Catalonia, 446, 707, 708
Catching of the Leviathan, The (Bramhall), 560
Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), 1st Queen Consort of Henry VIII of England, 248, 284
Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705), Queen Consort of Charles II of England, 257, 259, 269, 271, 272, 283, 284, 314
marriage and dowry, 248, 446
alleged plot on King’s life, 281
Catherine I, Empress of Russia (r. 1722–27), 388, 392, 394–95, 397, 406
marriage to Peter legalized, 395, given title Empress, 395, 409
sons of, 407, 408
Catherine II, Empress of Russia (r. 1762–1796), 410
Catholic Church (and Catholics), 49, 81, 225, 423
Bayle’s views on toleration for, 608
heresies, 429, 430, 447, 483, 493–94, 604, 605, 617, 666
Hobbes’s criticism of, 559, 560
Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 452
popes, 48–49, 55, 78, 430–32 (see also individual popes)
and unity of creeds, 665–66
see also Inquisition
IN AUSTRIA: 420, 421
IN ENGLAND: 315, 316, 327, 483
and Charles II, 36, 204, 248, 251, 252, 256–57, 276–85, 287
and James II, 179, 253, 257, 269, 277, 278–79, 280–85, 288–98
passim, 432, 705
Locke’s views on, 589, 590
Milton against toleration of, 218, 225, 226, 239
and “Popish Plot” terror, 256, 280–84, 287, 300
restrictions against, 189, 191–94
passim, 204, 251, 252, 278–79, 282–85
passim, 290, 291, 449
and Test Act, 278–79, 290, 291
and Toleration Act, 301, 589
and William III, 297, 301, 302
IN FRANCE: 30, 46–86, 91, 204, 251, 442, 599, 602, 605–6, 698, 708
art sponsorship, 102
censorship, 483, 493, 606
convents and monasteries, 46–47 (see also Port-Royal)
and education, 486
and the King, 17, 34, 46, 48–49, 68–71
passim, 74, 79, 84, 115, 432, 690, 717–18
and literary style, 483
morals of clergy, 46
and the pope, 48–49, 432 (see also Gallicanism)
role in national life, 46
and science, 496
and theater, 104, 115
and theological controversies (internal), 47–49, 50, 53–55, 82–83, 599 (see also Jansenists)
and tithes, 21–22
and unity of creeds, 664–66
IN GERMANY: 411, 414, 415, 483
IN HUNGARY: 421
IN IRELAND: 183, 186, 187, 251, 302, 303, 483
IN ITALY: 102, 428–39
passim, 456, 484, 508
IN NETHERLANDS: 164, 167, 176, 633
IN POLAND: 370, 371, 374, 465, 466
IN RUSSIA: 399
IN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: 251, 256, 447, 449, 452–56
passim, 476, 620
Catholic League, France, 251
Catinat, Nicolas de (1637–1712), 704
Cato (Addison), 321, 345
Caus, Salomon de (1576–1630), 517
Cavalieri, Francesco (1598–1647), 499, 500
Cavaliers (England), 244, 246, 273
Cavalli, Francesco (1602–76), 419, 444
Cavallini, Francesco, stone carver (17th cent.), 435
Cavendish family, 561, 562
see also Devonshire
Cawley, John (fl. 1702), 518
censorship, 225, 498, 557, 563
in England, 192, 224–27, 243, 283, 313, 321, 483, 564
in France, 130, 162, 482–83, 493–94, 614, 615
in Germany, 483, 625, 660
in Netherlands, 483, 631
in Spain, 452, 483
census, 502
Cerebri Anatome (Willis), 264, 522
Cerkova, 387
Cesti, Marc’ Antonio (1623–69), 444–45
Ceylon, 26, 275
Chalfont St. Giles, Buckinghamshire, 235
Chamber of Justice, 21
Chambord, France, 124
Chamillard, Michel de (1652–1721), 711
Champaigne, Philippe de (1602–74), 95–96, 165
Champaigne, Suzanne de (dau. of Philippe), 96
Champmeslé, Marie (1642–98), 137, 143
Champvallon, Harlay de, see Harlay de Champvallon, François de
Chantilly, 44, 92, 100, 159
Chapelain, Jean (1595–1674), 123, 160
Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times (Shaftesbury), 591
Character of a Trimmer, The (Halifax), 300
Chardin, Jean (1643–1713), 508, 509
Charenton, France, 8
Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (800–14), 26, 45, 721
Charleroi, Hainaut, 42, 43, 714
Charles I, Holy Roman Emperor, see Charlemagne
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519–1556), King of Spain as Charles I (r. 1516–1556), 436, 457, 713
Charles VI (Archduke Karl of Austria), Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1711–40), 407, 678
claims throne of Spain, 700, 701
and War of Spanish Succession, 707, 708, 710, 712, 713, 714
Charles I, King of England (r. 1625–49), 76, 184, 201, 265
absolutist views of, 190, 563, 579
and Anglican Church, 218, 258
Catholic support of, 186, 251
and Civil War, 35, 186, 244, 251, 461
execution of, 177, 183, 187, 202, 207, 564, 576
execution of, postfactum controversy, 184, 213*, 226–32, 254
execution of, prosecution of instigators, 245, 246, 286, 330
and Parliament, 245, 246, 549
and Scotland, 187, 279*
Charles II, King of England (r. 1660–85), 244–81
and art, 250, 265–66, 312
character of, 247–50
coronation of, 177, 188, 246
court of, 161, 240, 247, 270–75
and Covenanters, 187, 246, 252
Cromwell defeats forces of, 186–89
death of, 287
and Dutch Wars, 43, 174, 175, 176, 276–79
in exile, 189, 204–5, 227–28, 247
family, affection for, 35, 76, 204, 246, 249, 250, 277–78
financial problems, 253, 259, 277
and Hobbes, 239, 549, 560, 561
Huguenots, aid to, 73
and James’s succession, 279, 282, 283, 284, 287
and Jews, 463
and literature, 322–26
passim, 329, 335
and London fire, 263, 264, 265
Louis XIV, financial aid from, 41, 70, 175, 204, 273, 276–81
passim, 284
marriage to Catherine, 248, 259, 272, 284, 446
and Monmouth’s rebellion, 285–86, 324–25
and music, 266, 267
and Parliament, 43, 203–6, 233, 244–47, 252, 253, 259, 260:, 261, 273, 276, 277, 281–85
passim; portraits of, 265, 266
and the press, 313
religion, personal, 188, 211, 278, 287, 482
religious issues, 70, 73, 210, 211, 239, 240, 250–57, 277–84
passim, 288
restoration to throne, 167, 177, 186, 190, 192, 203–6, 233, 244–46, 333, 566
and science, 250, 312, 495, 496, 504, 516, 525
taxation, 201
theater, 314, 315, 322, 323
Treaty of Dover, 175
women, 174, 240, 247, 248, 249, 269, 270, 277, 287, 288
Charles I, King of Spain, see Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles II, King of Spain (r. 1665–1700), 42, 43, 450, 451, 452–53, 699–703
passim, 705
art patron, 436–37
and Inquisition, 449
Charles III, King of Spain (Archduke Karl of Austria; never crowned), see Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles X Gustavus
, King of Sweden (r. 1654–60), 366–67, 371, 372, 375, 439, 441, 467
Charles XI, King of Sweden (r. 1660–97), 367, 368, 369, 413, 659, 691
Charles XII, King of Sweden (r. 1697–1718), 368–69, 384–89
Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643–90), 423, 424, 425
Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (r. 1638–75), 232, 430, 704
Charles Louis, Elector Palatine (r. 1648–80), 631, 658, 691
Charlotte Christina Sophia, Princess of Bruns-wick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1715), 406
Charlotte Elisabeth, Princess Palatine and Duchesse d’ Orleans (1652–1722), 85, 417–418, 691
Gharlottenburg, Schloss, 414, 418
Charron, Pierre (1541–1603), 29, 66
Charterhouse School, Dublin, 338, 340
Chateaubriand, François Rene dc (1768–1848), 66
Château-Thierry, France, 144
Châtclct, Marquise du, see Du Châtelet
Châtillon, Chevalier de (fl. 1660), 35
Chaucer, Geoffrey (1340?–1400), 327
Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye, Abbé de (1639–1720), 86
Chayla, Abbé du, see Du Chayla
Chelebi, Raphael (fl. 1648), 472
Chelsea Hospital, London, 265, 434
chemistry, 495–98, 501, 506, 509, 515–16, 528, 529
Cherbury, Lord Herbert of, see Herbert of Cherbury
Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, 4th Earl of (1694–1773), 595, 596, 702
Chevreuse, Ducde (fl. 1685), 689
Chevreuse, Duchesse de (fl. 1685), 83, 689
Chevreuse, Marie de Rohan-Montbazon, Duchesse de (1600–79), 155
Chicago Art Institute, 433
child labor: in England, 257
in France, 24
China, 275, 304*, 508, 677
China illustrata (Kircher), 508
Chmielnicki, Bogdan (1593?–1657), 370
chocolate (beverage), 275
Christ Church College, Oxford, 491, 576
Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1588–1648), 508
Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway (r. 1670–99), 365
Christian Brothers, religious order, 486
Christian Hero, The (Steele), 306, 339
Christianity Not Mysterious (Toland), 568
Christina (1626–89), Queen of Sweden (r. 1632–54), 56, 229, 366, 429, 438–42, 445, 447, 459, 481
Christ’s College, Cambridge, 212–13, 219
Chubb, Thomas (1679–1746), 571
Churchill, Arabella (1648–1730), 266, 269
Church of England, see Anglican Church
Churriguera, José (1665–1725), 449–50
Cicero, Marcus Tullio (106–43 B.C.), 570
Cid, Le (Corneille), 131, 143, 374
Cignani, Carlo (1628–1719), 434
Cistercians, religious order, 50, 51, 52
Cities, charters of, revised by Charles II, 285
Civil War, American, 183*
Civil Wars, English (Great Rebellion: 1642–1649), 77, 186, 208, 270, 285, 331–32, 485, 562, 566, 576
Commons’ supremacy achieved by, 183, 247, 259
Milton’s part in, 217, 221, 222
Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of (1609–1674), 172, 204, 205, 248, 253, 269
his strange wealth, 273
flight to avoid prosecution, 277
his writings, 277, 330, 560
Clarendon, Henry Hyde, 2d Earl of (1638–1709), 289, 295
Clarendon Code, 253
Clarke, Samuel (1675–1729), 572, 675–76
Claypole, Mrs. (dau. of Cromwell), 564
Clélie (Scudéry), 149, 150
Clement VIII (Ippolito Aldobrandini), Pope (r. 1592–1605), 455, 457
Clement IX (Giulio Rospiglioso), Pope (r.1667–69), 68, 431, 435, 441, 444
Clement X, Pope (r. 1670–76), 431, 447
Clement XI (Giovanni Francesco Albani), Pope (r. 1700–21), 68, 69, 432, 435
Cléopâtre (La Calprenède), 149
Clermont-Ferrand, 55, 56
Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de (fl. 1667), 137
Cleve, duchy of, 412
Cleveland, Barbara Villiers, Duchess of, see Castelmaine, Countess of
Clifford, Thomas, 1st Baron (1630–73), 277, 279
clocks and watches, 507, 509–10
Clonmel, Ireland, 186
clothing, see dress
Cloyne, Ireland, 597
Coblenz, 707
cockfighting, 195, 271, 275, 307
Cocu imaginaire, Le (Molière), 110
Code Louis, 16
Code Napoléon, 16
Coehorn, Menno van, Baron (1641–1704), 381
Coello, Claudio (c.1630–1693), 451
coffee, 274–75
coffeehouses, in England, 275, 304, 306, 312, 320, 339, 340, 342, 344, 563, 564
Coffier, François (17th cent.), 100
Coffier, Philippe (17th cent.), 100
Cogita metaphysica (Spinoza), 625
Coimbra, Portugal, 455
Colasterion (Milton), 223
Colbert Jean Baptiste (1619–83, 11, 18, 20–26, 482, 484
the arts, his organization of, 87–102
passim; his children, 690, 691
corruption in government, 21, 28
his death, 26, 662
his economic policies, 20–26, 74, 130, 175, 662, 690, 698, 720
and French Academy, 130
Huguenots, 69, 71, 74
Jews, 457
labor, regimentation of, 23–24
pensions for men of letters and learning, 129, 132, 499
portraits and bust of, 96, 98, 100
shipping, 25–26
tax collection, 20–21, 43
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, son of the great Colbert, see Seignelay, Marquis de
Colbert, Jean Baptiste, grandson of the great Colbert, see Torcy, Marquis de
Colchester, England, 257
Coleman, Edward (d. 1678), 280–81, 284
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), 657
Collège de Clermont, Paris, 106
Collège de Navarre, Paris, 75
Collège d’Harcourt, Paris, 132–33
Collège Louis-le-Grand, Paris, 486
College of Physicians, London, 507
Collège Royal, Paris, 599
Collegiants, 167, 623
Collegium Ludovici Magni, Paris, 486
Collier, Jeremy (1650–1726), 318–19, 321, 339
Collins, Anthony (1676–1729), 167, 492, 566, 570–71, 572
Collins, John (fl. 1672), 533
Collyer, Thomas (fl. 1656), 462
Cologne, 8, 45, 176, 178, 179, 205, 483, 691, 706
Archbishop Elector of, 45, 176, 483
Colonna, Cardinal (b. c.1606), 439
Colonna, Prince, husband of Marie Mancini (fl. 1658), 34
color, Newton’s work on, 534–35
Columbus, Christopher (1446?–1506), 506
Comédie-Française, 106, 115, 123
Comédiens Royaux, see Troupe Royale
comets, 505, 541, 606
Commentaire philosophique (Bayle), 607–8, 613
Commission of Triers, 193
Compagnie des Indes, 690
Compagnie du Saint Sacrement, 114, 115, 116
compass, and earth’s magnetism, 514
Compiègne, 37, 440
Compleat Angler, The (Walton), 207
Complete English Gentleman, The (Defoe), 338
Complete English Tradesman, The (Defoe), 338
Comprehension Bill (England, 1689), 301
Compron, Henry (1632–1713), 291, 295, 296
computing machines, 56, 662
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), 570, 660
Comus (Milton), 215
Concordat of Francis I (1516), 49
Condé family, 159
Condé, Louis II de Bourbon (“the great Condé”;, Duc de (1621–86), 4, 29, 30, 36, 49, 495, 598, 63
2, 694
in the Fronde, 7–11
military activities, 8, 9–10, 11, 41, 43, 44, 176
his estate at Chantilly, 44, 92
busts of, 100
Condillac, Étienne Bonnot de (1715–80), 588, 599
Condom, France, 77
Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 78, 617
Conduct of the Allies, The (Swift), 353
Conduit. Mine., niece of Isaac Newton, 536
Congreve, William (1670–1729), 312, 315, 318, 319–21, 326, 352, 354
Conquest of Granada, The (Dryden), 323
Conscious Lovers (Steele), 321
Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Paris, 56
Conservatorio di Musica, Naples, 445
Constantinople, 382, 383, 423, 425, 455, 473, 475
Contarini, Alvise (fl. 1680), 444
Contes (La Fontaine), 144–46
Conti, Armand de Bourbon, Prince de (1629–1666). 7, 8, 107, 113
Conti. François Louis de Bourbon, Prince de (1664–1709), 694
Convent of New Catholics, 81
Cooper, Samuel (1609–72), 195
Copenhagen, 367, 375
Treaty of (1660), 367
University of, 508
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 62, 217, 481, 540, 566, 617, 618, 641, 666
Coquelin, Jean Baptiste 111, 105, 107
Cordova, Spain, 448
Corelli, Arcangclo (1653–1713), 441, 443–45
Cork, Ireland, 255
Cork, Richard Boyle, Earl of (d. 1644), 511–12
Corneille, Pierre (1606–84), 30, 107, 110, 125, 131–32, 134, 143, 149, 153, 162, 374, 614
Fouquet’s aid to, 19, 131
influenced by Jansenism, 69
rivalry, contrasts with Racine, 132, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 162
Voltaire’s comment on, 143
influence on English letters, 312, 323
Corneille, Thomas (1625–1709), 120
Corporation Act (England, 1661), 252
Cortona, Pietro da (1596–1669), 96, 101, 434
Corvinus, Matthias, see Matthias Corvinus Cosimo III de’ Medici, grand Duke of Tuscany (r. 1670–1723), 434, 436
Cossacks, 370–71, 372, 375, 379, 383, 464, 467
Costa, Mendes da (fl. 1655), 463
Cotin, Abbé Charles (1604–82), 12
Cotte, Robert de (1656–1735), 90
Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce (1571–1631), 485
Cottonian Library, London, 485
Country Party, 279, 286
see also Whigs
Court Party, 279
see also Tories
Country Wife, The (Wycherley), 268, 316
Couperin family, 34, 501
Couperin, François (1668–1733), 34
Courcelle, Daniel Rémy, Sieur de (d. 1698), 26
Court of Commission for Ecclesiastical Causes (1687–88), 291, 293, 294, 297
Court of High Commission, 246
Court of King’s Bench, 294, 298
Courtrai, Flanders, 42, 43