Malayo-
Latin
175
Indonesia, Malaysia,
Indonesian
Polynesian
Singapore
10 French
Indo-European Latin
130
France, Canada, West
Africa, Central Africa
11 Japanese
Altaic
Chinese
127
Japan
characters and
two Japanese
alphabets
12 German
Indo-European Latin
123
Germany, Austria,
Central Europe
13 Farsi
Indo-European Nastaliq
110
Iran, Afghanistan,
(Persian)
Central Asia
14 Urdu
Indo-European Nastaliq
104
Pakistan, India
15 Punjabi
Indo-European Gurumukhi
103
Pakistan, India
16 Vietnamese Austroasiatic
Based on Latin
86
Vietnam, China
17 Tamil
Dravidian
Tamil
78
Southern India,
Sri Lanka, Malaysia
18 Wu
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese
77
China
characters
19 Javanese
Malayo-
Javanese
76
Indonesia
Polynesian
20 Turkish
Altaic
Latin
75
Turkey, Central Asia
21 Telugu
Dravidian
Telugu
74
Southern India
22 Korean
Altaic
Hangul
72
Korean Peninsula
23 Marathi
Indo-European Devanagari
71
Western India
24 Italian
Indo-European Latin
61
Italy, Central Europe
25 Thai
Sino-Tibetan
Thai
60
Thailand, Laos
26 Cantonese
Sino-Tibetan
Chinese
55
Southern China
Characters
27 Gujarati
Indo-European Gujarati
47
Western India, Kenya
28 Polish
Indo-European Latin
46
Poland, Central Europe
29 Kannada
Dravidian
Kannada
44
Southern India
30 Burmese
Sino-Tibetan
Burmese
42
Myanmar
28
Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
three categories or subfields of study: language form, language mean-
ing, and language in context. Forensic linguistics or legal linguistics is the application of linguistics to the context of law, language, crime
investigation, trial, and judicial procedure. Language interpretation is the facilitating of oral or sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between users of different languages. The
process is described by both the words interpreting and interpretation and involves the systematic study of the theory, the description and the
application of language interpretation and translation. Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source- language text by means
of an equivalent target- language text (transforming a source text or
document into the equivalent in another language). Translators always
risk inappropriate spil over of source- language idiom and usage into
the target-language translation.
Transliteration is the conversion of a text from one script to another.
The conversion of scripts or writing is a procedure of replacing text
written in one script or writing system (such as the Latin alpha-
bet of 26 characters used in English) with the characters of another
script or system (such as the 33 Cyrillic characters used in Russian)
to make the text (e.g., proper names) legible for users of another
language or script.
A quick and effective head start to learning any language(s) is to learn the parts of speech. This involves identifying and learning the following parts of speech:
• Nouns—person, place, or thing.
• Pronouns—take the place of nouns or refers to nouns (I, me, he, she,
you, it, we, they, his, hers, etc.). (See following list.)
• Prepositions—links between nouns and pronouns (by, to, etc.).
• Adjectives—describe nouns (big, small, tall, short, pretty, ugly, etc.).
• Verbs—action words (come, go, stop, etc.) or links to subjects with
other parts of sentences (is, was, am, etc.).
• Present participle (present progressive)—verbs that end in ing.
• Tense—present (I go), past (I went), future (I will go), present perfect (I have gone), past perfect (I had gone), and future perfect (I will have gone) (Tables 2.2 through 2.4).
• Progressive tense forms—I am going, I was going, I will be going.
(Note: Some languages distinguish tense differently.)
• Adverbs—describe verbs (quickly, slowly, loudly, quietly, etc.).
• Conjunctions—words that join words (and, or, but, if, etc.);
(remember the cartoon jingle “conjunction junction, what’s your
function?”).
Human Intelligence
29
eed
eed
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N
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ple)
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The
30
Advanced Criminal Investigations and Intelligence Operations
eed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
ed
eed
eed
eed
eed
eed
eed
eed
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N
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N
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N
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N
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M
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ee
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ant
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d
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d
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an
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The
Human Intelligence
31
… erb … … … … … … … … … … …
he V
ill
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W
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ill b
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W
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m
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ill do
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an
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