helmets: attention 369; ‘mind-reading’ 45
Henrich, Joseph 43
Herodotus 173, 174
Hinduism 90, 182, 185, 188, 198, 207, 263, 270, 271, 272, 352, 386
Hitler, Adolf 182, 183, 357, 380
Holocaust 165, 259
Holocene 72
Holy Spirit 229, 229, 230, 230
Homo deus: Homo sapiens upgrade to 43–9, 356–71; techno-humanism and 356–71
Homo sapiens: conquer the world 69, 21, 43–9; immortality 21–9; loses control 281–402; problems with predicting history of 56–65
homosexuality 121, 196, 238, 277–8
Hong Xiuquan 273
Human Effectiveness Directorate, Ohio 290
humanism 199, 221; aesthetics and 230, 235, 235, 244, 221, 234, 234; education system and 233, 235, 235, 236; ethics 99; nationalism and 234, 234, 250–2; revolution, humanist 222–79; schism within 248–59; Scientific Revolution gives birth to 97–100; socialist see socialist humanism/socialism; techno-humanism 356–71; value of experience and 259–63; war narratives and 243–8, 244, 247, 255–8; wars of religion, 1914-1991 263–9
hunter-gatherers 34, 60, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 141, 142, 156, 163, 169, 175, 176, 270, 326, 360, 365, 366, 383
Hussein, Saddam 19, 311–2
IBM 318, 324, 335
Iliescu, Ion 137, 138
‘imagined orders’ 143–50 see also intersubjective meaning
immigration 250–2
immortality 30, 47, 51, 52, 56, 65, 66, 67, 139, 180, 270, 278, 355, 400
in vitro fertilisation x, 53–4
Inanna 157, 328
India: drought and famine in 3; economic growth in modern 266, 267; Hindu revival, 19th-century 272, 273, 275; hunter-gatherers in 96; liberalism and 266, 267; population growth rate 9
individualism: evolutionary theory and 104–5; liberal idea of undermined by twenty-firstcentury technology 332–50; self and 296–306, 303, 305
Industrial Revolution 57, 64, 276, 315, 322, 330, 379, 401
inequality 56, 264, 382, 402
intelligence: animal 81, 82, 100, 138; decoupling from consciousness 357, 402; definition of 100, 138; upgrading human 352, 357 see also techno-humanism; value of consciousness and 402
intelligent design 73, 103
internet: distribution of power 379, 389; Internet-of-All-Things 386, 387, 394, 395, 398, 400; rapid rise of 50–1
intersubjective meaning 180, 327, 357
Iraq 3, 17, 40, 277
Islam 19, 138, 189, 197, 206, 207, 208, 223, 228, 250, 263, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278, 356, 397; fundamentalist 19, 197, 228, 270, 271, 272, 277, 356 see also Muslims
Islamic State (IS) 277, 356
Isonzo battles, First World War 302–4, 303
Israel 48, 96, 251
Italy 264, 302–4, 303
Jainism 94–5
Jamestown, Virginia 300
Japan 30, 31, 33, 208, 248, 354, 355
Jefferson, Thomas 32, 193, 251, 284, 307
Jeopardy! (game show) 318, 318
Jesus Christ 155, 184, 188, 273, 276, 299
Jews/Judaism: ancient/biblical 94, 173, 174, 182, 194, 270, 396; animal welfare and 94; expulsions from early modern Europe 198, 199; Great Jewish Revolt (AD 70) 183
Jolie, Angelina 340, 352
Jones, Lieutenant Henry 256
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 359–60
Joyce, James: Ulysses 242
JSTOR digital library 388–9
Jung, Carl 225–6
Kahneman, Daniel 296, 343
Kasparov, Garry 324, 324
Khmer Rouge 266
Khrushchev, Nikita 265, 275–6
Kurzweil, Ray 24, 25, 27; The Singularity Is Near 386
Kyoto protocol, 1997 216–7
Lake Fayum engineering project, Egypt 175, 179
Larson, Professor Steve 329
Law of the Jungle 14–21
lawns 59–65, 62, 63
lawyers, replacement by artificial intelligence of 316–7
Lea, Tom: That, 2,000 Yard Stare (1944) 246, 247, 248
Lee Sedol 325
Lenin, Vladimir 208, 253, 275, 380
Lenin Academy for Agricultural Sciences 376–7
Levy, Professor Frank 326
liberal humanism/liberalism 182, 249; contemporary alternatives to 313; free will and 306; humanism and see humanism; humanist wars of religion, 1914–1991 and 307; meaning of life and 306, 307; schism within humanism and 262, 393; victory of 267–8
life expectancy 5, 51
‘logic bombs’ (malicious software codes) 17
Louis XIV, King 4, 64, 229
lucid dreaming 366–7
Luther, Martin 277, 278
Luther King, Martin 265–6
Lysenko, Trofim 376–7
MAD (mutual assured destruction) 267
malaria 12, 19, 318
malnutrition 3, 5, 6, 10, 27, 56
Mao Zedong 27, 165, 167, 253, 261, 265, 380
Maris, Bill 24
marriage: artificial intelligence and 348; gay 277, 278; humanism and 277, 278, 293, 343, 369; life expectancy and 26
Mattersight Corporation 321–2
Mazzini, Giuseppe 251–2
meaning of life 185, 224, 225, 343, 391–2
Memphis, Egypt 158–9
Mendes, Aristides de Sousa 164, 164–5
mental spectrum 365
Merkel, Angela 250–1
Mesopotamia 93
Mexico 11, 265
Michelangelo 27, 255; David 262
Microsoft 16, 157, 335; Band 335; Cortana 346–7
Mill, John Stuart 35
‘mind-reading’ helmet 45
Mindojo 317
MIT 326, 389
modern covenant 222
Modi, Narendra 207, 208
money: credit and 145, 146, 171, 177; invention of 157, 158, 357, 384–5; investment in growth 210–2
mother–infant bond 88–90
Mubarak, Hosni 138
Muhammad 189, 228, 272, 397
Murnane, Professor Richard 326
Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar 64
Muslims: Charlie Hebdo attack and 228; Crusades and 147, 148, 149, 150; economic growth, belief in 207; evaluating success of 175; evolution and 104; expulsions of from early modern Europe 198, 199; free will and 287; lawns and 64–5; LGBT community and 227–8 see also Islam
Mussolini, Benito 304
Myanmar 145, 207
Nagel, Thomas 362
nanotechnology 23, 25, 51, 98, 271, 349, 357
National Health Service, UK 339–40
National Salvation Front, Romania 137
NATO 266–7
Naveh, Danny 76, 96
Nayaka people 96
Nazism 182, 183, 249, 380, 382, 401
Ne Win, General 145
Neanderthals 50, 156, 263, 275, 361, 384
Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylonia 173, 311–2
Nelson, Shawn 257
New York Times 311, 352, 375
New Zealand: Animal Welfare Amendment Act, 2015 123
Newton, Isaac 27, 144, 198
Nietzsche, Friedrich 236, 256, 270
non-organic beings 43, 44, 45–6 Norenzayan, Ara 359–60
Novartis 335
nuclear weapons 15, 17, 17, 132, 150, 163, 217, 267, 377
Nyerere, Julius 166
Oakland Athletics 325–6
Obama, President Barack 316, 381
obesity 18, 54
OncoFinder 327
Ottoman Empire 198, 208
‘Our Boys Didn’t Die in Vain’ syndrome 303
Page, Larry 28
paradox of knowledge 56–9
Paris Agreement, 2015 217
Pathway Pharmaceuticals 327
Petsuchos 161–2
Pfungst, Oskar 130
pharmacists 320
p
igs, domesticated 90, 99, 101, 102, 233
Pinker, Steven 307
Pius IX, Pope 272–3
Pixie Scientific 335
plague/infectious disease 1–2, 6–14
political famines 4
politics: automation of 41; liberalism and 231, 234, 234, 236, 249N, 254; life expectancy and 27, 29; revolution and 133–8; speed of change in 58–9
pollution 20, 176, 346
poverty 19, 33, 56, 252, 253, 264, 354–5
Presley, Elvis 159, 159–60
Problem of Other Minds 120–1, 127–8
Protestant Reformation 199, 244–6, 245
psychology: evolutionary 118; humanism and 225–6, 253–4; positive 365–7
Putin, Vladimir 27, 350, 381
pygmy chimpanzees (bonobos) 139–40
Quantified Self movement 336
quantum physics 104, 171, 183, 236
Qur’an 170, 175, 271, 272
rats, laboratory 38, 39, 102, 121–5, 124, 128–9, 288–9
relativity, theory of 103, 104, 171
religion: animals and 173; animist 91, 92, 96, 97, 173; challenge to liberalism 270; Dataism 68, 236, 263, 270; humanist ethic and 173; science, relationship with 99, 276; twenty-first century 178
revolutions 60, 155, 310, 312–3
Ritalin 39, 369
robo-rat 288–9
Roman Empire 99, 192, 193, 195, 242, 378
Romanian Revolution, 1989 139
Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare) 225, 284, 307
Russian Revolution, 1917 137
Rwanda 15–6
Saarinen, Sharon 54
Saladin 147, 148, 149, 151–2
Sanders, Bernie 380
Santino (chimpanzee) 126–8
Saraswati, Dayananda 272, 273, 275
Scientific Revolution 213, 385
Scotland 4, 305, 305
Second World War, 1939–45 21, 34, 56, 116, 164, 255, 294
self: animal self-consciousness 348; free will and 225, 232, 249, 306, 307, 308, 343; life sciences undermine liberal idea of 173, 174; single authentic self, humanist idea of 253, 396; socialism and self-reflection 287; techno-humanism and 291
Seligman, Martin 365
Senusret III 161, 162
September 11 attacks, New York, 2001 19, 379
Shavan, Shlomi 336
Shedet, Egypt 161–2
Silicon Valley 24, 25, 269, 276, 356, 386
Sima Qian 173–4
Singapore 32, 208
slavery 96–7
smallpox 8–9, 10–1
Snayers, Pieter: Battle of White Mountain 248
Sobek 163, 171, 179–80
socialist humanism/socialism 258, 265, 266, 267, 268, 330, 356, 382
soul 29, 92, 129, 131, 133, 139, 147, 148, 149, 151, 160, 187, 190, 196, 231, 274, 284, 285, 287, 293, 328, 329, 386
South Korea 33, 152, 266, 268, 296, 325, 354, 401
Soviet Union: communism and 207, 209, 375, 375, 375, 136, 137, 146, 146, 268; economy and 207, 209, 375, 375, 265
Spanish Flu 11
Sperry, Professor Roger Wolcott 294
St Augustine 277, 278
Stalin, Joseph 27, 258, 350, 397
stock exchange 204, 211, 296, 316, 372–3, 374–5, 376
Stone Age 34, 60, 74, 80, 132, 155, 156, 157, 163, 176, 263
sub-normative mental spectrum 364, 365
subjective experience 80, 155, 180, 231, 239, 394, 399
Sudan 272, 273, 275
suicide rates 2, 15, 33
Sumerians 159, 328
Survivor (TV reality show) 242
Swartz, Aaron 388
Sylvester I, Pope 192
Syria 3, 19, 150, 171, 222, 277, 316
Taiping Rebellion, 1850–64 273
Talwar, Professor Sanjiv 288–9
techno-humanism: definition of 357; focus of psychological research and 358–64; human will and 368–71; upgrading of mind 364–71
technology: Dataism and see Dataism; inequality; and future 351–5; liberal idea of individual challenged by 332–50; renders humans economically and militarily useless 309–32; techno-humanism and see techno-humanism
Tekmira 204
terrorism 14, 228, 290, 292, 314
Tesla 115, 326
Thatcher, Margaret 58, 377
Thiel, Peter 24–5
Third Man, The (movie) 255–6
Thirty Years War, 1618–48 244–5
Three Gorges Dam 163, 189, 197
Thucydides 173, 174
Toyota 232, 296, 327
transcranial stimulators 45, 369
Tree of Knowledge, biblical 76–7, 77, 97–8
Trump, Donald 380
tuberculosis 9, 19, 23, 24
Turing, Alan 121, 372
Turing Machine 372
Turing Test 121
23andMe 341
Twitter 48, 138, 316, 393
Uganda 196
United States: Dataism and 379; energy usage and happiness levels in 34; evolution, suspicion of within 103; Kyoto protocol, 1997 and 249N; nuclear weapons and 163; pursuit of happiness and 174; value of life in compared to Afghan life 101; Vietnam War and 266, 267; well-being levels 34
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 21, 24
Urban II, Pope 230
Uruk 156–7
US Army 369
Valla, Lorenzo 193
Valle Giulia, Battle of 1968 265
vampire bats 205–6
Vedas 170, 182, 272
Vietnam War, 1954–75 58, 246, 266, 267
virtual-reality worlds 331
VITAL 327
Voyager golden record 260–1
Waal, Frans de 141–2
Walter, Jean-Jacques: Gustav Adolph of Sweden at the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) 244, 244, 245, 246, 248
war 1–3, 14–9; humanism and narratives of 243–8, 244, 247, 255–8
Warsaw Pact 266–7
Watson, John 90
Watson (artificial intelligence system) 318, 335
Waze 346–7
web of meaning 144–50
WEIRD (Western, educated, industrialised, rich and democratic) countries, psychology research focus on 358, 364, 365
West Africa: Ebola and 11, 13, 204
‘What Is It Like to Be a Bat?’ (Nagel) 362
White House lawn 62, 62, 64
Wilson, Woodrow 311
Wojcicki, Anne 341
World Cup Final, 2014 36, 37, 63
World Food Conference, Rome, 1974 5
World Health Organization 10, 11, 13
writing: algorithmic organization of societies and 160–3; invention of 157–60, 384–5; shaping reality through 163–78
Yersinia pestis 7, 7
Zeus 47, 177
About the Author
YUVAL NOAH HARARI has a PhD in history from the University of Oxford and now lectures at the Department of History at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, specializing in world history. His first book, Sapiens, was translated into more than forty languages and became a bestseller in the US, the UK, France, China, Korea, and numerous other countries.
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Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind
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HOMO DEUS. Copyright © 2017 by Yuval Noah Harari. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of Harper
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Translated by the author.
First published as The History of Tomorrow in Hebrew in Israel in 2015 by Kinneret Zmora-Bitan Dvir.
Previously published in Great Britain in 2016 by Harvill Secker, a division of Penguin Random House Group Ltd.
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* The formula takes a multiplication symbol because the elements work one on the other. At least according to medieval scholastics, you cannot understand the Bible without logic. If your logic value is zero, then even if you read every page of the Bible, the sum of your knowledge would still be zero. Conversely, if your scripture value is zero, then no amount of logic can help you. If the formula used the addition symbol, the implication would be that somebody with lots of logic and no scriptures would still have a lot of knowledge – which you and I may find reasonable, but medieval scholastics did not.
* In American politics, liberalism is often interpreted far more narrowly, and contrasted with ‘conservatism’. In the broad sense of the term, however, most American conservatives are also liberal.