The Prince of Darkness is a gentleman. (3.4.146)
In Edgar's vanquishing of Oswald, which is the triumph of the lowly and the unprepossessing over the world of robes and furred gowns, Lear's great social speeches are enacted and answered.
A similar intention, to effect on stage a symbolic tableau, dictates the grouping of the protagonists at the end of the play. All are there in the resolution, occupying, I think, the same positions they assumed at first, and not least the wicked sisters, whose dead bodies are brought on, no doubt to exemplify this judgment of the heavens, but more, to direct the attention of the audience back and back, over all the dreadful ground that has been traced, to the opening scene. In their beginning is their ending. Perhaps the great wheel of the play, now come full circle, is impelled in its progress by something more than mechanical law.
What this other law may be is the central question Shakespeare poses and endeavors to answer. Lear, as is fitting, is made to enunciate it: "Who is it that can tell me who I am?" (1.4.236) But the question is not peculiar to Lear but is implicit in the utterance and conduct of all those who inhabit the darkness with him. Kent as Caius is interrogated by the King: What art thou?
A man, sir. (10-11)
But what is it, to be a man? What is man to profess? To what law are his services bound? Gloucester interrogates Edgar: "Now, good sir, what are you?" and is answered: A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows,
Who, by the art of known and feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity. (4.6.224-25)
Cornwall, whose disposition will not be rubbed or stopped, does not manifest that pity. It is ascendant, though tardily, in Gloucester, who, if he dies for it, must relieve his master. Why is that? And why had Kent rather break his own heart than the King's? How does one construe that fitness to which Albany appeals, in declining to let his hands obey his blood; or that pleasure, a more intriguing word, which inclines the Old Man to succor the blinded Gloucester, "Come on't what will"? What point inheres in Albany's characterization of Oswald, as Oswald reports it: he called me sot,
And told me I had turned the wrong side out; (4.2.8-9)
and in what manner does it comment on the Captain's decision to collaborate in the killing of the King and Cordelia: If it be man's work, I'll do it. (5.3.40)
There ought here to ensue a brief though perceptible silence, in token of the irony and expectation with which these laconic words are charged. The dramatist is bidding us essay a definition of the nature of man's work and, concomitantly, of the nature of man. Edmund, with his customary coldbloodedness, addresses himself to the task: men
Are as the time is. (31-32)
Kent speaks to it, describing Oswald:
A tailor made thee. (2.2.55-56)
So in whimsical ways does the Fool, begging pardon of Goneril: Cry you mercy, I took you for a joint stool; (3.6.51)
and also the King, whose confusion is at once real and assumed: Your name, fair gentlewoman? (1.4.242)
and, in sterner ways, the Servant, drawing his sword against Cornwall: Nay, then, come on, and take the chance of anger. (3.7.79-80)
To divine the way in which these lines reticulate is to resolve at least a corner of the mystery which is the play.
--RUSSELL FRASER
University of Michigan
[DRAMATIS PERSONAE
Lear, King of Britain
King of France
Duke of Burgundy
Duke of Cornwall, husband to Regan
Duke of Albany, husband to Goneril
Earl of Kent
Earl of Gloucester
Edgar, son to Gloucester
Edmund, bastard son to Gloucester
Curan, a courtier
Oswald, steward to Goneril
Old Man, tenant to Gloucester Doctor
Lear's Fool
A Captain, subordinate to Edmund Gentlemen, attending on Cordelia
A Herald
Servants to Cornwall
Goneril
Regan } daughters to Lear
Cordelia
Knights attending on Lear, Officers, Messengers, Soldiers, Attendants
Scene: Britain]
The Tragedy of King Lear
ACT 1
Scene 1. [King Lear's palace.]
Enter Kent, Gloucester, and Edmund.
Kent I thought the King had more affected01 the Duke of Albanydeg than Cornwall.
Gloucester. It did always seem so to us; but now, in the division of the kingdom, it appears not which of the dukes he values most, for equalities are so weighed that curiosity in neither can make choice of either's moiety.deg
Kent. Is not this your son, my lord?
Gloucester. His breeding,deg sir, hath been at my charge. I have so often blushed to acknowledge him that now I am brazeddeg to't.
Kent. I cannot conceivedeg you.
Gloucester. Sir, this young fellow's mother could; whereupon she grew round-wombed, and had indeed, sir, a son for her cradle ere she had a husband for her bed. Do you smell a fault?
1 The degree sign (deg) indicates a footnote, which is keyed to the text by line number. Text references are printed in boldface type; the annotation follows in roman type. 1.1.1 affected loved
2 Albany Albanacte, whose domain extended "from the river Humber to the point of Caithness" (Holinshed)
5-7 equalities... moiety i.e., shares are so balanced against one another that careful examination by neither can make him wish the other's portion
9 breeding upbringing
11 brazed made brazen, hardened
12 conceive understand (pun follows)
Kent. I cannot wish the fault undone, the issuedeg of it being so proper.deg
Gloucester. But I have a son, sir, by order of law, some year elder than this, who yet is no dearer in my account:deg though this knavedeg came something saucilydeg to the world before he was sent for, yet was his mother fair, there was good sport at his making, and the whoresondeg must be acknowledged. Do you know this noble gentleman, Edmund?
Edmund No, my lord.
Gloucester. My Lord of Kent. Remember him hereafter as my honorable friend.
Edmund My services to your lordship.
Kent. I must love you, and suedeg to know you better.
Edmund. Sir, I shall study deserving.
Gloucester. He hath been outdeg nine years, and away he shall again. The King is coming. Sound a sennet. deg Enter one bearing a coronet, deg then King Lear, then the Dukes of Cornwall and Albany, next Goneril, Regan, Cordelia, and Attendants.
Lear. Attend the lords of France and Burgundy, Gloucester.
Lear. Meantime we shall express our darker purpose.deg Give me the map there. Know that we have divided
In three our kingdom; and 'tis our fastdeg intent
To shake all cares and business from our age,
Conferring them on younger strengths, while we 17 issue result (child)
18 proper handsome
21 account estimation
21 lame fellow (without disapproval)
22 saucily (1) insolently (2) lasciviously
24 whoreson fellow (lit, son of a whore)
31 sue entreat
33 out away, abroad
34 s.d. sennet set of notes played on a trumpet, signalizing the entrance or departure of a procession
34 s.d. coronet small crown, intended for Cordelia
38 darker purpose hidden intention
40 fast fixed
Unburthened crawl toward death. Our son of
Cornwall,
And you our no less loving son of Albany,
We have this hour a constant will to publishdeg
Our daughters' severaldeg dowers, that future strife
May be preventeddeg now. The Princes, France and
Burgundy,
Great rivals in our youngest daughter's love,
Long in our court have made their amorous sojour
n,
And here are to be answered. Tell me, my daughters
(Since now we will divest us both of rule,
Interestdeg of territory, cares of state),
Which of you shall we say doth love us most,
That we our largest bounty may extend
Where nature doth with merit challenge.deg Goneril,
Our eldest-born, speak first.
Goneril. Sir, I love you more than word can wielddeg the matter; Dearer than eyesight, spacedeg and liberty;
Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare;
No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor;
As much as child e'er loved, or father found;
A love that makes breathdeg poor, and speech
unable:deg
Beyond all manner of so muchdeg I love you.
Cordelia. [Aside] What shall Cordelia speak? Love, and be silent.
Lear. Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, With shadowy forests, and with champains riched,deg With plenteous rivers, and wide-skirted meads,deg
We make thee lady. To thine and Albany's issuesdeg
Be this perpetual. What says our second daughter, 45 constant will to publish fixed intention to proclaim
46 several separate
47 prevented forestalled
52 Interest legal right
55 nature ... challenge i.e., natural affection contends with desert for (or lays claim to) bounty
57 wield handle
58 space scope
62 breath language
62 unable impotent
63 Beyond ... much beyond all these comparisons
66 champains riched enriched plains
67 wide-skirted meads extensive grass-lands
68 issuesdescendants
69 perpetual in perpetuity
Our dearest Regan, wife of Cornwall? Speak.
Regan. I am made of that self mettledeg as my sister, And prize me at her worth.deg In my true heart I find she names my very deed of love;deg
Only she comes too short, thatdeg I profess
Myself an enemy to all other joys
Which the most precious square of sense
professes,deg
And find I am alone felicitatedeg
In your dear Highness' love.
Cordelia. [Aside] Then poor Cordelia! And yet not so, since I am sure my love's More ponderousdeg than my tongue.
Lear. To thee and thine hereditary ever Remain this ample third of our fair kingdom,
No less in space, validity,deg and pleasure
Than that conferred on Goneril. Now, our joy,
Although our last and least;deg to whose young love
The vines of France and milkdeg of Burgundy
Strive to be interest;deg what can you say to draw
A third more opulent than your sisters? Speak.
Cordelia. Nothing, my lord.
Lear. Nothing?
Cordelia. Nothing.
Lear. Nothing will come of nothing. Speak again.
Cordelia. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty According to my bond,deg no more nor less.
Lear. How, how, Cordelia? Mend your speech a little, Lest you may mar your fortunes.
71 self mettle same material or temperament
72 prize ... worth value me the same (imperative)
73 my ... love what my love really is (a legalism)
74 that in that
76 Which ... professes which the choicest estimate of sense avows
77 felicitate made happy 80 ponderous weighty
83 validity value
85 least youngest, smallest
86 milk i.e. pastures
87 interest closely connected, as interested parties
95 bond i.e., filial obligation
Cordelia. Good my lord, You have begot me, bred me, loved me. I Return those duties back as are right fit,deg
Obey you, love you, and most honor you.
Why have my sisters husbands, if they say
They love you all? Haply,deg when I shall wed,
That lord whose hand must take my plightdeg shall
carry
Half my love with him, half my care and duty.
Sure I shall never marry like my sisters,
To love my father all.
Lear. But goes thy heart with this?
Cordelia. Ay, my good lord.
Lear. So young, and so untender?
Cordelia So young, my lord, and true.
Lear. Let it be so, thy truth then be thy dower! For, by the sacred radiance of the sun,
The mysteries of Hecatedeg and the night,
By all the operation of the orbsdeg
From whom we do exist and cease to be,
Here I disclaim all my paternal care,
Propinquity and property of blood,deg
And as a stranger to my heart and me
Hold thee from this for ever. The barbarous
Scythian,deg
Or he that makes his generation messesdeg
To gorge his appetite, shall to my bosom
Be as well neighbored, pitied, and relieved,
As thou my sometimedeg daughter.
Kent. Good my liege--
Lear. Peace, Kent! 99 Return ... fit i.e., am correspondingly dutiful
102 Haply perhaps
103 plight troth plight
112 mysterles of Hecate secret rites of Hecate (goddess of the infernal world, and of witchcraft)
113 operation of the orbs astrological influence
116 Propinquity and property of blood relationship and common blood
118 Scythlan (type of the savage)
119 makes his generation messes eats his own offspring
122 sometime former
Come not between the Dragondeg and his wrath.
I loved her most, and thought to set my restdeg
On her kind nursery.deg Hence and avoid my sight!
So be my grave my peace, as here I give
Her father's heart from her! Call France. Who stirs?
Call Burgundy. Cornwall and Albany,
With my two daughters' dowers digestdeg the third;
Let pride, which she calls plainness, marry her.deg
I do invest you jointly with my power,
Pre-eminence, and all the large effects
That troop with majesty. Ourself,deg by monthly
course,
With reservationdeg of an hundred knights,
By you to be sustained, shall our abode
Make with you by due turn. Only we shall retain
The name, and all th' additiondeg to a king. The sway,
Revenue, execution of the rest,
Beloved sons, be yours; which to confirm,
This coronetdeg part between you.
Kent. Royal Lear, Whom I have ever honored as my king, Loved as my father, as my master followed, As my great patron thought on in my prayers--
Lear. The bow is bent and drawn; make from the shaft.deg
Kent. Let it falldeg rather, though the forkdeg invade The region of my heart. Be Kent unmannerly
When Lear is mad. What wouldst thou do, old
man?
Think'st thou that duty shall have dread to speak
124 Dragon (1) heraldic device of Britain (2) emblem of ferocity
125 set my rest (1) stake my all (a term from the card game of primero) (2) find my test
126 musery care, nursing
130 digest absorb
131 Let... her i.e., let her pride be her dowry and gain her a husband
134-35 effects/That troop with majesty accompaniments that go with kingship
134 Ourself (the royal "we")
135 reservation the action of reserving a privilege (a legalism)
138 addition titles and honors
141 coronet (the crown which was to have been Cordelia's)
145 make from the shaft avoid the arrow
146 fall strike
146 fork forked head of the arrow
When power to flattery bows? To plainness honor's bound
When majesty falls to folly. Reserve thy state,deg
And in thy best considerationdeg check This hideous rashness. Answer my life my
judgment,deg
Thy youngest daughter does not love thee least,
Nor are those empty-hearted whose low sounds
Reverbdeg no hollowness.deg
Lear. Kent, on thy life, no more!
Kent. My life I never held but as a pawndeg To wagedeg against thine enemies; nor fear to lose it, Thy safety being motive.deg
Lear. Out of my sight!
Kent. See better, Lear, and let me stilldeg remain The true blankdeg of thine eye.
Lear. Now by Apollo--
Kent. Now by Apollo, King, Thou swear'st thy gods in vain.
Lear. O vassal! Miscreant!deg [Laying his hand on his sword.]
Albany, Cornwall. Dear sir, forbear!
Kent. Kill thy physician, and the fee bestow Upon the foul disease. Revoke thy gift,
Or, whilst I can vent clamordeg from my throat,
I'll tell thee thou dost evil.
Lear. Hear me, recreant !deg On thine allegiance,deg hear me!
That thou hast sought to make us break our vows, 151 Reserve thy state retain your kingly authority
152 best consideration most careful reflection
153 Answer ... judgement I will stake my life on my opinion
156 Reverb reverberate
156 hollowness (1) emptiness (2) insincerity
157 pawn stake in a wager
158 wage (1) wager (2) carry on war
159 motive moving cause
160 still always
161 blank the white spot in die center of die target (at which Lear should aim)
163 vassal! Miscreant! base wretch! Misbeliever!
167 vent clamor utter a cry
168 recreant traitor
169 On thine allegiance (to forswear, which is to commit high treason)
Which we durst never yet, and with straineddeg pride
To come betwixt our sentencedeg and our power,
Which nor our nature nor our place can bear,
Our potency made good,deg take thy reward.
Five days we do allot thee for provisiondeg