3. James Wright, Historia Historionica (1699).
4. Colley Cibber, An Apology for the Life of Mr Colley Cibber (1740), p. 87.
5. Thomas Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies (1784, repr. 1971), pp. 124–8.
6. Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies, pp. 127–8.
7. Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies, pp. 136–41.
8. Davies, Dramatic Miscellanies, p. 153.
9. Davies Laurence Selenick, The Changing Room: Sex, Drag and Theatre (2000), p. 270.
10. William Hazlitt, Examiner, 13 October 1816.
11. The Athenaeum, No. 902, 8 February 1845, p. 158.
12. Harold Child, “The Stage-History of King Henry IV,” in The First Part of the History of Henry IV, ed. J. Dover Wilson (1946), pp. xxix–xlvi.
13. Theatrical Journal, Vol. 7, No. 346, 1 August 1846, pp. 243–4.
14. Henry Morley, diary entry for 14 May 1864 in The Journal of a London Playgoer from 1851 to 1866 (1866), pp. 330–9.
15. Morley, diary entry for 1 October 1864, pp. 344–5.
16. William Archer, The Theatrical “World” of 1896 (1897, repr. 1971), pp. 141–50.
17. The Athenaeum, No. 3577, 16 May 1896, p. 659.
18. G. B. Shaw, The Saturday Review, London, Vol. 81, No. 2116, 16 May 1896, pp. 500–2.
19. William Butler Yeats, “At Stratford-upon-Avon” (1901), in his Essays and Introductions (1961), p. 97.
20. Herbert Farjeon, “King Henry the Fourth—Part I: Mr Robey’s Falstaff,” in his The Shakespearean Scene: Dramatic Criticisms (1949), p. 92.
21. Child, “The Stage-History of King Henry IV,” pp. xxix–xlvi.
22. Stephen Potter, New Statesman and Nation, 6 October 1945, p. 227.
23. Audrey Williamson, “The New Triumvirate (1944–47),” in her Old Vic Drama: A Twelve Years’ Study of Plays and Players (1948), pp. 172–212.
24. Anthony Quayle, in a foreword to Shakespeare’s Histories at Stratford, 1951, by J. Dover Wilson and T. C. Worsley (1970).
25. T. C. Worsley, New Statesman and Nation, 3 November 1951, pp. 489–90.
26. T. C. Worsley, Shakespeare’s Histories at Stratford, 1951 (1970), p. 31.
27. Worsley, New Statesman and Nation, 3 November 1951, pp. 489–90.
28. T. C. Worsley, New Statesman and Nation, 7 May 1955, p. 646.
29. Eric Keown, Punch, 11 May 1955, pp. 593–4.
30. Michael Bogdanov and Michael Pennington, The English Shakespeare Company: The Story of the Wars of the Roses, 1986–1989 (1990), pp. 28–9, quoted in Barbara Hodgdon, Shakespeare in Performance: Henry IV, Part Two (1993), pp. 124–5.
31. Donald Malcolm, New Yorker, 30 April 1960, pp. 86–9.
32. Ben Brantley, New York Times Current Events Edition, 23 December 1993.
33. Ben Brantley, New York Times, 21 November 2003.
34. Paul Taylor, Independent, 6 May 2005.
35. Taylor, Independent, 6 May 2005.
36. Taylor, Independent, 6 May 2005.
37. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 88.
38. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 95.
39. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 100.
40. Ronald Bryden, “The Education of a King,” Henry IV Parts 1 & 2, RSC Programme notes, 1980.
41. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 86.
42. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 86.
43. T. F. Wharton, Henry the Fourth, Parts 1 & 2: Text and Performance (1983).
44. David Scott Kastan, ed., Introduction, in King Henry IV Part 1, Arden Shakespeare (2002).
45. Stanley Wells, Times Literary Supplement, 10 May 1991.
46. Michael Billington, Guardian, 18 April 1991.
47. John Peter, Sunday Times, London, 21 April 2001.
48. Desmond Barrit, “Falstaff,” in Robert Smallwood, ed., Players of Shakespeare 6 (2004).
49. Nicholas de Jongh, Evening Standard, 20 April 2000.
50. Michael Billington, Guardian, 21 April 2000.
51. Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake Zarathustra, Second Part, 29.
52. Harold C. Goddard, “Henry IV,” in Harold Bloom, ed., William Shakespeare: Histories and Poems (1986).
53. Goddard, “Henry IV.”
54. Listener, 3 July 1975.
55. Kastan, King Henry IV Part 1, p. 97.
56. Emrys James, “On Playing Henry IV,” Theatre Quarterly, Vol. 7, 1977.
57. W. Stephen Gilbert, Plays and Players, Vol. 22, No. 10, 1975.
58. Gilbert, Plays and Players.
59. Michael Coveney, Daily Mail, 21 April 2000.
60. McMillin, Shakespeare in Performance, p. 42.
61. Wharton, Henry the Fourth, Parts 1 & 2.
62. Stanley Wells, Times Literary Supplement, 10 May 1991.
63. David Troughton, “Bolingbroke in Richard II, and King Henry IV,” in Smallwood, Players of Shakespeare 6.
64. Troughton, “Bolingbroke in Richard II, and King Henry IV.”
65. Troughton, “Bolingbroke in Richard II, and King Henry IV.”
66. Robert Smallwood, Critical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, Spring, 1983.
67. Billington, Guardian, 21 April 2000.
68. Troughton, “Bolingbroke in Richard II, and King Henry IV.”
69. Bryden, “The Education of a King.”
70. Goddard, “Henry IV,” p. 33.
71. James, “On Playing Henry IV.”
72. Billington, Guardian, 21 April 2000.
73. John Peter, Sunday Times, 30 April 2000.
74. Troughton, “Bolingbroke in Richard II, and King Henry IV.”
75. Kastan, King Henry IV Part 1, p. 102.
76. Peter, Sunday Times, 21 April 2001.
77. Irving Wardle, Independent on Sunday, 21 April 2001.
79. Michel de Montaigne, Essays (trans. Florio, 1603), pp. 1, 30.
80. Unsigned review, The Times, London, 17 April 1964.
81. Wharton, Henry the Fourth Parts 1 & 2.
82. David E. Jones, Drama Survey, Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 1965.
83. Wharton, Henry the Fourth, Parts 1 & 2, p. 67.
84. Wharton, Henry the Fourth, Parts 1 & 2.
85. Desmond Barrit, “Falstaff.”
86. Charles Spencer, Daily Telegraph, 21 April 2000.
87. Peter Davison, “Henry IV,” in Mark Hawkins-Dady, ed., International Dictionary of Theatre—1: Plays (1992).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND PICTURE CREDITS
Preparation of “Henry IV in Performance” was assisted by a generous grant from the CAPITAL Centre (Creativity and Performance in Teaching and Learning) of the University of Warwick for research in the RSC archive at the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded a term’s research leave that enabled Jonathan Bate to work on “The Director’s Cut.”
Picture research by Michelle Morton. Grateful acknowledgment is made to the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust for assistance with picture research (special thanks to Helen Hargest) and reproduction fees.
Images of RSC productions are supplied by the Shakespeare Centre Library and Archive, Stratford-upon-Avon. This Library, maintained by the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust, holds the most important collection of Shakespeare material in the UK, including the Royal Shakespeare Company’s official archive. It is open to the public free of charge.
For more information see www.shakespeare.org.uk.
1. Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1896) Reproduced by permission of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
2. Ralph Richardson and Laurence Olivier (1945) John Vickers courtesy of the University of Bristol Theatre Collection
3. Directed by John Kidd and Anthony Quayle (1951) Angus McBean © Royal Shakespeare Company
4. Directed by Terry Hands (1975) Joe Cocks Studio Collection © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
5. Directed by Michael Attenborough (2000) John Haynes © Royal Shakespeare Company
6. Directed by Michael Bo
gdanov (1987) © Donald Cooper/photostage.co.uk
7. Directed by Michael Boyd (2007) Ellie Kurttz © Royal Shakespeare Company
8. Directed by Adrian Noble (1991) Joe Cocks Studio Collection © Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
9. Directed by Michael Boyd (2007) Ellie Kurttz © Royal Shakespeare Company
10. Reconstructed Elizabethan Playhouse © Charcoalblue
THE MODERN LIBRARY EDITORIAL BOARD
Maya Angelou
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A. S. Byatt
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Caleb Carr
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Christopher Cerf
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Harold Evans
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Charles Frazier
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Vartan Gregorian
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Jessica Hagedorn
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Richard Howard
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Charles Johnson
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Jon Krakauer
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Edmund Morris
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Azar Nafisi
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Joyce Carol Oates
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Elaine Pagels
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John Richardson
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Salman Rushdie
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Oliver Sacks
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Carolyn See
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Gore Vidal
Introduction copyright © 2007, 2009 by The Royal Shakespeare Company
All rights reserved.
Published in the United States by Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York.
MODERN LIBRARY and the TORCHBEARER
“Royal Shakespeare Company,” “RSC,” and the RSC logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of The Royal Shakespeare Company.
The version of Henry IV: Part I and the corresponding footnotes that appear in this volume were originally published in William Shakespeare: Complete Works, edited by Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen, published in 2007 by Modern Library, an imprint of The Random House Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc.
eISBN: 978-1-58836-844-7
www.modernlibrary.com
v3.0
1 we i.e. the king/the nation as a whole
wan pale, sickly
2 Find we let us find
frighted frightened
3 breathe short-winded accents speak while out of breath
broils quarrels, fighting
4 strands afar remote distant shores
5 entrance mouth
6 daub smear, plaster
7 trenching plowing
8 flow’rets small flowers
armèd ironshod/armored
9 paces (horse’s) tread/ gallop
opposèd hostile, malevolent
10 meteors regarded as bad omens
12 intestine shock internal, domestic military encounter
13 close hand-to-hand fighting
14 mutual well-beseeming united and ordered
19 sepulchre of Christ Christ’s tomb (at Jerusalem; Henry is planning a crusade to the Holy Land)
21 impressèd conscripted
engaged pledged, committed
22 power army
levy raise, muster
23 arms upper limbs/weapons
mother’s natural mother’s/England’s
24 fields lands/battlefields
25 blessèd feet i.e. Christ’s
27 bitter painful/pitiable
29 bootless pointless
31 gentle kindly/noble
cousin kinsman
32 yesternight last night
33 dear important/urgent/noble/costly
expedience expedition
34 liege lord, superior to whom feudal service was due
hot in question hotly debated
35 limits…charge responsibilities relating to the undertaking
36 But only, as recently as
athwart adversely, at odds with our business
37 post messenger
loaden weighed down
heavy sad/weighty
40 irregular…Glendower uncivilized guerrilla fighter
Glendower was leader of the Welsh rebels)
41 rude rough
43 corpse corpses
44 transformation mutilation
47 tidings news
48 Brake archaic past tense of “break”
49 matched with together with, accompanied by
50 uneven rough, unsettling
52 Holy Rood day 14 September, dedicated to the cross rood) of Christ
Hotspur Henry Percy’s nickname suggests that he is vigorous, hasty, and hotheaded
54 approvèd tried and tested (in battle)
55 Holmedon the Northumberland site of the battle
56 sad serious/leading to sorrow
58 shape of likelihood likely conjecture
59 heat…contention middle of the fiercest fighting
61 issue outcome
any either
62 Here either “here at court” or a line indicating Blunt’s presence among the “other” lords in attendance onstage
63 new lighted only just dismounted
64 variation of each different types of
65 Betwixt between
seat residence/throne
66 smooth pleasant, welcome
67 discomfited defeated
69 Balked heaped up (in “balks,” i.e. ridges)
71 Mordake…Douglas Mordake was
Earl of Fife but not Douglas’ son—Shakespeare misread Holinshed’s Chronicles, his main source
73 Menteith not in fact another earl, but one of Mordake’s titles
74 honourable spoil noble gains of war
75 gallant fine, splendid
80 theme subject, chief topic
81 straightest plant most upright tree
82 minion favorite
84 riot debauchery, corruption
86 night-tripping moving nimbly through the night
fairy popular belief held that fairies sometimes stole human infants, substituting (troublesome) fairy children for them
88 Plantagenet the surname of this royal dynasty
90 from go from
coz short for “cousin” (i.e. kinsman)
92 adventure enterprise, venture
surprised captured, ambushed
97 prune preen (like a bird
bristle raise, ruffle angrily
98 dignity worthiness/kingship
100 cause reason
106 out…utterèd can be spoken openly in anger
2 fat-witted dull-witted (plays on Falstaff’s physical size
sack Spanish white wine
4 forgotten neglected/forgotten how
5 demand that truly ask accurately, rightly
truly genuinely/accurately
7 capons castrated cockerels, a common dish
8 bawds pimps, procurers of sex
dials sundials/clock faces
leaping-houses brothels
9 hot lustful
10 taffeta silky material associated with prostitutes
superfluous unnecessarily curious, irrelevant
12 come near me touch the point, begin to understand me
13 go by travel by the light of/tell the time according to
seven stars the Pleiades (a group of stars in the constellation Taurus)
14 Phoebus the sun god
‘wand’ring…fair’ probably a phrase from a ballad or popular romance, referring to the sun as a knight in a tale of romance
15 wag mischievous boy
grace term of address for royalty (but sense then shifts to “spiritual grace” and then to “prayer before a meal”)
19 egg and butter i.e. a very light meal (barely requiring grace to be said as a blessing)
20 roundly plainly, straightforwardly (may play on Falstaff’s shape)
21 Marry by the Virgin Mary
22 squires…body the night’s personal attendants
night’s puns on “knight’s”
thieves…beauty i.e. by sleepily wasting the day
beauty puns on “booty”)
23 Diana Roman goddess of the moon, patron of hunting and virginity
foresters forest dwellers, servants
24 minions favorites
of good government of good conduct/who live under a good ruler
26 countenance face, appearance/support, authority
27 steal rob/move furtively
28 holds applies, is apt
33 ‘Lay by’ highwayman’s command that his victims lay aside their weapons
34 ‘Bring in’ an order for drinks
now…gallows one moment one’s fortune is as low as the bottom of the ladder leading to the gallows, the next as high as the crossbar at the top of the gallows—i.e. whatever a thief’s course, the result (hanging) is the same
36 hostess landlady
38 Hybla Sicilian town famous for its honey
old…castle carouser (plays on “Oldcastle,” Shakespeare’s original name for Falstaff;
castle may play on the sense of “stocks,” instruments of public punishment in which a thief might be confined; a London brothel called the Castle may also be alluded to, appropriately named given that castle was slang for “vagina”)
39 buff jerkin tight leather jacket worn by sheriff’s officers (plays on the sense of “naked vagina”
robe of durance long-lasting garment (with sexual connotations; durance plays on the sense of “imprisonment”)
41 quiddities quibbles
What a plague emphatic form of “what”
43 pox venereal disease
45 called…reck’ning asked her for the bill/asked her to explain herself/had sex with her
47 pay thy part pay for your share/have sex
49 coin would stretch money would go/penis would grow;
coin puns on “quoin”—i.e. carpenter’s wedge (a euphemism for “penis”)
52 heir puns on
here (which was pronounced in a similar manner)
54 resolution determination
fobbed cheated
curb restraint (literally, chain passed under a horse’s jaw
old father antic the elderly buffoon (that is)
58 rare splendid
brave fine, excellent
62 jumps…humour fits my disposition
63 waiting waiting around/being in attendance
64 suits requests, legal petitions (Falstaff plays on the sense of “suits of clothes”; the hangman had the right to keep his victims’ garments)