Keith, Arthur, 16
Kellogg family, 49
Kimbel, William, 26
King, Stephen, 77–78
Kippen, Cameron, 93, 153
knees, 25
L
LaForest, Laurent, 115
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 101
language
etymology, 87–89, 158–60
flatfeet discrimination in, 73–75, 78–80
as human distinction, 160–61
metaphors, 8–9, 86, 134
sex euphemisms, 3, 136–37
laudanum, 116
Laughlin, Harry Hamilton, 49, 50
laws
birth defects, 30–32, 49–50, 55
dissection, 141–42
eugenics, 49–51
food and drug, 118–21
foot binding, 151
high heel, 154
religious, 29, 31–32, 47, 135, 141–42
lead poisoning, 103–4
Leakey, Louis, 16
Leakey, Mary, 16, 17
legs, 5, 24–25, 53
Lejeune, Jerome, 47, 102
Liceti, Fortunio, 37
Life of Byron (Noel), 40
Linnaeus, Carolus, 99
Lister, Joseph, 42–43
Little, William John, 43
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects (Vasari), 8
Locard, Edmund, 66–67
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 10
Louis XVI (king), 154
love, 58–59, 125, 128, 145
Low, David, 115
Lucy, 17, 25, 26, 60
Luther, Martin, 109
Lycurgus (ruler), 30
Lynch, David, 56
M
macropods, 5
Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 42
mandible, 13, 20, 21–22, 35, 51
Manning, John, 92
Marcos, Imelda, 156
Marie Antoinette (queen), 115, 156–57
Martin, Diarmuid, 136
Martins, T., 98
M*A*S*H, 55, 78
Maternal Care and Mental Health (Bowlby), 58–59
maternal impression, 46
Maugham, Somerset, 44
Maundy, 135–36
Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 130
McAndrew, Frank, 20
McClintock, Martha, 130
McKinney, Henry Nelson, 79
meadow saffron, 116–18, 120
Meals Medicinal (Fernie), 99–100
measurement. See also ideal body
of body, 6, 6–8, 71–72, 86–89, 92–93
brain, 71
foot, 6, 6–8, 87–89, 92–93
racial differences in, 75–76
medical care, illness
ancient, 113
dissection, 139–42
humours, 96
natural, 116–17
pharmaceutical, 118–22
podiatry, 115
surgery, 39, 41–45, 54, 84–85
technology, 44, 45, 54, 71, 109, 109, 149
Mediterranean. See also Egyptians
birth defects in ancient, 30–32, 36, 55
laws of ancient, 30
lead poisoning in ancient, 104
measuring standards in ancient, 88, 89
medical dissection in, 139–42
polytheism of, 29, 35, 70, 70–71, 116, 132
Renaissance art, 6, 6–8, 62, 62, 92, 140–43, 143
Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton’s Life (Stukeley), 109
Mendel, Gregor, 48, 102
mental disabilities, 35, 49–50
The Merck Manual, 85, 104
Meredith, Michael, 130
Merrick, Mary Jane, 46
Meshberger, Frank Lynn, 142–44
Mesopotamia, 87, 134
Michelangelo, 92, 140, 142–44, 143
Miedzybrodzka, Zosia, 54
Mier, Jim, 56
military, 34, 77–78, 81–82, 94
Millingen, Julius Michael, 41
monkeys, 24, 25, 59
de Montaigne, Michel, 3, 107
Moore, Dudley, 56
Morton, William, 41
Mr. Gout and the Spiders, 105–6
music, 79–80, 113–14
mythology, 29, 35, 70, 70–71, 116, 132
N
National Institute of Health, 75
natural remedies, 113, 116–17
natural selection, 48, 101
Nazis, 50, 69, 72–73
Neanderthals, 15, 15
Necessary Roughness, 156
Negro Foot, 73–75, 74
neurological disorders, 43, 50, 64, 66, 80
Newton, Isaac, 109
Nigg, Benno M., 85–86
Nikolaevich, Alexei, 35
Noel, Roden Berkeley Wriothesley, 40
nose, 128, 130–31
nuchal crest, 14
nudity, 141–42, 152, 153
O
Octavius (emperor), 89
Of Human Bondage (Maugham), 44
olfactory receptors, 128, 130–31
O’Malley, Sean, 136
O’Neal, Shaquille, 89
O’Neil, Dennis, 17
opposable thumbs, 1, 2
orthopedic surgery, 39, 41–45, 84–85
orthotics, 82–84, 83, 85–86
P
pais (child), 158
Pali Canon, 68–69
Pan (god), 70, 70–71
Pare, Ambroise, 38, 41
Parts of Animals (Aristotle), 140
Pasteur, Louis, 42
Patterson, Richard D., 134
Paul (disciple), 29
Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, 117
pelvis, 23–24, 25
Penfield, Wilder, 147–48, 148
perception, 18–19, 81, 82, 144. See also ideal body
Perrault, Charles, 126
pes (foot), 88, 89, 158
phantom limb syndrome, 149
pharmaceuticals, 118–22
pheromones, 127–28, 130–31
Philip II (king), 109
phobias, 58–60
phrenology, 71–72
Picon, Molly, 79
Le Pied de Fanchette (Rétif), 153
Pitt, William, 110–11
Plato, 48
pod (foot), 159–60
podagra, 95, 107, 159
podiatry, 115
Podunk (Zimmerman), 74
Pollio, Marcus Vitruvius, 7–8, 88–89, 92
polydactyly, 51
Ponseti, Ignacio, 44–45
posture, 13–19, 22–27, 60
primates
apes, 13–14, 17, 19–26
monkeys, 24, 25, 59
proportion, 7–8, 71–72. See also measurement
prosthetics, 93
Protagoras, 86
proteins, 97–98
psychology
anxiety, 58–60
body measurements and, 71–72
of fetishes, 145–47, 151, 153–54
of love, 58–59
skull size and, 71
social anxiety, 59–60
Ptolemy I (king), 140
purines, 98–100, 99
Q
quadrupeds. See animals
R
race and ethnicity
discrimination, 47–51, 68, 73–75
eugenics, 47–51
foot variations by, 72, 75–76, 82
gout statistics by, 107
Race Betterment Foundation, 49
The Rake at Rose Tavern (Hogarth), 152, 153
Ramachandran, Vilayanur, 147, 149–50
Reage, Pauline, 155–56
The Red Shoes (Andersen), 154–55
reflexology, 113
religion
art and, 69, 69, 132–33, 133, 140–42
Bible references, 9, 29, 31, 132, 133–35, 136–38, 145
birth defects and, 31–32, 34, 46
Buddhist, 68–69, 69
Catholic, 31–32, 47, 135, 141–42
Christian, 29, 32, 70, 132–35, 133, 145
cloven feet and, 70, 70–71
death rituals in, 9, 138–39
dissection and, 139–42
foot respect and, 134–36
God, 132–34
Hindu, 134
Islamic, 134
Jesus, 133, 133, 135
Jewish, 32, 132, 134, 137
laws of, 29, 31–32, 47, 135, 141–42
Pagan, 70, 70–71
polytheistic, 29, 35, 70, 70–71, 116, 132
sex euphemisms in, 3, 136–37
Sikh, 134
The Republic (Plato), 48
respect, 134–36, 138–39
rétifism, 152–54
Revolutionary War, 110–11
rheumatism, 95–96, 106
Rhodopis (Rosy Cheek), 126
ribs, 23
Richmond, Brian, 25
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 65–66, 67, 106
Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 49
Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 44
Rome. See Mediterranean
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare), 114
Roosevelt, Theodore, 118
Rosenberg, Eth Clifford, 79
Runge, Friedleib Ferdinand, 98
running, 10–11, 25
Runyon, Damon, 79
Rupp, Joseph, 151
S
Sabloff, Jeremy, 11
Sade (marquis), 152–53
St. Isidore, 36–37
Sanchez, Freddy, 56
Sanderson, Rupert, 76
saturnine gout, 104
Scarpa, Antonio, 39–40
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm, 99
Scholl, William Mathias, 83, 83, 85
Scott, Walter, 34
Seinfeld, 150
selective breeding, 48
Semmelweis, Ignaz, 42
Seneca, 107
sensory mapping, 147–49, 148
separation anxiety, 58–59
Separation of Light From Darkness (Michelangelo), 144
sex
attraction and, 128, 130–31
breasts and, 152
euphemisms, 3, 136–37
fetishes, 131, 145–50, 148, 151–57
gout and, 107
hormones, 128
prostitution, 138, 152, 153
sadomasichism, 155–56
symbolism, 147, 151, 153–54
Sex and the City, 156
Seymour, Jane, 64
The Shadow (Stringer), 79
Shakespeare, 106–7, 114
Sherry, Larry, 56
shoes
as clubfoot treatment, 38, 40–41, 45
disrespect and, 135
as evil, 70–71
fetish, 152–57
high heels, 154–57
orthotic, 82–84, 83, 85–86
red, 154–55
sneakers, 79
shoulders, 22
Simmons, Brian, 56
Sinclair, Upton, 118
Sixtus V (pope), 31
skull, 13–15, 14, 19–22, 20, 71
Smith, Edwin, 95
Smith, Grafton Elliot, 12
sneakers, 79
Socrates, 70–71
sonography, 45
Sorel, Agnes, 152
soul development, 31–32
South Africa discovery, 12
spinal column, 15, 15–16, 129, 129
Spotswood, Alexander, 74
stability, 23–24, 25–26, 61
standing
anatomy of, 25–27
evolution of, 9–11, 16, 19, 60
upright posture and, 13–19, 22–27, 60
statues, 91, 91–92
sterilization
as eugenics method, 49–51
for infection prevention, 42–43
Stevens, Thaddeus, 55
Stevenson, Ian Pretyman, 46
The Story of O (Reage), 155–56
Streicher, Julius, 73
strephenopedia (clubfoot), 33. See also clubfoot
Stringer, Arthur, 79
Stromeyer, Georg Friedrich Louis, 43
Stukeley, William, 109
Suk, Ian, 144
Sullivan, Louis, 33
superstitions, 46, 86
survival, 11, 19–21, 128–29
Sushruta, 139
swastika, 69
sweat, 17, 66, 127
Swift, Jonathan, 108, 160
Sydenham, Thomas, 105, 116
symmetry, 5
syphilis, 80
T
tailbone, 129, 129
talipes (clubfoot), 33. See also clubfoot
de Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice, 33–34
Tamargo, Rafael, 144
Taung Child
anatomy of, 13–15, 21
discovery, 12–13
theories on, 16–17
teeth, 13, 20, 20–21
van Teijlingen, Edwin, 54
teratogens, 47
Terman, Lewis, 59
testing
food and drug, 118–21
foot arch, 65–66
genetics of birth defects, 47, 53
orthotics, 85–86
separation anxiety, 59
The Three Spinners (Brothers Grimm), 72
thumbs, 1, 2, 87, 94
toes
anatomy, 5, 26
extra or webbed, 51
fetish, 146–50, 148
gout, 99–104
prosthetic, 93–94
size ratio of, 92–93
Tralles, Alexander of, 116
Trelawny, Edward John, 41
A Trip to Cuba (Howe), 75
Turkana Boy, 23
Tutankhamen (king), 35–36
Twain, Mark, 3
The Twelve Tables, 30
Twomey, Dara, 82
U
The Unborn Patient: Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment (Harrison), 54
United States
dissection law in, 142
eugenics in, 49–51
food and drug laws of, 118–21
footprint forensics, 66–67
gout and history of, 110–13
military views of, 77, 78, 81–82, 94
upright posture, 13–19, 22–27, 60
uric acid, 99–100, 102
URL Pharma, 120
V
Vasari, Giorgio, 8
de Vergennes (count), 112, 113
Vernon, Wesley, 68
Vesalius, Andreas, 142
Victoria (queen), 35
vision, stereoscopic, 128–29
Vitruvian Man, 6, 6–8, 88–89, 92
Vitruvius, 7–8, 88–89, 92
VNO (vomeronasal organ), 128, 130
W
Walker, Allan, 23
walking, 10–11, 25, 26, 93
Walpole, Horace, 108
Ward, Carol, 26
Washington University School of Medicine, 53
webbed toes, 51
Wedekind, Claus, 130
Westberg, Phyllis, 1
Wet Foot Test, 65
Whitman Plates, 84
William III (king), 114
The Wizard of Oz (Baum), 155
Woldhek, Siegfried, 8
Wolfson, Elliot, 137
women
Cinderella and, 125–27
discrimination of, 68
gout risk of, 107
group menses of, 130
high heels and power, 154–57
ideal body traits of, 144–45
Wood, Bernard, 25
X
xenophobia, 60
X-rays, 44
Y
Yamaguchi, Kristi, 56
Yu The Great, 87
Z
Zallinger, Rudolph, 16
Zheng, Zhengui, 92
Zimmerman, Peter, 74