63. See, for example, Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 176; Stanley L. Engerman, Slavery, Emancipation & Freedom: Comparative Perspectives (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007), pp. 3, 4; William D. Phillips, Jr., Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), pp. 46, 47; Ellen Churchill Semple, Influences of Geographic Environment (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1911), p. 90; R.W. Beachey, The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa (New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1976), p. 182; Harold D. Nelson, et al., Nigeria: A Country Study (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1982), p. 16; Christina Snyder, Slavery in Indian Country: The Changing Face of Captivity in Early America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 4, 5; T’ung-tsu Ch’ü, Han Social Structure, edited by Jack L. Dull (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1972), pp. 140–141.
64. Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), p. 23; Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), pp. 72, 75, 87.
65. An essay on this subject can be found in my Black Rednecks and White Liberals (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005), pp. 111–169.
66. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France and Other Writings, edited by Jesse Norman (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2015), p. 549.
INDEX
Ability, 8, 9
human capital: 11
innate potential: 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 12
IQ: 3, 7, 56–57, 102, 133 (note 14)
Achievements, 4–5, 6, 9–13, 14, 15–16, 125
Africa, 2, 17, 51, 101–102, 106, 126
Africans, 60, 126
Age, 57, 64, 71, 92, 95, 96, 101, 121
consequences: 45–46, 85, 101, 102, 116
differences: 31–32, 102, 152 (note 17)
Agriculture, 35
origins: 5
role in urbanization: 5
soil fertility: 18
Alcoholics, 23–24
American Telephone and Telegraph Company (A.T.&T.), 41, 42
Argentina, 51
Asian Americans, 78–79, 91, 104
Asians, 59, 91, 118
Astronauts, 8
Atlantic Ocean, 12, 17
Australia, 51
Baseball, 4
Basketball, 69, 83–84, 104
Birth Order, 7–8, 32, 101
Black Americans, 27, 30, 34–35, 38–43, 48, 49, 53, 59, 61, 67, 69, 72, 75, 78–79, 110, 127, 139 (note 7), 152 (note 17), 159 (note 37)
acculturation: 54, 55, 60, 62, 90, 121
attitudes: 90
“black English”: 116–117, 160 (note 49)
children: 110
crime and violence: 24–25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 54–55, 57, 58, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74–75, 83, 84, 85, 86, 104, 105, 110, 111, 112, 121, 138 (note 6), 145 (note 26)
discriminatory treatment: 24, 27, 30, 34, 35, 38–43, 47, 48, 50, 55–56, 60–61, 62–63
education: 55, 56, 62–68, 91, 105, 122–123
employment: 24–25, 34–35, 41–43, 44–47, 54, 71, 74–76, 96, 141 (note 31)
external factors: 90, 91
families: 53, 63, 67, 105, 110, 121, 122
“free persons of color”: 59, 60
income: 20, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35, 48, 53, 58, 68, 71, 72, 75, 90
internal differences: 52–55, 121
internal factors: 90, 91
migrants: 54–56, 57, 62, 63, 121
minimum wage laws: 45–47
mulattoes: 53
occupations: 41, 42, 43, 53
one-parent families: 110
preferential treatment: 42, 43
progress: 61–62, 110–111
regulated monopolies: 40–42
residential housing: 48–49, 53–54, 61
retrogressions: 54–56, 58, 60, 62–63, 110
riots: 110, 112
sorting and unsorting: 38–40, 52–58, 61–63, 64–68, 69–70, 71–72, 76, 105, 120, 122, 144 (note 20)
unemployment: 45–47, 96
Brazil, 51
Britain, 7, 10, 13, 14, 17, 96, 97, 101, 102–103, 104, 107–108, 110, 113, 123, 159 (note 37)
crime and violence: 104, 105, 107–108, 109, 113
education: 9–10, 91, 104, 105, 107–108, 109, 110
in ancient times: 14, 125
medical facilities: 109
Britons, 7, 10, 109, 113
Brown v. Board of Education, 64–66, 68
Burke, Edmund, 126
Businesses, 14–16, 22, 23–29, 34, 35–36, 38–42, 44–45, 73–76, 93, 94–95, 98, 106, 119–120
Camarata, Stephen, 129
Canada, 51
Capital Gains, 86–89, 153 (note 23)
Capitalism, 34
Capitalists, 34
Causation, 31–33
correlation: 47
external causation: 21, 32
hypothesis testing: 19
intentional causation: 33–34, 76, 93, 97, 104, 105
internal causation: 21, 32
locus of causation: 27
systemic causation: 34
Chance (see Probabilities)
Charney, Joseph, 129
Charter Schools, 66–67, 105, 122–123
Chicago, 43, 51, 52–53, 54, 55, 63, 69, 76, 121
China, 5, 12–13, 14, 96, 125
Chinese Language, 117
Chinese People
in China: 12
overseas Chinese: 13, 56, 91, 152 (note 17)
Cities, 5
Classical Music Composers, 8
Cleveland, 53, 55
Communism, 19
Coolidge Administration, 97
Costa, Elizabeth, 129
Costs (see Economics)
Crime, 26–29, 30, 57, 61, 113
high-crime neighborhoods: 26–29, 58
homicide: 84, 101, 108–109
riots: 107, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117
punishment: 113, 114
racial profiling: 83–86
Culture, 8, 112
Czechs, 117–118
Dalrymple, Theodore, 6, 17, 101, 107
Decisions, 24, 29, 30, 31, 33
categorical decisions: 118–119
costs: 21–22, 23–24, 37, 40–41, 44
decision-makers: 20–21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37–38, 40–41, 42, 43
decision-making venues: 24, 37–43
feedback: 35, 119–120
incremental decisions: 118–119
Degeneration, 107–111, 112, 159 (note 37)
Detroit, 53, 61, 63, 76, 124
Discrimination, 5–6, 11, 18, 19, 20–49, 77, 101, 102
anti-discrimination laws: 21, 25, 73, 111
costs: 21–22, 23–24, 25, 26, 30–49
discriminating tastes: 20, 21
Discrimination I: 21, 22–23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 59, 60
Discrimination II: 21, 22, 23, 24, 27–29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 40, 42, 44, 45, 57, 59, 60, 73, 79
empirical evidence: 78–79, 83–86
employment discrimination: 23–26
law-enforcement discrimination: 83–86
lending discrimination: 78–79
“redlining”: 22, 26, 28
Disparities, 1–19, 20, 32, 53–54, 72, 78–79, 101
age: 31–32, 101
crime and violence: 61, 69, 84, 101
“disparate impact:” 5–6, 32, 73–75, 102
education: 32–33
in nature: 16–17, 101–102
incomes: 53, 101
IQs: 3, 7, 56–57, 102, 133 (note 14)
racial and ethnic disparities: 31–32, 72
sex disparities: 25–26, 31, 32–33
“Diversity,” 68, 70
Earthquakes, 6, 17, 101
Eastman Kodak, 15
–16
Economics, 6, 10, 16n, 34, 40
businesses: 14–16, 22, 23–42, 73–76, 93, 94–95, 106, 119–120
competitive markets: 33, 34, 36, 37, 44–45, 46, 75–76, 93, 96, 98, 120
costs: 21–22, 29, 30
economists: 4n, 16n, 26, 34, 37, 45, 58, 91, 93–94, 109, 129
employment: 9, 23–28, 30, 91
housing: 48
human capital: 11, 123, 124
incentives: 33, 34–35, 36, 38–43, 75, 113, 120
incomes: 8, 20, 27, 33
labor force participation: 3n, 45–46
market economies: 19, 33–34, 35, 36–38, 39–41, 120
minimum wage laws: 44–47
output: 18
prices: 27–28, 29
profits: 27, 29
regulated monopolies: 40–42
unemployment: 45–47, 96
The Economist, 97
Education, 3, 4, 8, 9, 32, 101–106, 107, 112
Asian Americans: 91
black Americans: 56, 62–63, 64–68, 91, 116–117
Britain: 7, 10, 104, 106
charter schools: 105, 123
colleges and universities: 3, 7–8
Japan: 10, 91
Jews: 11–12, 51
Scotland: 10
sorting and unsorting: 122
United States of America: 104, 105, 110, 122–123
Egypt, 5
Engels, Friedrich, 34
English Language, 10, 59, 116–118
“black English”: 116–117, 160 (note 49)
English as lingua franca: 118
English People, 10, 104, 105, 107, 109, 110
Europe, 10, 11, 12–14, 16, 17, 25, 30, 52, 59, 60, 108–109, 124, 125, 126
Eastern Europe: 51, 101, 117–118
Southern Europe: 14
Western Europe: 14, 101, 106, 117
Exploitation, 19, 27, 106–107
Families, 3, 6
birth order: 7, 32
child-raising differences: 8–9, 32, 112–113
middle class families: 3, 9
parents: 3, 8, 102, 110, 112–113
twins: 8
working-class families: 9
France, 7
Frazier, E. Franklin, 52–53, 121
Friedman, Milton, 43
Genes, 1, 5, 6, 8, 17, 18, 19, 77, 91, 100, 102
Geography, 5, 12, 13, 17, 18, 101
coasts: 18, 101
mountains: 18, 101
river valleys: 18, 101
German Language, 118
Germans, 7, 51–52, 127
Germany, 7, 127
Ghettos, 30, 52, 59, 66, 68, 69, 90, 112, 116, 117, 122, 123
Golf, 4
Government
categorical decisions: 118–119
feedback: 119–120
government employment: 37
medical facilities: 109
political incentives: 36, 37, 39, 120
political “solutions”: 100, 118–120
Greeks, 14, 120, 125
Grievances, 111, 115
Harlem, 27, 31, 48–49, 53–54, 62, 67, 120–121, 144 (note 20)
Heredity and Environment, 7
Higgs, Robert, 34, 35
Hillbillies, 28, 70, 90–91, 159 (note 37)
Hitler, Adolf, 13–14, 19, 127
Holocaust, 6, 125
Homicides, 84, 101, 108–109
Hong Kong, 13, 96, 97, 127
Housing
building restrictions: 47–49
sorting and unsorting: 30, 50–63, 68–72
Human Capital, 11, 123–124
Hypotheses, 18, 19, 36, 45, 64, 77–78, 84, 91, 106, 107, 108, 113
Ideology, 5, 6, 30, 100–101, 126
Incentives and Constraints, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38–43, 72, 75, 113, 120
Income, 8, 33, 77, 86, 113
capital gains: 86–89
household income: 79–81
individual income: 81
redistribution: 123–124
salaries: 87
top one percent: 83, 86, 88
turnover: 82–83, 87–89
India, 5, 12, 30, 117
early civilization: 5
untouchables: 30
Industrial Revolution, 5, 10–11, 125
Intellectuals, 10–12
Intentions, 33–34, 76, 93, 97
Invincible Fallacy, 77, 100–112
IQs, 3, 7, 56–57, 102, 133 (note 14)
birth order: 7
Terman group: 3
Ireland, 52, 102–103
The Irish
in America: 25, 30–31, 52, 55, 103
in Ireland: 102–103
Irredentism, 115
Islamic World, 125
Isolation, 12–13, 68
Italians, 51, 52
Italy, 51, 52
Japanese, 10, 31, 52, 75, 91, 118, 152 (note 17)
Jews, 11–12, 13–14, 51–52, 55, 125
anti-Jewish discrimination: 11, 12, 13–14, 30, 31, 41–43, 52, 123
Eastern European Jews: 51
German Jews: 51
ghettos: 30, 52, 59
literacy: 11, 12
Nobel Prizes: 11, 13, 14
nuclear bomb: 12–14
Kodak: 15–16
Labor Force Participation, 3n, 45–46
Laggards, 4, 9–10
Languages, 10, 116–118
Law, 5–6, 11, 28–29, 120
courts: 28–29, 64–66, 68, 73–75, 84
police: 28–29, 84, 109, 113–114, 121
“Leaders,” 29, 114, 118
Lebanese, 51
Lester, Richard A., 93, 94n
Lightning, 6, 17, 101
Literacy, 2, 10, 11, 12, 105
Liu, Na, 129
Luck, 112, 113, 114
Male-Female Differences, 3
Market Competition, 33, 34, 36, 37, 44–45, 46, 75–76, 93, 96, 98, 120
Marriage, 52, 56–57
Marshall, Alfred, 128
Marx, Karl, 19, 34, 139–140 (note 16)
Marxism, 19, 106–107, 157 (note 17)
Mathematics, 1–2, 11
McWhorter, John, 116–117, 160 (note 49)
Media, 27, 33, 54, 78–79, 111, 114
Medicine
medical facilities: 109
medical science: 10, 11
Mental Tests, 3, 7, 56–57, 102, 133 (note 14)
Merit Scholarships, 7
Migrants
emigrants: 13, 52
immigrants: 51–52
internal migrants: 54–56, 62–63, 121
Minimum Wage Laws, 44–47
income changes: 99
racial impacts: 45
unemployment: 45, 92–97
Morality, 30, 33, 103
“Move to Opportunity” Program, 70–71
Municipal Transit, 38–39
National Merit Scholarships, 7
Nations
lagging: 10
leading: 12
median ages: 102
Nazis, 13, 14, 19, 42
New York, 51–52, 61, 62, 66, 121
New York Times, 67, 82, 98, 99
The Nineteen Sixties, 107, 108–112
Nobel Prize, 3, 11, 125
Non-Profit Organizations, 37, 42–43
Nuclear Bomb, 13–14
Occupations, 2, 20, 32
Opportunity, 2, 8, 9, 12–13
Outcomes
equal: 9
failure: 2, 5
random: 1, 2, 18, 29
skewed: 4, 5, 6, 17, 18
success: 1–5, 7, 9, 13, 15, 16, 48, 66–67
Pacific Ocean, 17, 55, 56
The Past, 125–127
Photography, 15–16, 84–85
Pinker, Steven, 61, 108–109, 145 (note 26)
Plessy v. Ferguson, 40, 64
Police, 28–29, 84, 109, 113–114
Politics, 5–6, 10, 19, 29, 30, 32, 36, 57, 72, 79, 85–86, 106–107, 108, 111, 114, 122, 126
The Poor, 27, 34, 35, 83, 86, 92, 105, 106, 112, 119
The Poor Pay More, 27
Portugal, 13, 101
Potatoes, 102–103
Poverty, 15, 19, 35, 71, 90, 104, 106, 110, 111, 112, 119, 123–124, 125
Preconceptions, 5, 18, 19, 79, 80, 113
Prerequisites, 1–6, 9, 11–12, 13, 14, 101
changing: 5
multiple: 1–5, 9, 11–12, 16, 17, 19, 101, 116
Prices, 27
Princeton University, 93–94
Probabilities, 1–2
bell curve: 2, 4, 101
odds: 1–2
randomness: 1, 4, 18, 29
skewed distributions: 2, 4, 5
Progressives, 63
Public Housing Projects, 69, 70, 121, 129
Public Utilities, 37, 40–42, 141 (note 31)
Punctuality, 115–116
Race, 5, 6, 8, 14, 18, 19, 21, 28, 30–49, 52–56, 57–58, 59–72, 74–76, 90, 101
Racism, 33, 36, 42, 46, 47, 58, 59, 60, 69, 76
Railroads, 39–40
Regulated Public Utilities, 37, 40–42, 141 (note 31)
Retrogression, 12, 54–56, 58, 111
Reversals in Achievement, 4–5, 9–13, 14, 15–16
The Rich, 83, 86, 99, 106, 112
Riots, 107, 109, 110, 112, 117
Roman Empire, 12, 14, 125
San Francisco, 47–49, 56, 69, 95, 120
Scandinavian Countries, 14
Science, 5, 6, 10, 11–12, 13–14
Scotland
changes over time: 9–10
highlanders and lowlanders: 10
language: 10
Scots: 10
Seattle, 95, 99
Sex, 21, 101
sexual attraction: 25
sexual differences: 3n, 8
venereal diseases: 108
Singapore, 91, 96, 97, 118
Slavery, 34, 38, 59, 60, 125–126, 127, 162 (note 65)
Smith, Adam, 10, 34, 139 (note 16)
Social Degeneration, 107–111, 112, 159 (note 37)
Social Visions, 97, 100–127
“Solutions,” 57, 100, 112–124
Sorting and Unsorting, 22, 26, 38–40, 50–76
educational sorting and unsorting: 62–68, 105
imposed sorting: 30, 52, 58–59
imposed unsorting: 63–66
residential sorting and unsorting: 30, 50–63, 68–72
self-sorting: 50, 67, 68, 72, 105
third-party sorting and unsorting: 67, 72, 105–106, 120, 121
South Africa, 36–38, 75
South America, 17, 51
Sowell, Thomas, 144 (note 20)
Spain, 51, 101, 123
Statistics, 32, 33, 77–99
crime statistics: 77, 83–86
“disparate impact” statistics: 5–6, 73–75
errors of commission: 86–97