noninvasive analysis, 15
unalloyed iron, 13
Prompt scrap, 131
PSH, See Paired Straight Hearth Furnace (PSH)
Puddling process, 32
R
Railways, steel for, 55–56
American steam locomotive, 57f
axle breakages, 56
in nineteenth-century, 56–57
Regenerative steelmaking, 45–46
Reinforced concrete, 62–63
RHFs, See Rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs)
Robert Mushet’s Special Steel (RMS), 48–49
Rotary hearth furnaces (RHFs), 97
S
SAE, See Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
Saving one barrel of oil per ton (SOBOT), 150
Scrap, 131, 134
Shipping, steel in, 57, 58
Siderite (FeCO3), 117
Sims Metal Management, 135
Sino-American trade, 135
Sintering, 121
Skyscrapers construction, 169
Slag-making materials, See Fluxing materials
Smelting technique, 4–5
bloomery, 4
Chinese, 6–7
SOBOT, See Saving one barrel of oil per ton (SOBOT)
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 59–60
Solid wastes, 153–154
Chinese rates, 154
by iron smelting, 156
slag in construction, 156
smelting in BFs, 155
Stainless steel, 165, 173, 181–182
Steel, 130, 163
See also Iron
consumer products, 179–182
data and classification problems, 164
electricity, 171–175
fuels, 171–175
high-performance niches, 165
industrial equipment, 179–182
inexpensive steel, 41–42
automobile industry, 49
Bessemer steel, 42–43
Bessemer’s converter, 43f, 44
Bethlehem Steel, 49f
development, 48–49
molten pig iron, 43
open hearths, 45
open-hearth furnaces, 46
oxygen services, 46–47
Siemens furnace, 45
steel output, 47
US metallurgists, 50
US steel production, 48
infrastructures and buildings, 165–166
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, 170f
cable-stayed bridges, 169–171
Chinese infrastructures, 168
framing steel, 171
heavy reinforcing bars, 166f
skyscrapers construction, 169
Soviet techniques, 167
Tōkyō Tree, 170f
for United Kingdom, 166–167
new markets for, 50
in agriculture, 51
in energy industries, 53
grain and hay production, 52–53
pipeline construction, 53–54
three-wheeled steel, 52f
reinforcing steel, 163–164
stocks, 200–202
transportation, 175
in automobiles, 175–176
coils of hot-rolled sheet steel, 177f
high-strength steels, 178–179
in modern cars, 178
triple steel, 179f
US car industry, 177–178
in transportation and construction, 54, 55
in car industry, 58, 59–60
in construction, 60, 62
Parisian apartment designs, 64
for railways, 55–56, 56–57
reinforced concrete, 62–63
in shipping, 57, 58
Taylor’s application, 64
before WW I, 35–36
Steel industry, 183
century and half of modern steel, 184–185
changing designs of blast furnaces, 185f
electric arc furnaces, 189–190, 191f
growth of blast furnace daily production, 188f
growth of blast furnace internal volumes, 187f
hot blast, 186
iron-and steelmaking, 190
modern steel production, 191
flows and consumption rates, 196–200
industry’s state, 191–192
GE Aerodivison, 194
governmental intervention, 195
modern economic development, 193
profits, 196
steel stocks, 200–202
Steel production
history, 115
integrated steelmaking material balances, 125–130
material balances of EAFs, 136
Danieli design, 137
energy-reducing measure, 137
furnaces, 137
inferior hot metal, 136–137
Pig iron ratio, 138, 138
Turkish EAF, 136
materials for BFs and BOFs, 116
iron ore, 117
metallurgical coke, 122
steel scrap, 130–135
Steel scrap, 130, 130–131, 134
aluminum, 134–135
Britain’s Sims Metal Management, 135
car recycling, 132
countervailing trends, 132–133
EAFs, 130–131
International steel scrap trade, 135
lifespans of steel-based products, 131
light flat-rolled products, 134
mass of collected steel, 130
metal recycling, 130
metal separation, 131–132
prompt scrap, 131
recycling rate for automotive scrap, 133–134
Sino-American trade, 135
steel, 130
steel cans, 134
Steelmaking energy cost, 145–146
See also Modern steelmaking
AOD, 149
BOF and EAF, 146
casting and rolling, 149
China’s steelmaking, 151
EAF furnaces, 148
energy-saving measures, 153
Japan’s iron and steel industry, 152–153
macrostatistical approach, 151–152
ore agglomeration, 146
in United States, 150
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 154
T
Tatara, 5–6
Transportation, steel in, 175
in automobiles, 175–176
coils of hot-rolled sheet steel, 177f
high-strength steels, 178–179
in modern cars, 178
triple steel, 179f
US car industry, 177–178
U
Ultra Light Steel Auto Body (ULSAB), 205
Ultra-low CO2 steelmaking projects (ULCOS projects), 161
Units and multiples and submultiples, 229
USGS, 118
V
VAI, See Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI)
Vale, 119
Vereinigte Österreichische Eisen-und Stahlwerke AG (VÖEST), 100
Voest-Alpine Industrieanlagenbau (VAI), 96–97
W
Waste streams, 140
Water pollution, 153–154
Chinese rates, 154
slag in construction, 156
smelting in BFs, 155
wastewater from BOF gas treatment, 155–156
Wootz, 13–14, 14, 14–15
Wrought iron, 32–34
See also Iron
iron balls, 33–34
puddling process, 32, 32, 32–33, 33, 33, 34
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