Denisova Cave, Siberia 7–8, 16, 17
Denisovans 7–8, 16, 17, 18, 19
Department of Defense, US 262
determinism 238–40
Dickens, Charles 165, 366
dinar 184
Dinka people 196
Diogenes 112
diprotodon 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 74
DNA 4, 16, 19, 21, 41, 83, 93, 393–4, 402–3, 409–10
Dutch West Indies Company (WIC) 322
dwarfing 7
East Africa viii, 4, 5–6, 8, 13–14, 15, 20, 48, 77, 290, 296
East Asia 6, 14, 21, 140, 178, 184, 194, 218, 227, 286, 288, 316
Easter Island 73
ecological disasters 65–74, 239, 350–1
Ecuador 82, 126, 370
Edward I, King 269–70
Edward II, King 270
Egypt 75, 75, 94, 94, 103, 104, 115, 116, 116, 124, 126, 128, 153, 154, 171–2, 183, 194, 201, 202, 203, 215, 217, 241, 266, 281, 284, 326, 376, 384, 385, 385
Einstein, Albert 22, 38, 254, 338
Eisenhower, Dwight 260
El-Asad, Hafez 363
Eleanor, Queen 269–70
electricity 249, 338
elephant bird 72–3
elephants 4, 5, 7, 22, 158, 213, 224, 350, 402
elites 34, 79, 101, 102–12, 115, 116, 156, 192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 208, 215, 232, 283, 295, 303, 313, 316, 346, 369, 374, 410
Elizabeth I, Queen 153
energy 333, 334–41, 350, 351, 376
empire:
capitalism and 315–28
common culture, spreads 195–203
cultural assimilation under 198–203
cycle, imperial 202–3
‘evil’ nature of 191–4
first ix, 103–8
global 207–8
language, emergence of and 103–12, 120–2, 126
majority of cultures as offspring of 188–9
positive legacies of 193–4, 204–7
religion and 215–16, 218, 219–20, 222, 238, 241, 242
modern, collapse of 368–70
science and 275–304
as universal order 188–9
definition 190–1
Enga 82
Epicureanism 223
equality 106–10, 113, 133, 134, 141, 159, 164–5, 202, 203, 204, 231, 233, 282, 303, 409, 410–11
Euphrates River 101
Eurasia viii, 6, 14, 67, 280
Europe viii, ix, 6, 8, 14, 15, 16, 21, 28, 35, 44, 59, 77, 130, 136, 140, 144, 150, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 184, 185, 193, 201, 202, 203, 209, 216, 218, 231, 241, 244, 250, 252, 258, 263, 268, 269, 272, 275, 276, 277, 278–83, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290–1, 294, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322, 326, 330–1, 332, 333, 341, 348, 354, 362–3, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 376, 377, 379, 389, 409
European Union 363
evolution viii, 4, 8, 9, 10, 15, 16, 20, 33, 39, 40, 41, 71, 78–9, 80, 83, 93, 96, 97, 103, 109, 147, 148, 155, 157, 172, 195, 232, 233, 234–5, 236, 242, 243–4, 248, 253, 258, 262, 272, 285, 343–4, 360, 378, 386, 391, 399, 408 see also genetics
evolutionary humanism 232–6
evolutionary psychology 40, 41, 343–4
extinction viii, ix, 17, 18–19, 20, 21, 65–74, 83, 97, 232, 235, 305, 350–1, 402–4
family and the local community, collapse of 355–64, 382
famine 51–2, 87, 264, 265, 301–2, 331–2, 378, 379, 415
fictions, evolution of 24–36, 39, 45, 132, 134, 163 see also myths
Fiji 73
fire, domestication of viii, 12–13, 14, 68
First World War, 1914–18 260–1, 340–1, 365, 374
fishing villages 48, 64
Flores Island, Indonesia 7, 19, 63
food chain, man jumps to top of 11–12, 64–5, 155
France 1, 29, 30–1, 32, 38, 102, 118, 150, 156, 164, 190, 192, 194, 201, 202, 216, 220, 270, 281, 282, 283, 297, 300, 302, 303, 308, 316, 319–20, 322–5, 326, 340, 363, 364, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 373, 377, 388, 389, 399
Frankenstein 411–14
Franklin, Benjamin 265, 265
free market 113, 230, 328–30, 331, 356, 377
free trade 198, 326
French Empire 156, 192, 324, 369, 370
French Revolution, 1789 32, 38, 102, 164, 324, 365, 366, 377, 389
Front National 303
Galapagos Islands 74, 252, 284
game theory 243
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand 200–1, 369, 375
Ganges Valley 211
Gauls 183, 198, 202, 203, 289, 290
Gautama, Siddhartha 224–6, 228
gender 107, 144–59, 150, 151, 303, 407, 413
genetic programming 408–9
genetics 4, 7–8, 15–16, 17, 21, 32–6, 43, 45, 83, 84, 90, 109, 120, 140, 232, 238, 258, 267, 270, 274, 315, 380, 385, 386, 389, 398, 401–2, 403, 408–9, 410, 413, 414
genus viii, 4–5, 8
Germany 23, 34, 145, 192, 193, 198, 235, 257, 261, 281, 300, 302, 319, 340–1, 354, 362, 363, 364, 371, 405
Gilgamesh Project 266–71, 410, 414
global warming 70, 84, 207, 351
Gnosticism 222
Göbekli Tepe 89–90, 90, 91, 123
gold 173–4, 180, 182, 183, 184–6, 187, 209, 244, 297, 313, 316, 317, 319, 330, 338, 340, 372, 373
Gorbachev, Mikhail 369, 370
Great Pyramid of Giza 116, 116
Great Survey of India 297–8
Greece 146, 153, 183, 188, 190, 191, 199, 213–14, 283, 299, 300, 302, 326–7, 326, 371
Greek Rebellion, 1821 326–7, 327
green monkeys 22, 32
Green, Charles 276
Gulf War, 1990–1 371
Gupta Empire 206, 298
Haber, Fritz 341
Habsburg Empire 190, 193
Hadrian, Emperor 200
Halley, Edmond 257
Ham, son of Noah 140
Han Empire ix, 194, 201
happiness 83, 93, 108, 109, 110, 120, 131, 243, 314, 376–96
Harlow, Harry 344–6
Harry Potter 137
Hawaii 63, 73, 168
Henry the Navigator, Prince 284
Hephaestion 146
hierarchy, principle of 25, 26, 33, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 107–10, 111, 114, 133–48, 155, 210, 241, 303, 342
hindsight fallacy 237–41
Hindu religion 43, 127, 130, 135, 138, 139, 143, 151, 205, 206, 214, 227, 230, 273–4, 299, 300, 406
Hispaniola 71
history:
biology and 37–9
birth of viii, 3, 37–9
direction of 163–72, 237–44
hindsight fallacy 237–41
human well-being and 241–4 see also happiness
justice in 133–59
next stage of 413–14
prediction of 237–41
timeline of viii–ix
Hitler, Adolf 234, 235, 236, 365, 374
Hittite Empire 194
Holy Grail 164
home 85–6, 98–9, 100
Homo denisova 7–8, 16, 17, 18–19
Homo erectus 6, 8, 12, 14, 33, 77
Homo ergaster 8, 77
Homo floresiensis viii, 7
Homo neanderthalensis see Neanderthals
Homo rudolfensis 6, 8
Homo sapien:
Agricultural Revolution and see Agricultural Revolution
appearance of in Africa viii, 5, 8, 13–19, 20, 21
becomes a god 415–16
Cognitive Revolution and see Cognitive Revolution
end of 397–416
global migrations viii, 5–6, 13–19, 15, 20, 21, 48, 77
other human species and 13–19, 20–36
Scientific Revolution and see Scientific Revolution
unification of humankind and 161, 163–244
as xenophobic creature 195–6
Homo soloensis 6–7,
18
Homo: evolution of genus viii, 4, 5 see also human
Hong Kong 326
Huitzilopochtli 215, 219
Human Brain Project 409
Human Enhancement question 413
human rights 28, 32, 37, 110, 111, 112, 118, 168, 198, 202, 203, 204, 207, 231, 234, 240, 363, 401, 410
humanism 230–2, 233, 234, 236, 253
humans:
appearance of 3–4, 5–8
brains of see brain
common defining characteristics of 8–9
distinct species of viii, 5–8, 6, 7 see also under individual species name
fire and cooking, discovery of 12–13
food chain, jumps to top of 11–12, 64–5, 155
other apes and viii, 5
relations between different species of 13–19, 20–36
spread from Africa to Eurasia viii, 5–6, 13–19, 20, 21, 48, 77
superhumans see superhumans
use of tools see tools, first
walk upright 9–10
see also under individual species name
hunter-gatherers/foragers 38, 40–62, 64, 78, 79, 81, 85, 89, 98, 99, 121, 167, 174–5, 211, 272, 376, 377, 378
Hussein, Saddam 363, 364
Huxley, Aldous: Brave New World 390
Iberian peninsula 13, 173, 188, 189, 199, 200
Ice Age 6, 66, 84, 167
ignorance, discovery of ix, 247–54
Iliad 127, 146
imagined communities 362–4
imagined orders 102–18, 133–4, 152, 172, 177, 363
imagined realities 31, 32, 37, 45, 112–18
Inca Empire 125, 125, 126, 128, 153, 168, 176, 292, 293, 294–6
Incitatus 95–6
India ix, 115–16, 130, 135–6, 137, 138–9, 140, 144, 145, 184, 185, 193, 196, 199–200, 202, 203, 204–6, 205, 222, 223, 243, 297–302, 331–2
individualism 113, 114, 231, 233, 359–60, 392–4
Indonesia 6–7, 13, 48, 63–4, 169, 207, 286, 290, 291, 321–2, 325, 332, 333
Indus River/Valley 101, 211, 298
Industrial Revolution ix, 74, 141, 264, 332, 335, 337, 339, 341, 346, 351, 352, 353, 355–6, 358–9, 363, 376 see also Scientific Revolution
intelligent design ix, 397–8, 399
inter-subjectivity 116–18, 152, 177, 363
Interbreeding Theory 14, 15, 16
internal combustion engine 315, 338
internet 365, 407, 408, 413
Iran 55, 77, 106, 168, 169, 194, 201, 202, 203, 374, 371
Iraq 106, 184, 194, 363, 364, 366, 370, 371, 373
Isabella of France, Queen 270
Islam ix, 172, 201, 202, 203, 209–10, 218, 219, 228, 229, 239, 242, 251, 266, 283, 296, 362, 376, 413
Israel 47, 60, 168, 217, 371, 374, 387
Jabl Sahaba, Sudan 60
Jainism 223
Japan 209, 227, 261–2, 286, 291, 296, 321, 341, 371, 402, 407
Jati (Indian caste groupings) 139
Java, Indonesia 6–7, 332
Jefferson, Thomas 111, 113
Jericho 83, 86, 103
Jerusalem 127, 193
Jesus of Nazareth 18, 217, 238, 259, 264, 265–6, 308
Jews 55, 139, 146, 192, 193, 195, 217, 218, 222, 232, 341, 365
‘Jim Crow’ laws 142
Jones, William 299–300, 302, 304
Jordan 184, 191, 363, 370
Judaea 193, 195
Judaism 217, 238
Ka’aba, Mecca 161, 209–10
Kac, Eduardo 398–9, 400
Kahneman, Daniel 390
Kalahari Desert, Africa 44, 50, 59
Karaçadag Hills 90
King, Clennon 142–3
Kipling, Rudyard 301
Kshatriyas 135
Ku Klux Klan 143
Kublai Khan 209
Kushan Empire 206
Kushim 123
Kuwait 370, 373
language, evolution of viii, ix, 19, 20–8, 21n, 44, 45, 46, 119–32, 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 201, 256–9, 280, 298–301, 302 see also under individual language name
Lascaux Cave 56, 56, 100
Latin language 4, 6, 30, 31, 54, 81, 124, 126, 166, 189, 199, 202, 250, 299, 300, 302
Law of Large Numbers 256–7
Law, John 322–3, 324
le Pen, Marine 303
Lebanon 363, 370
legal fiction 29
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 228, 253, 365
Leopold II of Belgium, King 332
Levant 20, 77, 78, 85, 201
liberal humanism 230–3, 234, 236, 253
liberalism 198, 203, 228, 229, 230, 235, 271, 303, 392–4
liberty, concept of 108, 109–10, 111, 120, 133, 134, 165, 230–1
Libya 32, 200, 370
life expectancy 50–1, 268–9, 270, 333, 402, 403
life sciences 236
life-insurance 256–8
limited liability companies 29–30, 31, 32, 37, 110, 317–22, 325, 363
Lind, James 276–7
linguistics 21n, 23–4, 258, 284, 298–302 see also language
locked-in syndrome 407
Louis XIV of France, King 150
Louis XV of France, King 322–3, 324
Louis XVI of France, King 111, 264, 324, 389
luxury trap 84–8
Lydia 182, 183, 183, 184
Macedonian Empire 146, 153, 184, 188, 263
Maclaurin, Colin 256, 257
Madagascar 63, 72–3, 275, 291
Magellan, Ferdinand 168, 248, 284
Majapahit, empire of 290
Mali 209
Malthus, Robert 258
mammoths 5, 48, 56–7, 58, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 78, 90, 378, 402
Mandate of Heaven 196–7, 198, 207
Manhattan Island 319, 323, 323
Manhattan Project 261, 263
Manichaean creed 222, 237, 238, 241 242, 255
Manus 64
Maoris 66–7, 201, 277
maps 286–91, 289
Mari 127–8
Marquis Islands 73
marriage 382, 387–8
marsupials 65, 66, 67, 68, 69
Marx, Karl 18, 228, 229, 242, 253, 271, 283, 325
masculinity 145, 148, 150, 151, 152–3, 155
mathematics 39, 89, 121, 122, 124–6, 127, 130–2, 251, 254–9, 275, 300
Mauryan Empire 198, 206, 298
Mayan Empire 67, 292
meditation 224, 226, 394, 395
Mediterranean ix, 35, 73, 102, 103, 184, 185, 188, 191, 194, 223, 238, 279, 280, 340
Melanesians 16
memetics 242–4
Menes 171–2
Mesoamerican World 168
Mesopotamia 105, 106–7, 122, 126, 128–9, 167, 181–2, 194, 201, 209
Mexico 55, 70, 78, 170, 173, 185, 191, 291–6, 374
microorganisms 248–9, 398
Middle East viii, 14, 16, 20, 21, 77, 78, 80, 84, 85–6, 88, 103, 140, 145, 192, 222, 240, 279, 298, 299, 303, 330, 363
military–industrial–scientific complex 260, 280, 281
Ming Empire 280, 290, 357–8
Mississippi Bubble 322–5, 329
Mississippi Delta 70
Mitchell, Claudia 405, 406
Modern Times (movie) 353
Mohenjo-daro 298
money 172, 173–87 see also capitalism
Mongol Empire 166, 199, 209, 262, 263, 284, 370
monogamy 39, 41, 42, 55, 402, 403
Montezuma II 294–5, 297
moon, humans land on the, 20th July, 1969 4, 64, 248, 249, 285–6, 287, 304, 376
Mubarak, Hosni 241, 384, 385
Mughal Empire 193, 206, 280, 296, 298
Muslims 43, 144, 153, 165–6, 169, 173–4, 184, 185, 196, 198, 201, 202, 203, 206, 209–10, 222, 223, 237, 242, 281–2, 283, 297, 300, 303, 315, 316, 362, 371
Mussolini, Benito 261
mythology 24, 25, 27–8, 32–3, 36, 38, 46, 102–3, 105–6, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114–15, 116, 117, 118, 135, 138
, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148–9, 157, 159, 163, 192, 212, 253, 255, 264, 267, 282, 301, 363, 412
Nader Shah 316, 317
nanotechnology 262, 270, 315
Napoleon Bonaparte 156, 284, 325, 389
Napoleon III of France 340
nationalism 25, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 228, 230, 240, 243, 271, 325, 326, 359, 362–4, 376–7, 391
Natufian culture 85, 89, 123
natural selection ix, 10, 34, 235, 272, 302, 386, 393, 397, 398–9
Navarino, Battle of, 1827 327, 327
Nazism 34, 228, 232–6, 253, 274, 331, 354
Neanderthal Genome Project 402
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) viii, 6, 8, 12, 13–18, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 34–5, 36, 38, 61, 69, 77, 103, 123, 232, 398, 402–3, 404, 411, 412
Netherlands 283, 317–21, 325, 332
New Amsterdam 322, 323
New Britain 35, 64
New Caledonia 73
New Guinea 35, 78, 82, 82, 94
New Ireland 35, 64
New Testament 34, 265
New Zealand 46, 63, 66–7, 73, 168, 276, 277
Newton, Isaac 258, 283; The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 255–6
Nietzsche, Friedrich 391
Nile Valley 103, 385
Nordic gods 214
North Africa 6, 173, 174, 218, 222, 262, 279
North America 59, 67, 71, 78, 80, 108, 168, 170, 275, 325
Nü Wa 135
nuclear family 39, 41, 42, 45, 55, 56, 360, 362
nuclear physics/weapons ix, 24, 38, 39, 169, 243, 245, 245, 249, 259, 272–3, 335, 338, 339, 351, 369, 372, 374, 379, 412
Nuer tribe 95, 196
Numantia 188–9, 191, 192, 199, 263
Nurhaci 316, 317
Obama, Barack 151, 199, 384
obsidian 35, 36, 174, 211
Oceanic World 168
Ofnet Cave, Bavaria 60
Old Testament 182, 222, 223
Olympias of Macedon, Queen 146
Opium War, First, 1840–2 325–6
Oppenheimer, Robert 245, 372
organisms, emergence of viii, 3
Orwell, George: Nineteen Eighty–Four 390
Ottoman Empire 138, 153, 280, 281, 296, 297, 316, 326, 327, 357, 370
‘Outer World’ 63, 66, 279
Pakistan 221, 243, 371
patriarchy 5, 152–9, 355
Patroclus 146
Paul of Tarsus 217, 218, 393
peaceful era, modern times as 366–75
permanent settlements, emergence of viii, 48, 52, 85–6, 87, 98, 103
Persian Empire ix, 103, 195, 196, 199, 222, 281–2, 283, 290, 298
personalised medicine 409–10
Peugeot 28–31, 29, 105, 117–18
Peugeot, Armand 30, 31
Philip, Emperor 200
Philip of Macedon, King 146
Philippines 284
physics, beginning of viii, 3, 21
Pius, Emperor Antonius 200
Pizarro, Francisco 292, 295–6