2
Emancipation Proclamation