violence in, 34, 88, 324-30
muskets, 9, 10, 11, 18-19, 20, 21-25
medical personnel, 62—64, 335
My Lai incident, 104, 136, 145, 163, 187,
medical technology, 301, 304
190-91, 314
Medved, Michael, 326, 328
memorials. See monuments, role of
Nagasaki, bombing of, 108
memory, effect of, 75, 95-96
name-calling, 161, 252
mentally ill. See psychiatric casualties Napoleon, 17, 67, 70, 154
mercenaries, 145, 180, 224
Napoleonic Wars, 8, 9, 10, 122, 184, 333
Metelmann, Henry, 158-59
Narut, Dr., 306-07
midbrain, 8, 9
natural soldiers, 61, 180—85
midrange killing, 110-12, 118
naval personnel
Milgram, Stanley, 141-43, 144, 187-89,
fear of, 58-59
190
killing by, 107-08
Military Academy, U.S., 82
psychiatric casualties, 58-59
military history, role of, 33-34
resistance to killing by, 59
miss, intentional, 9-15
Navy, U.S., 68, 160
missile crews, 108
Nazi concentration camps, 102—05, 106,
mock firing, 21—25
215
Moluccan train siege, 159
denial of, 211-12
Montgomery, Field Marshal, 85-86
hate in, 78-79
monuments, role of, 264, 274-75. See also Nazis, 161-62
Vietnam Veterans Memorial
atrocities, 195, 206, 208-09
moral distance, 99, 158, 160, 164-67, 189,
war against Russia, 214
209, 339-40
New Guinea tribes, 12
moral framework
Newson, Elizabeth, 328
of conditioning, 292-93
nightmares, 47
for killing, 180, 196-202, 226-27,
night-vision devices, 169, 172
337-39
noble enemy, killing of, 195-96
prisoners, treatment of, 203—04
Nock, Arthur, 12
moral pain. See guilt
noise
Moran, Lord, 58, 63, 72, 83, 84, 85, 86,
as posturing, 8—9
125, 205, 234, 276
trauma caused by, 112—13, 116
Morris, Jim, 201
noncombatants, killing of, 174-76, 194
Moskos, Charles C, Jr., 344, 345
nonfirers, 15-16, 29
motive, for killing, 171, 173-76, 189
in Falklands War, 178, 258
movies, violence in, 34, 95, 261, 302,
in U.S. Civil War, 17-27
323-30
in Vietnam War, 250
classical conditioning, 308-11
in World War I, 27-28
role models, 319-22
in World War II, 3-4
murder, 174, 195, 337, 342
nonkillers, 62-64, 233
in America, 299-301, 304
at close range, 118-19
mass, 208-10
group influence and, 155
medical technology and, 301, 304
guilt of, 89-91
of prisoners and civilians, 199-205
at midrange, 118
murder-suicides, 241—43
post-traumatic stress disorder and,
Murphy, Audie, 155
284-85
362
I N D E X
nonkillers (continued)
physical revulsion, 115, 236, 241, 295
response to killing by, 244
physiological exhaustion, 69—71
who are prepared to kill, 259-60
piercing, of enemy's body, 120-21
Norris, W., 46
pikes, use of, 120, 154
pilots
obedience-demanding authority, 141—48,
combat addiction of, 234, 235
182, 187, 209, 295, 334, 341, 342
killing by, 30, 59-60, 79, 107, 110,
in atrocities, 221, 224—26
181-82, 184
training to accept, 260-61, 319
police. See law-enforcement agencies
video games and, 303, 314
political will, for war, 340
O'Brien, Tim, 190
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 77,
obsessions, 47-48, 233, 234-36
281-89
officers. See leaders
intensity of trauma and, 283, 285
older comrades, role of, 263, 265
killing and, 282-84
Ooley, Robert, 91
manifestations of, 282
operant conditioning, 177, 252-53, 255,
302, 313-16, 317, 340
of nonkillers, 284-85
opportunity to kill, 171-73, 189
social support and, 283, 285, 287, 289,
oppressed peoples, disloyalty of, 205
334-35, 345
treatment of, 293
Palmer, Dave, 248
of Vietnam veterans, 47, 48, 248, 279,
Panama invasion, 13, 240, 257-58, 273
282, 287-89, 291, 344
parades, role of, 264,274, 276,280,286,293
of World War II veterans, 285-87
paranoid trends, 48
posturing, 5-9, 11, 12, 13, 21, 71,
parasympathetic nervous system, 70
126-27, 181
paratroopers, 68, 206
poverty, effect of, 303
Pastora, Eden, 14
Pratchett, Terry, 340-41
patrols behind enemy lines, 60-62
prisoners of war
Pavlov, I. P., 252-53, 255
bombing of, 57-58, 79
Pavlovian conditioning. See classical executions of, 216
conditioning
fears of, 57-58
peer pressure, 27, 30, 89-90, 150, 224-26
murder of, 199-205, 209
Perrin, Noel, 330
uses of, 204-05
Perry, Ted, 291
proximity of medical treatment, 49, 269
personal kills. See close-range killing Prussian military, 10-11, 19
phalanx, 146, 153-54
psychiatric casualties, 43-50,94-96. See also physical danger, pursuit of, 76
post-traumatic stress disorder
physical distance, effect of, 97-137, 187,
(PTSD); trauma, psychological
188, 340
civilian victims of war, 55-57
close-range killing, 110, 114-37
drugs to treat, 270-71
edged-weapons range, 120-30
fear as cause of, 51—66
hand-grenade range, 112-13
guilt and, 91
hand-to-hand-combat range, 131—33
loss of fortitude and, 83
long-range killing, 108-10
manifestations of, 45-48
maximum-range killing, 107-08
medical personnel, 62-64, 335
midrange killing, 110-12
naval combat, 58-59
sexual range, 134—37
officers, 64-65
INDEX
363
patrols behind enemy lines, 60—62
role models, 303, 317-23
prisoners of war, 57—58
Roman military forces, 121, 145—46, 154,
treatment of, 48-50, 293
336
Vietnam War, 269, 277-78
Rorkes Drift batUe, 11
World War II, 269
Rosenthal, A. M., 327
psychological distance, 128, 160, 169, 324.
Roupell, George, 12, 333
See also emotional distance, effect of Rwanda, 121
psychopaths, aggressive, 50, 61, 124,
Ryan, Cornelius, 211
180-85, 189, 235
as Nazi death camp officers, 78-79
post-war behavior of, 181
safe areas, 263, 267-68, 287-88
psychotic personality, 48
sailors. See naval personnel
PTSD. See post-traumatic stress disorder Santoli, Al, 267
(PTSD)
scapegoats, 210-11
punishment justification, 165, 167, 339
schizoid trends, 48
screams. See noise
Seaton, Albert, 211
quick kill, 253, 257
secret police, 210
self-deception, 33
racism, effect of, 303. See also cultural self-defense, 173, 174, 195
distance
self-inflicted wounds, 78
raids behind enemy lines, 60—61
self-preservation, 27, 225, 226
Rand Corporation air-raid study, 56, 65
Seligman, Martin, 81
rape, 77, 137, 210-11, 220-21, 285
senses, effect of combat on, 74—75
rationalization and acceptance
Sepoy Mutiny, 121, 162
of killing, 231, 233, 237-40, 243,
sexuality, 31—32
262-80, 343
aggression and, 134-37
of not killing, 233
piercing of enemy's body, sexual
rear, attack from, 81. See also safe areas connotations of, 121
recent loss, effect of, 179, 189, 330, 342
sexual range, killing at, 134—37
reconnaissance patrols, 60
Shalit, Ben, 31, 52-53, 136, 144, 151, 156,
refugees, 81
161, 171, 173, 187, 189, 273, 317
religiosity, extreme, 48
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 74
Remarque, Erich Maria, 125
shoot-no shoot program, 257, 260, 315
remorse. See guilt
Sidney, Philip, 85
resensitization, 325-32
Skinner, B. F., 177, 252, 253, 255, 313,
reserve forces, 71
316, 340
responsibility, diffusion of, 225, 295, 303.
sleep, lack of, 71-72
See also group absolution
Slim, Field Marshal, 112, 235
rest and recuperation, 49
smell, sense of, 74
revenge, 179, 320
smoothbore muskets, 10, 19
Revolutionary War, U.S., 166
snipers, 108-09, 336, 340
Rhodesia, 178-79, 258, 340
combat fixation of, 235
Richardson, Frank, 116
training of, 254-55
rifled muskets, 18-19
in Vietnam War, 172-73
rifles, 9
social distance, 158, 160, 167-69, 188, 209
Rogel, William, 232
social learning, 303, 306, 317-22
364
I N D E X
social support structure, 264, 274-80, 293,
sympathetic nervous system, 70
294, 334-35, 340-41. See also
condemnation, of Vietnam veterans
tank fire, 108
for leaden, 91
target attractiveness, model of, 171,295,341
post-traumatic stress disorder and, 283,
taste, sense of, 74
285, 287, 289, 345
Taylor, James, 200
for World War II veterans, 286-87
technological advantages, 172
sociopaths, 180, 182-83, 185, 321, 340
technological distance, 169—70
Soldier of Fortune magazine, 343
teenagers, in Vietnam War, 264-65, 287
Somalia, 258
television, violence in, 261, 302, 308-11,
Somme, Battle of, 122
325-30, 347
Soviet Union, 212, 215
terrorism, 207-08, 225
spears, use of, 120-21
Thanatos (death instinct), 37, 332
special forces, 61, 68, 129, 180, 257
thermal-imagery devices, 169, 172
Spiegel, H. X., 335
Thompson, Jack, 13, 234, 244
stabbing, 98, 336
Tiananmen Square Massacre, 215
Staff, Peter, 109-10
Toffler, Alvin, 316
Stellman, Jeanne and Steven, 283, 284, 293
Tokyo, bombing of, 101—02
Stewart, Harry, 116, 336
Torah, 132, 337-39
Stockholm syndrome, 159
totalitarian governments, 210, 340
Stouffer, S. A., 53, 162, 344, 345
touch, sense of, 74
Strasser, Peter, 164
training, 18. See also conditioning
Strategic Bombing Survey, U.S., 80
of assassins, 306—07
stress, combat, 36, 44-45, 48, 61-62, 66, 76
basic, 190, 317
aggression and, 77
bayonet, 190
exhaustion and, 70
Civil War, 20
fear as factor in, 52, 53
denial defense mechanisms, 255—56
psychiatric casualties caused by, 95
desensitization, 251—52
training for, 68, 81-82
for exhaustion, 67—68
in Vietnam War, 271
posturing, effect on, 13
Stuart-Smyth, Alan, 146, 217-21
on prisoner treatment, 199, 203—04
sublimation, 324—25
simulators, 177-78
submarine crews, 108
for stress, 68, 81-82
submission, 5—6, 15, 21—25, 71
trauma, psychological, 36, 86, 89, 343. See suicides, 78, 150
also psychiatric casualties
of leaders, 148
amount of resistance and, 191
mass, 150
of atrocities, 222-26
murder-suicides, 241-43
of close-range killing, 115-16
of Vietnam veterans, 290, 345
in daily lives, 76-78
Summers, Harry, 258
edged-weapons use and, 122, 124
superego, 37
of executions, 201
surrender, 147-48, 150, 174, 175-76,
of guerrilla warfare, 198
199-201
of hand-grenade killing, 112-13
sustained combat. See continuous combat maximum-range killing and, 108
Swank, R. L., 43-44, 61, 180, 181, 184,
of midrange killing, 112
189, 235
of nonkillers, 90, 233, 259-60
swords, use of, 121
training for, 68
I N D E X
365
Trochu, General, 122
kill rates, 254, 334, 336
Truby, D.J., 109, 174
long-range killing in, 109
Truman, Harry S., 242-43
loss of, 273-74
medical personnel, 335
My Lai incident. See My Lai incident
Uhernik, Nick, 266
nonkillers in, 118, 259-60
United Nations, 167, 174, 217
personal kills in, 114-15
prisoners killed in, 199
Vagts, Alfred, 33-34, 164-65
psychiatric casualties in, 269, 277-78.
veterans. See also post-traumatic stress See also post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD)
disorder (PTSD)
condemnation of. See condemnation, of rationalizing killing in, 237-40, 262-80
Vietnam veterans
snipers in, 109, 172-73, 336
cooldown period for, 271-73,
social support structure for, 274—80
285-86, 293
U.S. close combat superiority in, 258
readjustment to civilian life of, 260,
youth of combatants in, 264—67, 287
291-92, 344, 345-46
violence in America, 299—332
Veterans Administration, 9
6
movies and, 308-11
Vicksburg battle, 11
statistics on, 299-302, 304, 346-47
victims. See also specific victims, e.g., violent ideation, institutionalization of, 252
children
virtual reality, 316
in movies, 321
nature of, 171-76, 189
Wagenbach, James W., 276
victory
Wake Island battle, 147
fortitude replenished by, 85
Waldron, Adelbert F., 172-73, 336
role of, 264, 273-74
war criminals, 105, 205
video games, violence in, 261,303,314-16,
Waterloo, Battle of, 122
323, 324, 326
Watson, Peter, 25, 35, 49, 52, 149, 161,
Vietnam Veterans Memorial, 275, 276, 293
306, 307
Vietnam War, 38, 248-95, 340, 344-45
Wavell, Lord, 51
atrocities in, 163, 207-08, 215. See also weather, effect of, 69, 72-73, 94
My Lai incident
Weinberg, S. K., 335
automatic weapons distribution in,
Weinberger, Caspar, 292
334, 336
Weinberger doctrine, 292
close-range killing in, 116-17
Weinstein, E. A., 335
cooldown period for returning
Well of Fortitude, 83-86
veterans, 271-73
Whitdesey, C. W„ 148
cultural distance in, 162-63
Willis, Captain, 118, 155
drug use in, 269, 270-71, 345
will to fight, 80
exhaustion in, 69
Wilson, James Q., 301
firing rates, 35, 181, 250, 251, 344
Wilson, Woodrow, 226
group role in, 268-70, 275-76, 287-88
Wind of Hate, 65, 66, 76-82, 80, 95,
ineffective firing in, 12
208
inescapability of, 267-68, 287-88
Wissembourg, Batde of, 12
killing female Vietcong in, 175
women. See also rape
killing of civilians in, 196-98, 265-67,
killing of, 174-75, 266
267, 287
as scapegoats, 210-11
366
I N D E X
Wood, Evelyn, 31
bombings in, 55-57, 65, 80, 99-102,
World War 1
104, 105
artillery bombardments, 80
bonding in, 269
edged-weapons combat in, 122,
cooldown period, 272, 285-86
123-24, 125
cultural distance in, 161—62, 163
ending of, 273-74
exhaustion in, 69, 71-72, 85-86
exhaustion in, 69, 86
fear acceptable in, 53
fraternization with enemy, 160
firing rates, 3-4, 15-16, 144, 153,
gas used in, 95, 331
181, 333
hand grenades used in, 112-13
fraternization with enemy, 158-59
ineffective firing in, 12
killing rates, 30, 110, 161-62, 184-85
Lost Battalion, 148
knife killing in, 130
machine guns in, 154
leadership in, 147
nobility in, 195-96
nonfirers in, 3—4, 15-16
nonfirers in, 27-28, 34
nonkillers in, 118
psychiatric casualties in, 44