For further information on Bennelong, other than sources already cited: see Isadore Brodsky, Bennelong Profile: Dreamtime Reveries of a Native of Sydney Cove.
For the Wentworth dynasty, see Ritchie's The Wentworths.
For the Macarthur dynasty, see Michael Duffy, Man of Honour: John Macarthur; and the much earlier (by half a century) M. H. Ellis, John Macarthur.
For first generation of Australians, see John Molony, The Native-Born, especially chaps. 1 and 2; and Portia Robinson, The Hatch and Brood of Time, a reassessment of the first generation of Australian-born.
For the best study of Phillip's last days, see Frost, Phillip; and George Mackaness's seventy-year-old study, Admiral Arthur Phillip.
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Clark, C. M. H. A History of Australia. Vol. 1, From the Earliest Times to the Age of Macquarie. Melbourne, 1962.
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Cobley, John. The Crimes of the First Fleet Convicts. Sydney, 1970.
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ELECTRONIC SITES
Byrne, Dan. The Blackheath Connection (with input by Leo Rhind). Available free online under that title.
weights and measures
LINEAR MEASURE 1 inch = 1,000 mils = 2.54 centimetres
12 inches = 1 foot = 0.3048 metre
3 feet = 1 yard = 0.9144 metre
220 yards (660 feet) = 1 furlong = 201.168 metres
8 furlongs (1760 yards) = 1 (statute) mile = 1.6093 kilometres
SQUARE MEASURE 144 square inches = 1 square foot = 929.03 square centimetres
9 square feet = 1 square yard = 0.8361 square metre
4,840 square yards = 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare
640 acres = 1 square mile = 259.0 hectares
NAUTICAL MEASURE 6 feet = 1 fathom = 1.829 metres
100 fathoms = 1 cable's length = 182.9 metres
In the Royal Navy
608 feet = 1 cable's length = 185.319 metres
10 cables' length = 1 international nautical mile = 1.852 kilometres
1 international nautical mile = 1.150779 statute miles
Length of a minute of longitude at the equator
60 nautical miles = 1 degree of a great circle of the earth = 69.047 statute miles
3 nautical miles = 1 marine league = 5.556 kilometres
LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE 1 gill = 5 fluid ounces = 0.1480 litre
4 gills = 1 pint = 0.568 litre
2 pints = 1 quart = 1.136 litres
4 quarts = 1 gallon = 4.546 litres
2 gallons = 1 peck = 9.092 litres
4 pecks = 1 bushel = 36.37 litres
WEIGHTS 1 ounce = 28.3495 grams
1 pound = 453.59 grams
14 pounds = 1 stone = 6.35 kilograms
112 pounds = 1 hundredweight = 50.80 kilograms
2,240 pounds = 1 (long) ton = 1,016.05 kilograms
2,000 pounds = 1 (short) ton = 907.18 kilograms
TEMPERATURE °Celsius = 5/9 (°Fahrenheit - 32)
THOMAS KENEALLY
Thomas Keneally has won international acclaim for his novels Schindler's List (the basis for the movie and the winner of the Booker Prize), The Chant of Jim-mie Blacksmith, Confederates, Gossip from the Forest, The Playmaker, Woman of the Inner Sea, A River Town, Office of Innocence, and The Tyrant's Novel. His most recent works of nonfiction are The Great Shame and American Scoundrel. He resides in Sydney, Australia.
ALSO BY THOMAS KENEALLY
Fiction
The Place at Whitton
The Fear
Bring Larks and Heroes
Three Cheers for the Paraclete
The Survivor
A Dutiful Daughter
The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith
Blood Red, Sister Rose
Gossip from the Forest
Season in Purgatory
A Victim of the Aurora
Passenger
Confederates
The Cut-Rate Kingdom
Schindler's List
A Family Madness
The Playmaker
To Asmara
By the Line
Flying Hero Class
Woman of the Inner Sea
Jacko
A River Town
Bettany's Book
Office of Innocence
The Tyrant's Novel
Nonfiction
Outback
The Place Where Souls Are Born: The Journey to the Southwest
Now and in Time to Be: Ireland and the Irish
Memoirs from a Young Republic
Homebush Boy: A Memoir
The Great Shame and the Triumph of the Irish in the English-Speakin
g World
American Scoundrel: The Life of the Notorious Civil War General Dan Sickles
Lincoln
For Children
Ned Kelly and the City of Bees
Roos in Shoes
FIRST ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION, DECEMBER 2007
Copyright © 2005, 2006 by The Serpentine Publishing Co (Pty) Limited
All rights reserved. Published in the United States by Anchor Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in hardcover in Australia by Random House Australia, and subsequently in hardcover in the United States by Nan A. Talese, an imprint of The Doubleday Broadway Publishing Group, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, in 2006.
Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the Nan A. Talese/Doubleday edition as follows:
Keneally, Thomas.
A commonwealth of thieves : the improbable birth of Australia / Thomas Keneally.—1st ed. in the U.S.A.
p. cm.
Originally published: Milson Point, NSW : Random House Australia, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Australia—History—1788–1851. 2. Prisoners—Australia—History. 3. Convict ships—Australia—History. 4. Penal colonies—Australia—History. 5. Frontier and pioneer life—Australia. 6. Philip, Arthur, 1738–1814. 7. Governors—Australia—New South Wales—Biography. 8. Australia—History—1788–1851—Biography. I. Title.
DU99.K46 2006
994.02—dc22
2006044470
Author photograph © University of California, Irvine/Kerry Klayman
www.anchorbooks.com
eISBN: 978-0-307-38757-8
v3.0