measuring standards using, 87–89
perception of, 18–19, 81, 82
sensory mapping and, 147–49, 148
of standing, 25–27
symmetry, 5
Taung Child, 13–14
upright posture, 13–16, 22–27, 60
vestigial, 129
Vitruvian Man, 6, 6–8, 88–89, 92
Andersen, Hans Christian, 154–55
animals. See also specific animals
attraction among, 128, 130, 131
foot arch of, 60
herbivorous, 23
IMI comparison of, 24–25
opposable thumbs on, 1, 2
quadruped comparison, 14, 14, 22, 24–25
similarities between, 1, 5
stereoscopic vision of, 128–29
Ankhmahor, 113
ankles, 26
anthropology, 11. See also evolution
Lucy discovery, 17, 25, 26, 60
Taung discovery, 12–17, 21
Turkana Boy discovery, 23
anthropometry, 71–72
anxiety, 58–60
apes
anatomy of, 13–14, 20–26
Aquatic Ape Theory, 17
infant survival, 19–20
Aphorisms (Hippocrates), 107
Aquatic Ape Theory, 17
arches. See foot arch
Ardrey, Robert, 19, 24, 27
Aretaeus, 101
Aristotle, 31, 32, 68, 140
arms, 22, 24, 87
Arnoux, Dominique, 131
art
brain hidden in, 143, 143–44
corns in, 114
Egyptian, 8, 35, 91
foot in, 6, 6–8, 62, 62, 63, 69, 69, 91, 91–92
of ideal body, 6, 6–8, 32, 62, 62, 63, 141
nudity in, 141–42, 152, 153
religion and, 69, 69, 132–33, 133, 140–42
statues, 91, 91–92
Artemis, 29
arthritis, 95–96, 103. See also gout
“Ascent of Man” (Zallinger), 16
Asia
body-based measurement in, 87
drug testing in, 120
foot binding in, 150–51
foot variations in, 76
reflexology from, 113
respect customs, 135
aspirin, 119
Asquith, Herbert Henry, 49
attachment, 58–59
attraction, 128, 130–31. See also love; sex
Australia, 12, 82
Australopithecus africanus
Lucy, 17, 25, 26, 60
Taung Child, 12–17, 21
Turkana Boy, 23
B
Baillie, Matthew, 40
balance, 9, 23–24, 25–26, 93–94
ballet, 62–64, 155
Les Ballets Trocadero de Monte Carlo, 63
banana foot, 62, 155
Bancroft, John, 145
Barnaby Rudge (Dickens), 106
Bateson, William, 102
Baum, Frank, 155
Beethoven, Ludwig von, 109
Bergman, Tobern, 99
Berthemot, D., 98
Bertillon, Alphonse, 71–72
Binet, Alfred, 145
biomechanics, 85–86, 93
bipeds
anatomy, 5, 7–8, 12–18, 19–27
evolution, 5–6, 9–19
quadrupeds and, 14, 24–25
birth defects. See also specific birth defects
abortion for, 31, 47, 51
categorization of, 37
causes, 34–36, 46–48, 52–53
discrimination of, 30–32, 47–51, 55
emotional impact of, 54–55
eugenics for, 47–51
famous people with, 34, 35–36, 40, 55–56
fetal surgery for, 54
genetics of, 47–48, 51–53
laws, 30–32, 49–50, 55
mental, 35, 49–50
military response to, 34, 77–78, 81–82, 94
old world views on, 28, 30–38, 55
prenatal care and, 45, 46–47
religion and, 31–32, 34, 46
superstitions, 46, 86
treatment, 38–45, 54–55
vestigial, 129
The Birth of Venus (Botticelli), 62, 62
blindness, 20, 30
Bloomberg, Michael, 78
Blumenschine, Robert J., 19
Bocking, Ralph, 96
body odor, 130, 146
The Book of Animals (Al-Jahiz), 101
Botticelli, Sandro, 62, 62
Bound Feet (Rupp), 151
Bowlby, John, 58–59
Bradford, E. H., 91
brain
art depicting, 143, 143–44
evolution, 2, 9, 11, 13, 17
phrenology, 71
sensory mapping of, 147–49, 148
skull, 13–15, 14, 19–22, 20
breasts, 152
breeding, 48
Brokaw, Tom, 78
Brothers Grimm, 72, 126
brow ridges, 13
Buck v. Bell, 49–50
Bull Effraenatam (Sixtus V), 31
Burghoff, Gary, 55–56
Bush, George W., 135
Butler, Pierce, 50
buttocks, 23–24
Byron (lord), 40–41
C
Caesar, Julius, 89
caffeine, 98–99, 99
calcaneal pitch, 75–76
Cameron, Hector Clare, 41
cancer, 94–95, 121–22
Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, 141–42
carnivores, 18–19, 23, 128–29
Carrie (King), 78
Carroll, Lewis, 160
Catherine of Medici (queen), 154
caudal appendage, 129
Caventou, Joseph Bienaimé, 117
cerebral palsy, 43, 64
Champollion, Jean-François, 95
Chaplin, Charlie, 93
Chester, Greville, 93
Children’s and Household Tales (Brothers Grimm), 72
children’s stories, 72, 79, 125–27, 154–55
chin, 1, 22
China, 87, 113, 150–51
Chiropodologia (Low), 115
Churchill, Winston, 48–49
Cinderella, 125–27
Claudius I (emperor), 36
cleft palate, 36, 51
Clemens, James Ross, 3
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne, 3
clogging, 63–64
cloven feet, 70, 70–71
clubfoot
abortion for, 51
ancient views on, 28, 30–38, 55
causes, 33, 38, 52–53
discrimination of, 28, 30–32, 34, 52
emotional impact of, 54–55
famous people with, 34, 35–36, 40–41, 55–56
genetics of, 51–53
illness and, 32, 34–36
treatment, 38–45, 54–55
Cohn, Martin, 92
colchicine, 117, 120–22
colchicum, 116–18, 120
Confucius, 138
coprophilia, 131
Coren, Stanley, 131
corns, 113–15
Coughlin, Michael, 81
The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo), 92, 142–44, 143
“The Cries of London,” 113–14
Crisley, Kerry, 117
D
dancers, 62–63, 150, 155
Dareste, Gabriel Madeleine Camille, 47
Dart, Raymond. See Taung Child
Darwin, Charles, 16, 48
David Copperfield (Dickens), 114–15
da Vinci, Leonardo, 6, 6–8, 88–89, 92, 154
De Architectura (Vitruvius), 7
death, 9, 138–42
defense. See survival
Defoe, Daniel, 65–66, 67, 106
deformities. See birth defects
Degas, Edgar, 62, 63
delayed hominization, 31
Delpech, Jacques Mathieu, 41–42
Denman, Thomas, 40
The Descent of Man (Darwin), 16, 48
desire. See attraction; ideal body; sex
Devil’s foot, 70, 70
diabetes, 101
Dialogue Between Franklin and the Gout (Franklin), 108
Dickens, Charles, 106, 114–15
diet
carnivore, 18–19, 23, 128–29
digestion and, 23, 98–100
evolution and, 9, 11, 18–19, 21
gout caused by, 99–104
herbivore, 21, 22, 23
purines in, 98–100, 99
scavenger, 19
skull evolution and, 13, 19–22
soda in, 100–101
digestion, 23, 98–100
disabilities. See birth defects
discrimination
of birth defects, 30–32, 47–51, 55
of clubfoot, 28, 30–32, 34, 52
of flatfeet, 72–80
of Jews, 73
by military, 34, 77–78, 94
of race and ethnicity, 47–51, 68, 73–75
of women, 68
The Dispensatory of the United States, 117–18
dissection, 139–42
Dowling, Colette, 127
Down syndrome, 47, 102
drugs, 118–22
Dubin, Charles, 78
Dunbar, Everett, 82–83
E
Ebers, Georg, 95
Eduibamus cursoris, 6
Edward I (king), 135
Egyptians
art, 8, 35, 91
clubfoot among, 35–36, 55
embalming, 138–39
foot shape of, 91, 91
measuring standards in, 88
polytheism of, 132
prosthetic toes, 93–94
Ehrenfried, Alfred, 52
Einstein, Albert, 77
Elixir Sulfanilamide, 119
Elizabeth I (queen), 142
Elizabeth II (queen), 136
embalming, 138–39
epilepsy, 50, 147
Erasistratus, 140
Eth, Clifford, 79
The Etymologies (Isidore), 36–37
etymology, 87–89, 158–60. See also language
eugenics, 47–51
euphemisms, 3, 136–37
Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie (Longfellow), 10
evolution
bipedal, 5–6, 9–19
brain, 2, 9, 11, 13, 17
diet and, 9, 11, 18–19, 21
Lucy discovery for, 17, 25, 26, 60
skull anatomy, 13–15, 14, 19–22, 20
standing, 2, 9–11, 16, 19, 23–27, 60
Taung Child discovery for, 12–17, 21
Turkana Boy discovery for, 23
upright posture, 13–19
vestigial body parts and, 129
F
facial expressions, 20
fairy tales, 72, 79, 125–27, 154–55
FDA (Food and Drug Administration), 118–21
fear, 58–60
Fernie, W. T., 99
fetishes
foot, 131, 146–50, 148, 150, 151
psychology of, 145–47, 151, 153–54
shoes, 152–57
fetus
chemical exposure of, 92–93
prenatal care, 45, 46–47, 54
soul development, 31–32
surgery, 54
fever, 34, 42, 120
Fifty Shades of Grey (James), 156
Finch, Jacqueline, 92–93, 138
fingers, 72, 87, 92–93
Fischer, Emil Hermann, 98
flatfeet
dances, 63–64
discrimination of, 72–80
in language, 73–75, 78–80
racial variation in, 75–76
treatment, 64, 82–86
types of, 64–66
“Flatfoot Floogie with a Foy Foy,” 79–80
Flatfoot Fox (Eth), 79
Flatley, Michael, 64
Flaubert, Gustave, 42
flexibility, 64–65, 84–85
Flügel, John Carl, 153–54
food. See diet
Food and Drug Administration. See FDA
foot. See also clubfoot; gout
Achilles tendon, 25, 41–42
anatomy, 5, 26, 33, 60–61, 61, 75–76
in art, 6, 6–8, 62, 62, 63, 69, 69, 91, 91–92
banana, 62, 155
binding, 150–51, 151
biomechanics, 85–86, 93
brain evolution and, 2, 9, 11, 17
cloven, 70, 70–71
corns, 113–15
Devil’s, 70, 70
etymology, 87–89, 158–60
fetishes, 131, 146–50, 148, 150, 151
flatfeet, 63–86
ideal, 6, 6–8, 62, 62, 63, 69, 91–93, 150–51
measurement of, 6, 6–8, 87–89, 92–93
metaphors, 8–9, 86, 134
prints, 65–69, 69
racial and ethnic differences in, 52, 75–76, 82
respect shown via, 134–36
as sex euphemism, 3, 136–37
shapes, 91, 91–92
stability, 23–24, 25–26, 61
surgery, 39, 41–45, 84–85
sweat, 127
toes, 5, 26, 51, 92–94, 146–47
washing, 135–36
foot arch. See also flatfeet
anatomy, 60–61, 61, 75–76
art, 62, 62, 63
for forensics, 66–68
genetics, 64–65
high, 62–64, 66, 151, 151
implants, 84–85
normal, 66, 85
orthotics for, 82–84, 83, 85–86
racial and ethnic differences in, 76, 82
testing, 65–66
foramen magnum, 14–15
forelimbs, 24–25, 87
Forensic Podiatry, Principles and Methods (Vernon), 68
forensics, 66–68
Fort, DeWitt Clinton, 55
France, 71–72, 113, 153, 156–57
Franklin, Ben, 108, 111–12, 116–17
Freud, Sigmund, 18, 58, 59, 131, 147
G
Gaillard, Bulee “Slim,” 79–80
Galen, Claudius, 140
Galileo, 109
Gall, Franz Joseph, 71
The Galton Society, 49
Gautama, Siddartha, 68
Geiger, P. L., 117
genetics
ancient studies of, 101–2
birth defects, 47–48, 51–53
finger length ratio and, 92–93
foot arch, 64–65
of gout, 102
olfactory receptors, 130
George V (king), 136
Germany, 50, 69, 72–73
Gingrich, Newt, 78
God, 132–34
Goebbels, Joseph, 34
Golightly, Yvonne M., 76
Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture (Harris), 18
gout
causes, 99–104
false, 103
historical events and, 109–13
race and gender profile of, 107
as rich person’s disease, 104–9
saturnine, 104
sex and, 107
treatment, 116–18, 120–22
Great Britain
abortion in, 51
American Revolution and, 110–11
dissection laws in, 142
eugenics in, 49–50
high heel laws in, 154
measuring standards in, 88
military exemptions, 77
Greece. See Mediterranean
Gregory XIV (pope), 31
Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm, 72, 126
gumshoe, 79
Gutenberg, Johann, 3
H
hair, 144–45
Haliztah, 137
Hamm, Mia, 56
Hancock, John, 112, 113
hands
anatomy, 22
of God, 132, 133
as measurement tool, 87
; opposable thumbs, 1, 2
thumbs, 1, 2, 87, 94
Hapsburg jaw, 35, 51
Hardman, John, 114
Hardy, Alister, 17, 27
Harlow, Harry, 59
Harris, Marvin, 18
Harris, Oren, 119
Harrison, Michael, 54
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 84
heel, 5, 25, 41–42, 75–76
height, 88–89
hemophilia, 35, 102
Henry, Patrick, 74
Henry IV (Shakespeare), 106–7
Hephestus (god), 55
Heraclitus, 29
herbalism, 113, 116–17
herbivores, 21, 22, 23
Hermodorus, 28, 29–30
Herophilus, 140
high heels, 154–57
Hill, Seymour, 114–15
hind limbs, 23–24, 53
Hinkle, A. Barton, 75
Hippocrates, 31, 41, 96, 107, 113
hips, 23–24, 25
The History of Animals (Aristotle), 31
Hodgkins, Leslie, 2
Hogarth, William, 152, 153
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 50
hormones, 92, 128
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 53, 92
Howe, Julia Ward, 75
Huangdi (emperor), 87
Huckabee, Mike, 78
Human Genome Project, 102
human-ness, 11, 31–32. See also evolution
humours, 96
Hunter, John, 40
hunting, 11, 19
hypermobility, 64–65
I
ideal body
art depicting, 6, 6–8, 32, 62, 62, 63, 141
Buddhist, 68–69
foot, 6, 6–8, 62, 62, 63, 69, 91–93, 150–51
gender differences in, 144–45
nudity and, 141
illness
AIDS, 94–95
cancer, 94–95, 121–22
clubfoot and, 32, 34–36
diabetes, 101
fever, 34, 42, 120
hemophilia, 35, 102
humours and, 96
incest and, 32, 35–36
infection, 32, 34, 41–43, 86
rheumatism, 95–96, 106
syphilis, 80
IMI (intermembral index), 24–25
incest, 32, 35–36
infants. See also birth defects
ape, 19–20
clubfoot treatment for, 45
fetus, 31–32, 45, 46–47, 54, 92–93
footprinting, 67
separation anxiety of, 58–59
infections, 32, 34, 41–43, 86
insects, 18–19, 128
intestines, 23
In the Dance Studio (Degas), 62, 63
J
Al-Jahiz, 101
James, E. L., 156
James II (king), 135
Japan, 120
Jasper, Herbert Henri, 148, 148
jaw
anatomy, 13, 20, 21–22
Hapsburg, 35, 51
Jefferson, Thomas, 111–12
Jepson, Joanna, 51
Jesus, 133, 133, 135
Jewish foot, 73, 76
John I (king), 135
Johns Hopkins Medicine, 46, 107, 144
joint hypermobility, 64–65
joint pain, 95–96, 103. See also gout
Jones, Noble Wimberly, 117
The Jungle (Sinclair), 118
K
kangaroos, 5
Keds, 79
Kefauver, Estes, 119