71. Lewis Carroll, diary entry for 22 June 1855, The Diaries of Lewis Carroll, Vol. I, ed. Roger Lancelyn Green (1953), pp. 53–54.
72. C. B. Young, “The Stage History of ‘Henry VIII,’ ” in Henry the Eighth (1962), pp. xxxviii–l.
73. Carroll, The Diaries of Lewis Carroll, Vol. I.
74. Young, “The Stage History of ‘Henry VIII.’ ”
75. Ibid.
76. George C. D. Odell, “Scenery and Stage Decoration: Irving’s ‘Henry VIII’ 1892,” Shakespeare: From Betterton to Irving (1920, reprinted 1963), pp. 444–46.
77. John Rankin Towse, “Henry Irving and Ellen Terry,” Sixty Years of the Theatre: An Old Critic’s Memories (1916), pp. 286–317.
78. Ibid.
79. Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Henry VIII and His Court (1910).
80. J. C. Trewin, “End of an Era: 1906–1913,” Shakespeare on the English Stage, 1900–1964: A Survey of Productions (1964), pp. 38–50.
81. Sporting Life, 26 January 1911.
82. Winter, “King Henry VIII—Historical Comment.”
83. Margaret Webster, Don’t Put Your Daughter on the Stage (1972).
84. “International News,” Shakespeare Survey 1, 1948, pp. 112–17.
85. George Jean Nathan, The Theatre Book of the Year, 1946 & 1947, pp. 156–58.
86. “International News,” Shakespeare Survey 1, 1948.
87. Linda McJ. Micheli, “Margaret Webster’s ‘Henry VIII’: The Survival of ‘Scenic Shakespeare’ in America,” Theatre Research International, Vol. II, No. 3, Autumn 1986, pp. 213–22.
88. Ibid.
89. Ibid.
90. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, Shakespeare Survey 3, 1950, pp. 120–29.
91. Ibid.
92. Alice Venezky, “The 1950 Season at Stratford-upon-Avon—A Memorable Achievement in Stage History,” Shakespeare Quarterly II, 1951, pp. 73–77.
93. Ibid.
94. Muriel St. Clare Byrne, Shakespeare Survey 3.
95. Robert Herring, Life and Letters and The London Mercury, Vol. 62, July–September 1949, pp. 217–18.
96. Audrey Williamson, “Coronation Fanfare,” Contemporary Theatre: 1953–1956 (1956), pp. 1–21.
97. Hugh M. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII (1994), p. 111.
98. Richmond, King Henry VIII, p. 109.
99. Richmond, King Henry VIII, p. 119.
100. Richmond, King Henry VIII, p. 109.
101. Herbert S. Weil Jr, Shakespeare Quarterly 38, Summer 1987, p. 238.
102. Benedict Nightingale, The Times (London), 24 May 1991.
103. Greg Evans, Variety, Vol. 367, No. 9, 30 June 1997, p. 72.
104. Evans, Variety.
105. Ben Brantley, New York Times, 27 June 1997, p. C3.
106. Brantley, New York Times, 27 June 1997.
107. James Rampton, Independent, 8 October 2003.
108. Rob Reid, Record, 24 August 2004, p. B4.
109. Reid, Record, 24 August 2004.
110. Paul Taylor, Independent, 30 August 2006.
111. Liisa Spink, Cahiers Elisabéthain, Complete Works Festival Special Issue (2007), p. 51.
112. Spink, Cahiers Elisabéthain, Complete Works Festival Special Issue.
113. Michael Billington, Guardian, 26 August 2006.
114. Ibid.
115. Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 26 August 2006.
116. Morning Star, 30 August 2006.
117. Taylor, Independent, 30 August 2006.
118. Billington, Guardian, 26 August 2006.
119. Paul Taylor, Independent, 27 May 2010.
120. Ibid.
121. Charles Spencer, Telegraph, 25 May 2010.
122. Taylor, Independent, 27 May 2010.
123. Spencer, Telegraph, 25 May 2010.
124. Taylor, Independent, 27 May 2010.
125. Hilary Spurling, Spectator, 18 October 1969.
126. Misha Glenny, Tribune, 8 July 1983.
127. Nicholas de Jongh, Evening Standard, 27 November 1996.
128. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: Henry VIII, p. 16.
129. Trevor Nunn, Henry VIII RSC programme notes, 1969.
130. Daily Telegraph, 10 October 1969.
131. B. A. Young, Financial Times, 10 October 1969.
132. Irving Wardle, The Times (London), 11 October 1969.
133. Ibid.
134. Ibid.
135. Young, Financial Times, 10 October 1969.
136. Harold Hobson, Sunday Times (London), 12 October 1969.
137. Spurling, Spectator, 18 October 1969.
138. Ronald Bryden, Observer, 12 October 1969.
139. D.A.N. Jones, The Listener, 16 October 1969.
140. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII, p. 17.
141. Irving Wardle, The Times (London), 16 June 1983.
142. Ibid.
143. James Fenton, Sunday Times (London), 19 June 1983.
144. Gregory Doran, RSC programme notes, 1996.
145. Michael Billington, Guardian, 28 November 1996.
146. Shaun Usher, Daily Mail, 29 November 1996.
147. Billington, Guardian, 28 November 1996.
148. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII, p. 145.
149. Giles Gordon, Spectator, 22 November 1983.
150. Donald Sinden, Laughter in the Second Act (1985), p. 267.
151. Paul Lapworth, Stratford Herald, 28 November 1996.
152. Philip Brockbank, Times Literary Supplement, 24 June 1983.
153. Brockbank, Times Literary Supplement, 24 June 1983.
154. John Barber, Daily Telegraph, 10 October 1969.
155. Wotton, letter dated 2 July 1613.
156. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII, p. 3.
157. Margot Heinemann, Cambridge Companion to English Renaissance Drama, ed. A. R. Braunmuller and Michael Hattaway (1990), p. 179.
158. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII, p. 24.
159. Sinden, Laughter in the Second Act, pp. 199–200.
160. Ibid.
161. Richmond, Shakespeare in Performance: King Henry VIII, p. 25.
162. K.E.B., Nottingham Evening Post, 10 October 1969.
163. Sinden, Laughter in the Second Act, p. 267.
164. Richard Griffiths, in an interview for the Guardian, 14 June 1983.
165. Ned Chaillot, Wall Street Journal, 1 July 1983.
166. J. C. Trewin, The Lady, 30 June 1983.
167. Sheridan Morley, Punch, 22 June 1983.
168. Benedict Nightingale, The Times (London), 28 November 1996.
169. Shaun Usher, Daily Mail, 29 November 1996.
170. Keith Brace, Birmingham Post, 10 October 1969.
171. John Barber, Daily Telegraph, 10 October 1969.
172. Brace, Birmingham Post, 10 October 1969.
173. Nightingale, The Times, 28 November 1996.
174. Paul Lapworth, Stratford Herald, 28 November 1996.
175. Gordon Parsons, Morning Star, 11 October 1969.
176. Charles Landstone, Jewish Chronicle, 16 October 1969.
177. Betty Smith, Stratford Herald, 24 June 1983.
178. Ned Chaillot, Wall Street Journal, 1 July 1983.
179. Ian Hogg, in an interview with Terry Grierley for the Birmingham Post, 26 November 1996.
180. Billington, Guardian, 28 November 1996.
181. Naomi Koppel, Evening Standard, 29 November 1996.
182. Philip Hope-Wallace, Arts Guardian, 10 October 1969.
183. Parsons, Morning Star, 11 October 1969.
184. Young, Financial Times, 10 October 1969.
185. Alastair Macaulay, Financial Times, 28 November 1996.
186. Macaulay, Financial Times, 28 November 1996.
187. Judith H. Anderson, Biographical Truth: The Representation of Historical Persons in Tudor-Stuart Writing (1984), p. 13.
The RSC Shakespeare
Edited by Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen
Chief Associate Editors: Jan Sewell and Will Sharpe
Associate Editors: Trey Jansen, Eleanor Lowe, Lucy Munro,
Dee Anna Phares, Héloïse Sénéchal
King John & Henry VIII
Textual editing: Eleanor Lowe and Eric Rasmussen
Introduction and “Shakespeare’s Career in the Theater”: Jonathan Bate
Commentary: Eleanor Lowe and Héloïse Sénéchal
Scene-by-Scene Analyses: Jan Sewell
In Performance: Mark Taylor (King John), Jan Sewell (Henry VIII)
The Director’s Cut (interviews by Jan Sewell and Kevin Wright):
Gregory Doran, Josie Rourke, and Gregory Thompson
Editorial Advisory Board
Gregory Doran, Chief Associate Director, Royal Shakespeare Company
Jim Davis, Professor of Theatre Studies, University of Warwick, UK
Charles Edelman, Senior Lecturer, Edith Cowan University,
Western Australia
Lukas Erne, Professor of Modern English Literature,
Université de Genève, Switzerland
Akiko Kusunoki, Tokyo Woman’s Christian University, Japan
Jacqui O’Hanlon, Director of Education, Royal Shakespeare Company
Ron Rosenbaum, author and journalist, New York, USA
James Shapiro, Professor of English and Comparative Literature,
Columbia University, USA
Tiffany Stern, Professor of English, University of Oxford, UK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PICTURE CREDITS
Preparation of “King John in Performance” and “Henry VIII in Performance” was assisted by a generous grant from the CAPITAL Centre (Creativity and Performance in Teaching and Learning) of the University of Warwick for research in the RSC archive at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust.
Thanks as always to our indefatigable and eagle-eyed copy editor, Tracey Dando, and to Ray Addicott for overseeing the production process with rigor and calmness.
Picture research by Michelle Morton. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust for assistance with picture research (special thanks to Helen Hargest) and reproduction fees.
Images of RSC productions are supplied by the Shakespeare Centre Library and Archive, Stratford-upon-Avon. This Library, maintained by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, holds the most important collection of Shakespeare material in the UK, including the Royal Shakespeare Company’s official archive. It is open to the public free of charge.
For more information see www.shakespeare.org.uk.
1. Directed by Douglas Seale (1957). Tom Holte © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
2. Directed by Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1899). Reproduced by permission of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
3. Directed by Buzz Goodbody (1970). Joe Cocks Studio Collection © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
4. Directed by Deborah Warner (1988). Joe Cocks Studio Collection © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
5. Directed by Josie Rourke (2006). Stewart Hemley © Royal Shakespeare Company
6. Directed by Gregory Doran (2001). Malcolm Davies © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
7. Directed by Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1910). Reproduced by permission of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
8. Directed by Trevor Nunn (1969). Tom Holte © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
9. Directed by Howard Davies (1983). Joe Cocks Studio Collection © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
10. Directed by Gregory Doran (1996). Malcolm Davies © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
11. Directed by Gregory Thompson (2006). Ellie Kurttz © Royal Shakespeare Company
12. Reconstructed Elizabethan Playhouse © Charcoalblue
THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
Maya Angelou
•
A. S. Byatt
•
Caleb Carr
•
Christopher Cerf
•
Harold Evans
•
Charles Frazier
•
Vartan Gregorian
•
Jessica Hagedorn
•
Richard Howard
•
Charles Johnson
•
Jon Krakauer
•
Edmund Morris
•
Azar Nafisi
•
Joyce Carol Oates
•
Elaine Pagels
•
John Richardson
•
Salman Rushdie
•
Oliver Sacks
•
Carolyn See
•
Gore Vidal
1.1 Location: England
1.1 King John youngest son of Henry II and Elinor; born 1166, reigned 1199–1216
1.1 Queen Elinor daughter of William V, Duke of Aquitaine; she married and divorced Louis VII of France before marrying Henry II of England
1 would France does the King of France want
3 behaviour person, i.e. through me
3 majesty sovereignty, splendor
4 borrowed assumed/feigned
6 embassy message (from the ambassador)
7 Philip of France King Philip II, son of Louis VII; lived 1165–1223, reigned from 1180
8 Geoffrey fourth son of Henry II
9 Arthur Plantagenet son of Geoffrey and Constance
10 territories dominions/dependencies
11 Poitiers i.e. the province of Poitou
12 sword i.e. state control
13 sways rules, controls
13 several various/individual
15 right by right, i.e. true
16 disallow of refuse
17 control constraint/mastery
22 embassy message/ambassadorial role
25 ere before
25 report deliver your message/make the noise of a cannon or of thunder
27 hence go from here
27 trumpet herald/musical wind instrument used to announce important arrivals
28 sullen presage gloomy portent
28 decay downfall/death
29 conduct escort
32 Constance heiress of Conan IV, Duke of Brittany; married Geoffrey in 1181 with whom she had Arthur
33 kindled stirred up, inflamed
33 France king and nation
34 Upon on behalf of
34 party part, side
35 made whole i.e. resolved
36 arguments proofs
36 love friendship
37 manage management, government
38 issue outcome
44 liege lord
44 controversy dispute
46 produce bring out
55 Coeur-de-lion Richard I, nicknamed “the Lionheart”
55 field battlefield
63 put you o’er direct you
63 heaven here and on several subsequent occasions “heaven” may be an alteration from “God,” following 1606 Parliamentary “Act to restrain the Abuses of Players”
65 Out on thee expression of indignation
65 rude uncivilized
66 diffidence mistrust
69 a he
69 pops me out disinherits me
70 fair fully
75 once in a word/at some time
76 whe’er whether
76 true begot honorably conceived, legitimate
77 lay … head i.e. leave my mother to answer
79 Fair fall may good fortune befall
84 like similar
85 madcap lunatic/wild fellow
85 lent brought
86 trick distinctive look, habit
87 affecteth imitates, assumes the character of
88 tokens signs, evidence
89 large composition general/robust constitution
90 parts qualities
91 Sirrah sir (used to an inferior)
92 move prompt
93 half-face profile/thin face
94 face plays on the sense of “brazen defiance”
95 half-faced groat coin worth four old pence with the monarch’s face in profile; also, “imperfect/insignificant”
96 when that when
97 Your brother i.e. Richard I, Coeur-de-lion
99 tale story (perhaps plays on sense of “genitals”)
99 employed made use of/occupied sexually
102 treat of discuss
102 high important
102 touching relating to/affecting
104 sojourned stayed
105 prevail gain the mastery/succeed in attaining/persuade
109 lusty vigorous, lively (plays on the sense of “product of lust”)
109 got begot, conceived
111 took … death i.e. swore most solemnly
114 before … time i.e. before the full nine months were up
119 did play false was unfaithful
119 fault sin, moral defect (may play on the sense of “vagina”)
120 lies … hazards i.e. is one of the risks
121 how what
121 brother i.e. Richard I
124 sooth truth
124 kept … world the owner of a cow has the right to keep any calf born of that cow
128 refuse him spurn Philip (the Bastard)
128 concludes settles it
131 will legal testament/wishes
134 will wish/carnal desire/penis
135 Whether which of the two
137 reputed recognized/supposed
138 presence self/personal dignity
139 an if if
139 shape appearance
140 Sir … him i.e. that resembles Sir Robert’s
141 riding-rods horse whips, i.e. skinny
143 in behind
144 three-farthings the thin three-farthing coin bore the queen’s image in front of a rose
145 to his shape in addition to having his inherited physical appearance
146 Would I might may I
147 it every foot every foot of it
147 this i.e. my own
148 Nob nickname for Robert (puns on senses of “head/head of the family”)
148 case puns on the sense of “face/appearance”
154 dear expensive, because more than a groat (fourpence)
156 thither i.e. to death
157 give … way allow our superiors to go first, as is polite
161 form likeness, image
162 rise some editors emend to “arise” for the sake of meter
166 hour possible pun on “whore”
169 grandam grandmother
170 truth chaste loyalty
170 what though what of that
171 Something about in a somewhat indirect way