UNO (United Nations Organization). 1976. World Energy Supplies 1950-1974. New York: UNO.
Upham, C.W., ed. 1851. The life of General Washington: First President of the United States. Volume 2. London: National Illustrated Library.
USBM (US Bureau of Mines). 1946. Report on the Investigation of the fire at the liquefaction, storage, and regasification plant of East Ohio Gas Co., Cleveland, OH, October 20, 1944. Washington, DC: USBM.
USCB (US Census Bureau). 1975. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970. Washington, DC: USCB. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/statcomp/documents/CT1970p1-01.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). 2010. Wood Handbook. Madison: USDA. www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr190.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USDOE (US Department of Energy). 2009. Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer. Washington, DC: USDOE. http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/03/f0/ShaleGasPrimer_Online_4-2009.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA (US Energy Information Administration). 2008. About U.S. natural gas pipelines. http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/analysis_publications/ngpipeline/index.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2010. Major tight gas plays, lower 48 states. http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/tight_gas.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2011. Over one-third of natural gas produced in North Dakota is flared or otherwise not marketed. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4030 (accessed March 10, 2015).
USEIA. 2013a. Electric power annual. http://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2013b. Oil and gas industry employment growing much faster than total private sector employment. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=12451 (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014a. Cost of crude oil and natural gas well drilling. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_crd_wellcost_s1_a.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014b. Number of gas and gas condensate wells. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/na1170_nus_8a.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014c. Natural gas prices. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/data.cfm#prices (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014d. Natural gas storage. http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/data.cfm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014e. Natural gas consumption by end use. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_cons_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014f. Natural gas-fired combustion turbines are generally used to meet peak electricity load. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=13191 (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014g. Levelized cost and levelized avoided cost of new generation resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2014. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/electricity_generation.cfm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014h. U.S. natural gas imports by country. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_move_impc_s1_a.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014i. Annual energy outlook. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/data.cfm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014j. Growth in U.S. hydrocarbon production from shale resources driven by drilling efficiency. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15351 (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014k. Coalbed methane production. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_coalbed_s1_a.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014l. Bakken. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/index.cfm?tg=bakken (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 2014m. Gross gas withdrawals and production. http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_prod_sum_dcu_NUS_m.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEIA. 1993. Drilling Sideways—A Review of Horizontal Drilling Technology and Its Domestic Application. Washington, DC: USEIA.
USEPA. 2008. Direct emissions from stationary combustion sources. http://www.epa.gov/climateleadership/documents/resources/stationarycombustionguidance.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEPA. 2012. Global anthropogenic non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions: 1990–2030. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/Downloads/EPAactivities/EPA_Global_NonCO2_Projections_Dec2012.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USEPA. 2014. Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2012. Washington, DC: USEPA. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
USFPC (US Federal Power Commission). 1965. Northeast Power Failure: November 9 and 10, 1965. Washington, DC: US FPC.
USGS (United States Geological Survey). 2000. USGS world petroleum assessment 2000. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-062-03/FS-062-03.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USGS. 2011. USGS releases new assessment of gas resources in the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2893&from=rss_home#.U9VnX7kg-M8 (accessed February 20, 2015).
USGS. 2013. Water resources and shale gas/oil production in the Appalachian Basin—Critical issues and evolving developments. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2893&from=rss_home#.U9K8xbkg-M8 (accessed February 20, 2015).
USGS. 2014. Mineral commodity summaries 2014. http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2014/mcs2014.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
USNRC (US Nuclear Regulatory Commission). 2014. Combined license applications for new reactors. http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/col.html (accessed February 20, 2015).
Valenti, M. 1991. Combined-cycle plants: Burning cleaner and saving fuel. Mechanical Engineering 113(9):46–50.
Van der Elst, N.J. et al. 2013. Enhanced remote earthquake triggering at fluid-injection sites in the Midwestern United States. Science 341, 164.
Vengosh, A. et al. 2013. The effects of shale gas exploration and hydraulic fracturing on the quality of water resources in the United States. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science 7:863–866.
Vidic, R. et al. 2013. Impact of shale gas development on regional water quality. Science 340:1235009.
Vincent, M.C. and M.R. Besler. 2013. Emerging best practices ensure fracture effectiveness over time in resource plays. The American Oil & Gas Reporter, December 2013:61–71.
Vogel. 1993. Great Well of China. Scientific American 268(6):116–121.
Volta, A. 1777. Lettere del Signor Don Alessandro Volta … sull’aria infiammabile nativa delle paludi. Milano: Nella stamperia di Giuseppe Marelli.
Wadham, J.L. et al. 2012. Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica. Nature 488:633–637.
Wageningen UR. 2014. Wageningen UR Glastuinbouw. http://www.wageningenur.nl/nl/Expertises-Dienstverlening/Onderzoeksinstituten/wageningen-ur-glastuinbouw.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
Wang, Z. and A. Krupnick. 2013. A Retrospective Review of Shale Gas Development in the United State: What Led to the Boom? Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. http://www.rff.org/RFF/documents/RFF-DP-13-12.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
WCA (World Coal Association). 2014. Coal bed methane. http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/coal-seam-methane/coal-bed-methane/ (accessed February 20, 2015).
Webber, W.H.Y. 1918. Gas & Gas Making: Growth, Methods and Prospects of the Gas Industry. Common Commodities and Industries. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
Weil, B.H. 1949. The Technology of Fischer-Tropsch Process. London: Constable.
Weissman, A.D. 2013. U.S. natural gas industry positioned for dominant role in global LNG markets. The American Oil & Gas Reporter, October 2013:41–53.
Werpy, M.R. et al. 2010. Natural Gas Vehicles: Status, Barriers, and Opportunities. Argonne: Argonne National Laboratory. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/anl_esd_10-4.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Wilson, R. 1973. Natural gas is a beautiful thing? Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 29(7):35–40.
Worrell, E. et al. 2008. World Best Practice Energy Intensity Values for Selected Industrial Sectors. Berkeley: Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
WPC (World Power Conference). 1934. Statistical Yearbook of the WPC. London: WPC.
&n
bsp; Wright, S. 2012. An unconventional bonanza. The Economist, July 4, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21558432 (accessed February 20, 2015).
Xinhua. 2013. China’s coal consumption to hit 4.8 bln tons by 2020: forecast. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-11/24/c_132914191.htm (accessed February 20, 2015).
Yamamoto, K. and S. Dallimore. 2008. Aurora-JOGMEC-NRCan Mallik 2006-2008 Gas Hydrate Research Project progress. Fire in the Ice, 8:1–5. http://www.netl.doe.gov/File%20Library/Research/Oil-Gas/methane%20hydrates/HMNewsSummer08.pdf (accessed February 20, 2015).
Yang, H. et al. 2008. Sulige field in the Ordos Basin: Geological setting, field discovery and tight gas reservoirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology 25:387–400.
Youngquist, W. and R.C. Duncan. 2003. North American gas: Data show supply problems. Natural Resources Research 12:229–240.
Yvon-Durocher, G. et al. 2014. Methane fluxes show consistent temperature dependence across microbial to ecosystem scales. Nature 507:488–491.
Zuckerman, G. 2013. The Frackers: The Outrageous Inside Story of the New Billionaire Wildcatters. New York: Portfolio.
Index
alkanes (CnH2n+2)
ammonia (NH3)synthesis of
anticlines
aquiferscontamination of
archaea
AsiaLNG in
pipelines in
bitumen
Bosch, C.
butadiene (C4H6)
butane (C4H10)
butanethiol, (C4H10)
butylene (butene; C4H8)
Canadanatural gasexports to the US
pipelines
production of
resources
carbon (C)black
emissions
intensity
catagenesis
cavernssalt
Chinanatural gasimports of
pipelines
production of
coalcombustion
in electricity generation
in energy transitions
to gas conversion
methane from coal
coal bed methane (CBM)
cogeneration
combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)
compressed natural gas (CNG)
compressorspipeline
cyclecarbon
combined
decarbonization
diagenesis
dioxidecarbon (CO2) emissions of
sulfur (SO2)
dolomite
drillinghorizontal
offshore
percussion
rotary
Dubai
earthquakes
electricitygeneration of
hydro
nuclear
from renewables
enginesjet
ethane (C2H6)
ethylene (ethene; C2H4)
Europenatural gasimports of
pipelines
production see also Groningen; North Sea
fertilizers
fields see also reservoirsnatural gasgiant
supergiant
oil
Fisher–Pry model
flaringnatural gas
foraminifera
forecastsBritish Petroleum
Exxon
International Energy Agency
Marchetti
MIT
Royal Dutch Shell
US Energy Information Agency
fracturinghydraulic (fracking)fluids for
impacts of
furnacesnatural gas
gasgreenhouseemissions of
naturalin ammonia synthesis
associated
compressed
cooking with
in decarbonization
drilling for
electricity generation with
energy return on investment
in energy transitions
and the environment
exploration for
exports of
as feedstock
flaring of
forecasts
heating with
industrial uses of
lighting with
liquefied see LNG
market penetration of
nonassociated
nonconventional
pipelines
prices of
processing of
production of
as raw material
reserves of
resources
R/P ratio
shale
storage of
stranded
tight
in transportation
and water contamination
and water use
town (manufactured or coal)
GasbuggyProject
gas-to-liquid conversions (GTL)history of
Gazprom
Germanyimports of natural gas
grand energy transition (GET)
greenhouses
Haber, F.
Halliburton, E.
heatingspace
water
Hefner, R.A..
Henry Hub
high volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF)
Hubbert, M.K.
Hughes, H.R.
hydratesmethane
hydrocarbonsabiogenic origin of
biogenic origin of
liquid
hydrogen (H2)in ammonia synthesis
Iran
JapanLNG imports
kerogen
Kuwait
limestone
liquefied natural gas (LNG)exports of
floating
global trade in
history of
imports of
plants
prices of
properties of
storage of
tankers
in transportation
trucks
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
liquidsnatural gas (NGL)
Marchetti, C.
matterparticulate
McKelvey, V.E.
methane see also gas, naturalin ammonia synthesis
emissionsfrom natural gas industry
from pipelines
from shale gas
energy density of
as greenhouse gas
hydrates
origins of
properties of
steam reforming of
in transportation
in water
methanogens
methanol (CH3OH)
MexicoGulf of
monoxidecarbon (CO)
naphtha
natural gas liquids (NGL)
Netherlands
New Mexico
nitrogen (N2)and ammonia synthesis
Nord Stream
North Dakota
North Sea
oilcrude consumption
production
reservoirs
trade in
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
oxidesnitrogen (NOx)
nitrous (N2O)
sulfur (SOx)
oxygen (O2)
Pennsylvania
pentane (C5H12)
Persian Gulf
phytoplankton
Pickens, T.B.
pipelines accidents
in Asia
in Canada
costs of
in Europe
history of
in North America
in Russia
in USA
plastics
polyethylene (PE)
polymerization
polypropylene (PP)
polystyrene (PS)
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
pricesnatural gasconsumer
export
Henry Hub
wellhead
oil
propane (C3H8)
propylene (propene; C3H6)
Qatar GTL
LNG exports from
Qatargas
ratioH:C
reservesCanadian
classification of
R/P ratio
Siberian
US
reservoirshydrocarbon
natural gasage of
Galkynysh
Groningen
Hugoton
Medvezhye
North Dome/South Pars
permeability of
porosity of
storage in
traps
urengoy
oil
resourcesnatural gasnonconventional
rice
rigsdrilling
rubbersynthetic
ruminants
Russia natural gasexports from
reserves
Saudi Arabia
Schlumberger, C.
sediments
shalebasins Bakken
Barnett