Pearce, William
pear tree, 1.1, 5.1
pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis), 3.1, 4.1
Penn, William
Pennsylvania, prl.1, 3.1, 9.1
Pennsylvania Assembly
Pennsylvania fireplace
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Pennsylvania State House, 3.1, 3.2
garden of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 9.1
Peters, Richard, 3.1, 9.1
Petre, Lord
Philadelphia, prl.1, prl.2, 3.1, 3.2, 9.1
as U.S. capital, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
Philadelphia Academy, 3.1, 3.2
Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1
Philadelphus coronarius (mock orange)
Philadelphus lewisii
Phytologia (Darwin)
Pike, Zebulon
Pinckney, Thomas
pine
pine (Pinus pungens; Table Mountain pine; hickory pine)
pine (Pinus virginiana; Virginia pine), 1.1, 1.2
pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica; wild cherry)
pin oak (Quercus palustris)
Pinus echinata (shortleaf pine)
Pinus pungens (Table Mountain pine; hickory pine)
Pinus strobus (white pine), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1
Pinus virginiana (Virginia pine), 1.1, 1.2
pinxterbloom azalea (Rhododendron periclymenoides; previously Azalea nudiflora), 4.1, 9.1
plant respiration, 9.1, 9.2
ploughs, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2
Poa trivialis (“bird grass”; rough-stalked meadow-grass)
political metaphor
agriculture as, 5.1, 5.2
design of Washington, D.C. as, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
gardens as, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2
nature as, prl.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Pope, Alexander, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1
Poplar Forest, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1
population growth
Malthus’s theories of, 9.1, 9.2
Populus balsamifera (balsam poplar), 4.1, 8.1
Populus deltoides (cottonwood)
Populus nigra (L. “Italica”; Lombardy poplar), 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Populus tremuloides (aspen; quaking aspen), 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
“Positions to be examined concerning National Wealth” (Franklin)
Potomac River, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1
Potomac Steam Boat Company
prairie dog
prairie flax (Linum lewisii), 7.1, 7.2
Price, Uvedale
Priestley, Joseph, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
primrose, 2.1, 2.2
Prince, William
privet
Prunus pensylvanica (pin cherry; wild cherry)
Publicola (pseud.)
purple-flowering raspberry (Rubus odoratus)
Pursh, Frederick, nn
quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
quamash (Camassia quamash)
Quasi-War
Quercus alba (white oak)
Quercus palustris (pin oak)
Quercus phellos (willow oak), 3.1, 6.1, 8.1
Quercus virginiana (live oak), 1.1, 3.1, 3.2
Quincy, Mass., prl.1, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1
Raleigh, Walter, 2.1, 2.2
Randolph, Anne, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4
Randolph, Cornelia
Randolph, Ellen, 8.1, 8.2
Randolph, Martha Jefferson, 4.1, 8.1
Randolph, Mary
Randolph, Thomas Jefferson
Randolph, Thomas Mann, 8.1, 9.1
Randolph, Virginia
Raynal, Abbé
red buckeye (Aesculus pavia)
red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1
red columbine (Aquilegia canadensis)
red field poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke)
Republicans (Jeffersonian), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1
republics, farmers as foundation of, 5.1, 6.1
Rhode Island, 3.1, 3.2
rhododendron, 1.1, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2
Rhododendron canadensis (rhodora)
Rhododendron maximum (rosebay)
Rhododendron periclymenoides (pinxterbloom azalea; previously Azalea nudiflora), 4.1, 9.1
Rhododendron prinophyllum
Rhododendron viscosum
rhodora (Rhododendron canadensis)
Ribes aureum (golden current)
Ribes cynosbati (wild gooseberry)
Ribes hirellum (wild gooseberry)
rice, cultivation of, prl.1, 4.1
Rio Grande
Rivanna River, 8.1, 9.1
Robinia hispida (bristly locust)
Robinia pseudoacacia (black locust; false acacia), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1
Robinson, Moses, 4.1, 4.2
Rochambeau, comte de
Rocky Mountains, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Romans, ancient
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
Rosa rubiginosa (sweetbriar)
rose
rosebay (Rhododendron maximum)
Royal Society
Rubus odoratus (purple-flowering raspberry)
Rush, Benjamin, 1.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Rush, Richard, 9.1, 9.2
Russet apple
Rutledge, John, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Sacagawea
St. Louis, Mo., 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Salix babylonica (willow; weeping willow)
salsafia (Tragopon), 7.1, 9.1
Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot)
Santo Domingo (Haiti), 7.1, 9.1
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), 1.1, 1.2
Sassafras albidum (sassafras), 1.1, 1.2
Schuylkill River, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Scottish kale
Seats of the Nobility and Gentry, The (Watts)
seaweed, 8.1, 8.2
Second Continental Congress
Second Treatise of Civil Government (Locke)
Senate, U.S., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 6.1
see also Congress, U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S.
separation of powers, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
serviceberry
serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), 7.1, 9.1
sesame oil
Seven Years’ War
Shakespeare, William, 2.1, 2.2
Shaw, Joshua
Shenandoah River
Shenstone, William
Sherman, Roger
shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata)
Shoshones
silky camellia (Stewartia malacodendron), 3.1, 5.1
Silliman, Benjamin
Sinclair, John, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Six Designs for Improving and Embellishing Grounds (Parkyns)
Sketches on Rotations of Crops (Bordley)
slaves, slavery
founding fathers’ contradictory attitudes toward, 9.1, 9.2
living conditions of, 9.1, 9.2
at Monticello, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2
at Montpelier, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
at Mount Vernon, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1
representation debate and, 3.1, 3.2
revolts by
Smith, Margaret Bayard, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
snowberry (Symphorocarpos albus)
snowdrop
Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures
Society for the Encouragement of Arts Manufacturers and Commerce, prl.1, 9.1
Society of Agriculture (Paris)
soil chemistry
South Carolina, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
South Carolina Agricultural Society, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
Southcote, Philip
southern catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides; Indian bean tree), 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1
southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1
Spain
Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides)
Stamp Act, prl.1, 2.1
protests against, prl.1, prl.2
steamboats
stercorary
Stevens, John
Stewartia malacodendron (silky camellia), 3.1, 5.1
Stoddert, Benjamin
Stowe, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 9.1
ha-ha at, 2.1, 5.1
as political allegory, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1
strawberry, 4.1, 9.1
Strickland, William
Strong, Caleb, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
Stuart, Gilbert
“sublime,” use of term, 7.1, 7.2
sugar maple (Acer saccharum), 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
sulla (Hedysarum coronarium)
Supreme Court, U.S.
sweetbriar (Rosa rubiginosa)
sweetgum (Liquidamber styraciflua), 2.1, 3.1
sweet William (Dianthus barbatus)
sycamore
Symphorocarpos albus (snowberry)
Syon House
Syringa persica (lilac)
Syringa vulgaris (lilac)
tamarack (Larix laricinia)
Tennessee
Tessé, Madame de
Thames River
Thermopsis montana (golden pea)
Thoreau, Henry David, prl.1, 3.1, 9.1, 9.2
Thorndon
Thornton, Anna, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1
Thornton, William, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
threshing machines
Thuja occidentalis (arborvitae), 2.1, 4.1, 4.2
Tiber Creek, 6.1, 6.2
Tilia americana (American linden)
Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss)
tobacco
British-American trade in, 1.1, 2.1, 8.1
Mandan (Nicotiana quadrivolus), 7.1, 7.2
as soil-depleting crop, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1
Tragopon (salsafia), 7.1, 9.1
Transcendentalists, 3.1, 9.1
transportation revolution
Travels (W. Bartram), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Treasury Building, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
Triadica sebifera (Chinese tallow tree)
Tripoli, 2.1, 2.2
Trumbull, John, 4.1, 7.1
trumpet honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens), 1.1, 3.1, 8.1
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1
tuberose, 1.1, 8.1
Tufts, Cotton
tulip, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2
tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera; tulip tree), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Tull, Jethro, 5.1, 5.2
Tunis
Turner, Frederick Jackson
Twelfth Amendment, 5.1, 6.1
Twenty-second Amendment
Twickenham
twinleaf (Jeffersonia diphylla)
umbrella magnolia (Magnolia tripetala), 1.1, 8.1
Unconnected Thoughts on Gardening (Shenstone)
United States
agrarian-mercantile conflict in, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1
as agrarian republic, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
agriculture as primary occupation in, 4.1, 5.1
British relations with, 8.1, 8.2
British trade with, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
Embargo Act consequences in, 8.1, 8.2
France’s relations with, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
interstate rivalries in
national bank of, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
national debt of
natural world in shaping national identity of, prl.1, prl.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 9.1
North-South tensions in, 6.1, 6.2
outmoded agricultural methods in
population growth in
state parochialism in, 3.1, 6.1
transportation revolution in
westward expansion of, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2
Valley Forge
Vaughan, Samuel, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2
Vermont
Vermont Gazette
Vespucci, Amerigo
vetch
Viburnum acerifolium (mapleleaf viburnum)
Viburnum opulus roseum (guelder rose), 1.1, 8.1
“Vices of the Political System of the United States” (Madison)
Vicia americana (“flowering pea of Arkansa”), 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Villa Rotonda
Vineyard (nursery)
vineyards, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1
Virgil, 2.1, 5.1
Virginia, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1
economic decline in
in navigation rights dispute with Maryland
slave population of
three-year planting cycle employed in
Virginia, University of, 9.1, 9.2
Virginia Constitution, 2.1, 2.2
Virginia House of Burgesses
Virginia Piedmont
virtue, as agrarian trait
Vitis labrusca (fox grape)
Walker, Thomas
walnut tree
Walpole, Robert, 2.1, 2.2
War of 1812, 9.1, 9.2
War Office, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5
War of Independence, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1
economic aftermath of, 2.1, 4.1
Washington, D.C., 6.1, 6.2
Adams’s neglect of
commissioners for, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7
design of as political metaphor, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
1803 Independence Day celebration in
Jefferson and G. Washington’s conflicting designs for, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4
Mall in, 6.1, 6.2
national botanic garden in, 6.1, 9.1
natural topography integrated into design of
Pennsylvania Avenue in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1
proposed national university and botanic garden for
proposed national university for
as reminiscent of country estate, 6.1, 6.2
trees in, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2
Washington, George, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
as agricultural innovator, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 9.1
capital site issue and
Capitol design and
Cincinnatus compared to, 1.1, 1.2
at Constitutional Convention, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
death of
in decision to forego third term, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
detailed garden records kept by
Farewell Address of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2
gardening as expression of patriotism for, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1
gardening books of, 1.1, 1.2
as hands-on gardener
Jay Treaty supported by
Jefferson’s attacks on
as landscape designer
manure as interest of, 1.1, 3.1, 5.1
Mount Vernon home of, see Mount Vernon
national board of agriculture as unrealized goal of
nature metaphors used by, 1.1, 1.2
Ohio valley land of, 1.1, 5.1
party politics abhorred by, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1
as plantation owner, 1.1, 5.1, 8.1
as president, 4.1, 9.1
as proponent of strong central government, 6.1, 6.2
regimental gardens recommended by
as reluctant politician, 4.1, 9.1
replacement crops for tobacco sought by, 1.1, 1.2
as slave owner, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1
as surveyor
in War of Independence
and Washington, D.C. design, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
and White House design, 6.1, 6.2
Washington, George Augustine, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1
Washington, Lund
Washington, Martha Custis, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
Waterhouse, Benjamin
Watts, William
weasel
; West Indies
West Point, N.Y.
Whately, Thomas, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 8.1, 9.1
wheat, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
Whigs
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
White, Alexander
White House, 6.1, 9.1, 9.2
Adams at, 6.1, 6.2
design of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
garden of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 9.1
Jefferson at, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1
trees at
white oak (Quercus alba)
white pine (Pinus strobus), 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 4.1
wild cherry (Prunus pensylvanica; pin cherry)
wilderness
in American art and literature
in landscape design
sublime and, 7.1, 7.2
tourism and
U.S. national identity as shaped by, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 9.1
William III, King of England
Williamson, Hugh, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1
willow (Salix babylonica; weeping willow), 4.1, 9.1
willow oak (Quercus phellos), 3.1, 6.1, 8.1
Winstanley, William
Wistar, Caspar
Wolcott, Oliver
Wooburn Farm, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 8.1
wood anemone
Woodlands, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1
Wordsworth, William
Wright, Fanny
Wythe, George
yellow fritillary (Fritillaria pudica; “Lilly, the yellow of the Colombia”), 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
yellow-horned poppy (Glaucium flavum)
yew
Yorktown, Battle of
Young, Arthur, 5.1, 5.2
Zea mays (corn), 1.1, 5.1, 7.1
A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Andrea Wulf was born in India and moved to Germany as a child. She trained as a design historian at London’s Royal College of Art and is coauthor (with Emma Gieben-Gamal) of This Other Eden: Seven Great Gardens and 300 Years of English History (2005). She has written for The Sunday Times (London), The Wall Street Journal and The Financial Times, and she reviews for numerous newspapers, including The New York Times, The Guardian, The Times Literary Supplement, and The Mail on Sunday. She appears regularly on BBC television and radio. The Brother Gardeners was longlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize in 2008, and won the 2010 American Horticultural Society Book Award and the 2010 CBHL Annual Literature Award.
Magnolia virginiana. Sweetbay was one of the many native trees that George Washington and Thomas Jefferson planted in their pleasure grounds. (Illustration credit bm3.1)
George Washington as president, dressed elegantly and holding his dress sword, by Gilbert Stuart. (Illustration credit bm3.2)
This is the portrait that Mather Brown painted of John Adams in London. The depicted book is Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia. (Illustration credit bm3.3)
Thomas Jefferson during his first term as president, looking purposefully “rustic” compared with Washington in the Stuart portrait. (Illustration credit bm3.4)