accusations of monarchism against, 6.1
as agricultural innovator, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 9.1
agricultural metaphors employed by
agriculture promoted by, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
Auteuil house of, 2.1, 5.1
in Barbary States negotiations, 2.1, 2.2 2.3
botany as interest of
British constitution admired by
in British trade negotiations, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7
checks and balances advocated by
death of
in election of 1796, 5.1, 5.2
in election of 1800, 6.1, 8.1
in English garden tours, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1
experience of nature as vital to
as farmer at heart, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1
as Federalist, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2
as hands-on farmer and gardener, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 8.1, 8.2
Jefferson’s friendship with, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2
Jefferson’s rift with, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1
land acquisitions by, 5.1, 9.1
London residence of
manure as interest of, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Massachusetts constitution and
merchants disliked by
outspokenness of, 2.1, 5.1
as president, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1, 9.2
Quincy farm of, see Peacefield
in retirement at Peacefield, 8.1, 8.2
as uninterested in building of Washington, D.C.
as vice president, 4.1, 5.1
Whig influence on
at White House, 6.1, 6.2
and White House garden plans
Adams, John Quincy, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1
Addison, Joseph, 2.1, 5.1
Address to the Agricultural Society of Albemarle (Madison), 9.1, 9.2
Adirondack Mountains, 4.1, 4.2
Aesculus pavia (red buckeye)
Agricultural Society of Albemarle, 9.1, 9.2
Madison’s speech to, 9.1, 9.2
agriculture
crop rotation in, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2
as foundation of free societies, 5.1, 5.2
innovation in, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Jefferson’s promotion of, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1
mercantilism vs., 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
outmoded methods of
as political act, prl.1, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
as political metaphor, 5.1, 5.2
as primary occupation in early U.S., 4.1, 5.1
three-year planting cycle in
Alabama
alder (Alnus glutinosa; common alder)
Alfieri, Victor
Alfred, King of England
Algiers, 2.1, 9.1
Allegheny Mountains
almond
Alnus glutinosa (alder)
Alps
Amelanchier alnifolia (serviceberry), 7.1, 9.1
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
American beech
American colonies
agricultural exports from, prl.1, 1.1
boycott of British goods in, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1
British exports to
British gardens recreated in
economic self-sufficiency as goal of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.2, prl.3
import duties imposed on
parliamentary representation for, prl.1, prl.2
American Colonization Society
American Gardener’s Calendar, The (McMahon), 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
American linden (Tilia americana)
American lotus (Nelumbo lutea)
American Philosophical Society, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 9.1, 9.2
American Revolution, see War of Independence
Americas, as “degenerate” natural environment, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 7.1, 7.2
Appalachian Mountains, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1
apple, 4.1, 5.1
Aquilegia canadensis (red columbine)
Aquilegia formosa (crimson columbine)
arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis), 2.1, 4.1, 4.2
Arbustrum Americanum: The American Grove (Marshall), 3.1, 3.2
Arikara bean, 7.1, 8.1
Arikaras
Aristotle
Articles of Confederation, 3.1, 4.1
ash tree (Fraxinus americana), 1.1, 8.1
aspen (Populus tremuloides; quaking aspen), 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1
Assumption Plan, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2
Audubon, John James
Auteuil, France, 2.1, 5.1
Azalea nudiflora (today’s Rhododendron periclymenoides; pinxterbloom azalea), 4.1, 9.1
Azalea viscosa, (swamp azalea; today’s Rhododedron viscosum)
Bacon, Edmund, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5
Bacon, Francis, 2.1, 2.2
balsam fir (Abies balsamea), 1.1, 3.1
balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera), 4.1, 8.1
Baltimore, Md.
Banks, Joseph, 2.1, 4.1, 9.1
Barbary States, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
barley
Barnard, John
Barton, Benjamin Smith, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3
Bartram, John, Jr.
Bartram, William, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 5.1, 8.1
Bartram’s Garden, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 5.1, 9.1
beautyberry (Callicarpa caroliniana)
beetroot
Belamcanda chinensis (blackberry lily)
belladona
Belmont
Bennington, Vt.
Betula papyrifera (paper birch)
Bingham garden (Philadelphia)
birch
bird grass (Poa trivialis; rough-stalked meadow-grass)
Bizet, Charles, 9.1, 9.2
blackberry lily (Belamcanda chinensis)
black gum (Nyssa sylvatica; black tupelo), 1.1, 2.1
black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia; false acacia), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1
blackthorn
black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica; black gum), 1.1, 2.1
Blair, Archibald
Blenheim
Bligh, William
bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis)
Bloxham, James
bluebell (Mertensia paniculata; northern or tall bluebell)
Blue Ridge Mountains, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1
Board of Agriculture, British, 5.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Board of Agriculture, U.S., 9.1, 9.2
Bordley, John
Boston, Mass.
Boston Tea Party
botany
Adams’s interest in
Jefferson’s enthusiasm for, 4.1, 6.1, 9.1
Lewis tutored in
Bounty, HMS
Bridgeman, Charles
bristly locust (Robinia hispida)
Britain, see Great Britain
Brown, Lancelot “Capability,”
Brown, Mather
buffalo
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 7.1, 7.2
Burke, Edmund
Burr, Aaron, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1
Callicarpa caroliniana (beautyberry)
Calycanthus floridus (Carolina allspice; sweetshrub), 5.1, 8.1
Camassia quamash (quamash)
Canada
Canterbury bell
capers
Capitol, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 9.1, 9.2
agricultural ornament on
design of, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3
carbon cycle
cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis)
Carlyle, Thomas
Carmarthen, Lord, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3
carnation
Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus), 5.1, 8.1
Carolina silverbell (Halesia carolina), 3.1, 5.1
Carroll, Daniel
Carya illinoinensis (pecan tree), 3.1, 4.1
Catalpa bignonioi
des (Indian bean tree; southern catalpa), 2.1, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1
Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia
Catlin, George
Catskill Mountains, 4.1, 7.1
Cercis canadensis (eastern redbud), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1
Charlottesville, Va., 9.1, 9.2
Chateaubriand, François-René de
checks and balances
Chelsea Physic Garden
cherry
Chesepeake Bay, 1.1, 3.1
chestnut
chickpeas
chicory (Cichorium intybus)
chinaberry (Melia azedarach), 8.1, 9.1
Chinese rhubarb
Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera)
Chionanthus virginicus (fringe tree), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2
Chisolm, Hugh
Chiswick
Cichorium intybus (chicory)
Cincinnati, Ohio, 7.1, 9.1
Cincinnatus, Washington compared to, 1.1, 1.2
Clark, William, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4
Clarkia
Clinton, George, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1
Clymer, George
Cobham, Lord, 2.1, 2.2, 7.1
cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata; European orchard grass)
cockspur hawthorn (Crataegus crus-galli)
Coke, Thomas
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor
Coles, Edward, 9.1, 9.2
Collins, John
Collins Lee, Eliza
Collinson, Peter
Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences, 6.1, 9.1
Columbus, Christopher
Common Sense (Paine), 4.1, 7.1
Communications of the Board of Agriculture, 9.1, 9.2
Congress, U.S., 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 8.1, 9.1
under Articles of Confederation
Assumption Plan and
bank bill passed by, 4.1, 4.2
capital site issue in
Hamilton’s “Report on Manufactures” for
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Connecticut
Connecticut Plan, 3.1, 3.2
conservation movement, Madison and
Constitution, U.S., prl.1, 4.1, 5.1
Twelfth Amendment to, 5.1, 6.1
Twenty-second Amendment to
Constitutional Convention (1787), prl.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1
Connecticut Plan at, 3.1, 3.2
Madison as driving force behind, 3.1, 9.1
representation issue at, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
Constitutional Convention delegates
agricultural backgrounds of
as agricultural innovators
garden excursions of
plant and seed sharing by, 3.1, 3.2
in visit to Bartram’s Garden, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 9.1
Continental Congress
contour ploughing
Cooper, James Fenimore
corn (Zea mays), 1.1, 5.1, 7.1
Cornus florida (flowering dogwood), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
Corrèa de Serra, José, 9.1, 9.2
Cortez, Hernán
cotton, 8.1, 9.1
cotton gin
cottonwood (Populus deltoides)
cowslip
crab apple (Malus angustifolia)
crab apple (Malus coronaria), 1.1, 1.2, 8.1
crab apple (Malus sylvestris)
Crataegus crus-galli (cockspur hawthorn)
creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis)
Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de
crimson columbine (Aquilegia formosa)
crocus
crop rotation, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1, 9.2
crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis)
cucumber, 9.1, 9.2
currant, 7.1, 8.1
Custis, John
Custis, Patsy
Cutler, Manasseh
Cutts, Mary, 9.1, 9.2
Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot; European orchard grass)
daffodil, 5.1, 5.2
Danube River
Darwin, Erasmus
Davy, Humphry, 9.1, 9.2
Declaration of Independence, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1
Declaration of Rights
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, A (Adams), 3.1, 4.1
deforestation
Democratic Party
Description of The Leasowes (Dodsley)
Dianthus barbatus (sweet William)
Dickens, Charles
Dickinson, John
Diderot, Denis
Divers, George
Dodsley, Robert, 2.1, 2.2
Downing, Andrew Jackson
Drake, Francis
eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1
eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 6.1, 8.1
Easter slave revolt
Edward, Prince of Wales, “the Black Prince,”
elections, U.S.
of 1796, 5.1, 5.2
of 1800, 6.1, 8.1
of 1804, 8.1, 9.1
Elements of Agricultural Chemistry (Davy)
Elements of Botany (Barton)
Elizabeth I, Queen of England
Ellicott, Andrew
Embargo Act (1807), 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
emigrants
Emmet, John Patton
Enclosure Acts, British
Encyclopédie (Diderot)
Endeavour, HMS
England, see Great Britain
English walnut
Enlightenment, 2.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1
environmental movement
founding fathers in creation of, prl.1, 9.1
Madison and, prl.1, 9.1
Era of Good Feeling
Erie Canal
Erythronium grandiflorum (glacier lilies)
Esher Place
eucalyptus
euonymus
Europe
antiquity of as synonymous with despotism
decadence of
European orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata; cocksfoot)
executive branch, 3.1, 3.2
false acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia; black locust), 2.1, 5.1, 6.1
farmers, farming, see agriculture
Fay, Joseph
Federal Hall (New York)
Federalist Papers, 4.1, 6.1
Federalists, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1
fermes ornées (ornamental farms), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1
fig
Flora Americae Septentrionalis (Pursh), 7.1n
Flora Virginica (Gronovious), 3.1n
flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
“flowering pea of Arkansa” (Vicia americana), 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Flushing, N.Y.
food movements
forests
conservation of
at Monticello, 8.1, 8.2
at Montpelier, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3
Fort Mandan
Foster, Augustus John
founding fathers, xi, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5
foxglove
fox grape (Vitis labrusca)
France
English-style gardens in
in Seven Years’ War
U.S. relations with, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2
Franklin, Benjamin, prl.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, 9.2
agricultural and botanical interests of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 1.1, 9.1, 9.2
agriculture promoted by, 5.1, 5.2
American self-sufficiency as goal of, prl.1, prl.2
Bartram’s correspondence with
boycott of British goods urged by, prl.1, prl.2
at Constitutional Convention, 3.1, 3.2
deforestation as concern of, 9.1, 9.2
in dispute over “degenerate” American environment
fireplace design of
garden of
seed collecting by, prl.1, prl.2
Franklin, Deborah
Franklin, William, prl.1, 9.1
Franklinia alatamaha (Franklin tree), 3.1, 5.1
Franklin tree (Franklinia alatamaha), 3.1, 5.1
Fraxinus americana (ash tree), 1.1, 8.1
French Revolution, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 9.1
Freneau, Philip, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1
fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2
Fritillaria imperialis (crown imperial)
Fritillaria pudica (yellow fritillary “Lilly, the yellow of the Columbia”), 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2
Gabriel conspiracy
Gallatin, Albert, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1
Gardeners Dictionary (Miller), 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1
gardenia (Gardenia augusta)
Gardenia augusta (gardenia)
gardens, gardening, as political metaphor, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1
Gazette of the United States, 4.1, 4.2
George, Lake, 4.1, 4.2
George III, King of England
Georgia, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1
Georgics (Virgil)
glacier lily (Erythronium grandiflorum)
Glaucium flavum (yellow-horned poppy)
Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust), 1.1, 4.1
Gloucester hickory
golden current (Ribes aureum)
golden pea (Thermopsis montana)
gooseberry, 8.1, 8.2
gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati)
gooseberry (Ribes hirellum)
Gordonia pubescens (later Franklinia alatamaha)
Grafton, Duke of
Grange, 3.1, 3.2
Granny Milly (slave), 9.1, 9.2
grapes, 1.1, 9.1
Gray’s Ferry, 3.1, 3.2
Great Britain
agricultural innovation in, 9.1, 9.2
American boycott of goods from, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1
American colonies’ quest for economic independence from
American trees and shrubs in, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 9.1
anti-Americanism in
crop rotation in
effects of Enclosure Acts in
gardens as obsession in, prl.1, 2.1
garden tours in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1, 8.2
model cottage movement in, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
non-native plants in
in Seven Years’ War
U.S. relations with, 8.1, 8.2
U.S. trade with, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 9.1
U.S. wheat embargo in
in War of 1812, 9.1, 9.2
Great Compromise
Great Plains
Grenville, Lord
Gresham, Thomas
grizzly bear
Gronovious, Frederick
guelder rose (Viburnum opulus roseum), 1.1, 8.1
Guernsey lily
guinea grass (Panicum maximum)
Gunston Hall, 1.1, 1.2
Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffee tree)
Hagley
ha-ha, 2.1, 5.1, 9.1
Haiti (Santo Domingo), 7.1, 9.1
Halesia carolina (Carolina silverbell), 3.1, 5.1