poetry, 121–122
reviews, 156
rise of, 211–226
as Robert Koch admirer, xi, 157
Robert Koch criticized by, 185–186
setting up practice, 111–112
Sherlock Holmes creation, 143–147, 150–154, 156, 213–214, 217–226, 235–242
in South Africa, 236
spiritualism and superstition, 239–240
story writing, 113–114, 140–141, 216–217
thesis on syphilis, 136–137
in Vienna, 211–212
viewing tuberculosis cure, 183–185
Conan Doyle, Innes, 121
Conan Doyle, Louise, 141, 158, 212
death of, 238–239
delicate disposition, 220
as invalid, 237
tuberculosis contracted, 222–223
Conan Doyle, Mary, 158, 212
Consumption. See Tuberculosis
Copernicus, 133
Cornet, Georg, 189
Cornhill Magazine, 142
Coupland, Sidney, 99
Crohn’s disease, 35
Cuvier, Georges, 150–151
Daily Telegraph, 156, 184
Darwin, Charles, 5, 133
hereditary theory and, 100–101
on nature’s dead ends, 36
Darwin, Francis, 105
Davaine, Casamir, 23–24, 26
Death
Arthur Conan Doyle, 240
causes, xiii
Louise Conan Doyle, 238–239
Pasteur, 210
prevalence in 19th century, xii–xiii
Robert Koch, 234–235
from tuberculosis, xii, 90–93
de Maupassant, Guy, 93
Dengler, Franz, 234
Descartes, 48
Diabetes, 35
Dickens, Charles, 91, 92, 128, 144
Diffusion of innovations, 118–120
Digitalis, xvi
Diphtheria, 166
Directly observed therapy (DOTS), 250
Disease. See also Germ theory of disease; New germ theory of disease; specific diseases
bacteria and, 15
cell theory of disease, 20, 30
Crohn’s disease, 35
heart disease, 89, 93, 156, 169, 251
hospital disease, 14
Disinfection, 81, 205
The Doings of Raffles Haw (Conan Doyle, A.), 212
Donné, Alfred, 44
DOTS (Directly observed therapy), 250
Droplet nuclei, 95–96
Duclaux, Émile, 62
Dysentery, 19
Dyson, Freeman, 149
Edison, Thomas, 147
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, 23
Ehrlich, Paul, 86, 87, 166
Eidam, Eduard, 41
Einstein, Albert, 33
Electricity, 148
Electrohomeopathy, 159
Emmert, J. M., 206
Epidemics Examined and Explained (Grove), 31
Ernst, Harold, 02
Ether, 11
Etiology, 49, 73, 78–79
Experimental oversight, 192
Extensively drug-resistant TB(XDR-TB), 250–251
Faraday, Michael, xviii
Faulds, Henry, 153
Fermentation, 59–60
Fingerprints, 153
Finsen, Niels Ryberg, 232
The Firm of Girdlestone(Conan Doyle, A.), 141, 155
Fleming, Alexander, 246
Flint, Austin, 105
Franco-Prussian War, 165
antiseptics during, 12–13
lives claimed, 16
Pasteur on, 56–57
Robert Koch during, 3–4, 8–11, 15–16
smallpox during, 12
Freiburg, Hedwig, 167, 199–200, 209, 233
Fritsch, Gustav, 44
Gaffky, Georg, 73
Galileo, 133
Gangrene, 14
Gelatin, 69–76
Gelsemium, 114
Germophobia, 35, 55
“Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery,” 54
Germ theory of disease, xv. See also New germ theory of disease
Bacillus anthracis discovery, 29
bacteria deadly power, 28–29
communicating, 30–37
doubts, 32
hanging drop, 26–27
Henle research, 31–32
Klebs research, 31–32
Lister as enthusiast, 69
Pasteur’s passion, 58
practical application, 120
resistance and rejection, 36
Robert Koch’s first experiments, 25–28
as scientific revolution, 148
today, 34–35
Virchow scorning, 86, 88
worldwide acceptance, 204–205
Gillette, William, 236–237
Goethe, 93
Good Words, 116
Gordon, Charles Alexander, 11, 13, 14
Gould, Stephen Jay, 36
The Graft Theory of Disease, Being an Application of the Phenomena of the Zymotic Diseases (Ross), 100
Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 195–196
Granuloma, 96
Gray’s Anatomy, xvi
Great Stink, 94
Green Revolution, 120
Griffiths, Frances, 239–240
Grove, John, 31
Handbook of Rational Pathology(Henle), 5–6
Handbook of Systematic Human Anatomy (Henle), 6
Hand-washing, 30
Hanging drop, 26–27
Hare, William, 126
Hartz, Henry, 183
Hausen, Harald zur, 252
Heart disease, 89, 93, 156, 169, 251
Heilmittel, 178, 202
Helicobacter, 252–254
Henle, Friedrich, 5–6, 9, 21, 26, 31–32, 37
Henle, Jacob, 185
Herbicide study, 118–119
Heredity theory, 99–101
Hesse, Walther, 71
Hill, Arthur Bradford, 192
Hinshaw, Horton, 247
Hippocrates, 29, 99
HIV/AIDS, 89, 172
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 18, 143, 172, 192
Hooke, Robert, 17–18
Hospital disease, 14
Hound of the Baskervilles (film), 241
The Hound of the Baskervilles (Conan Doyle, A.), 235, 238
Humoral medicine, 21, 29, 122, 126
Huxley, T. H., 149, 150
Hydrochloric acid, 81
Hydrotherapy, 122
Hygiene hypothesis, 35–36, 203–205, 209
Immune reaction, 174
Immunology, 86, 148, 231
Influenza, 97, 215
Innovators, 45, 72, 83. See also Diffusion of innovations
Institute for Infectious Diseases, 196–197, 209–210, 228
Institutional review board (IRB), 192–193
Internal combustion engine, xvii
International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, 74–75
The Invisible Man (Wells), 218
Iodine, 81
IRB (Institutional review board),192–193
Irving, Washington, 93
The Island of Doctor Moreau (Wells), 218
Ivory soap, 205
Jack the Ripper, 151
Jenner, Edward, xvi, 64–65, 90, 133
Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 68
Journal of Hygiene, 166
Kastle-Meyer test, 153
Keats, John, 93, 96
Klebs, Edwin, 14–15, 24, 31–32, 46
Knox, Robert, 126
Koch, Emma Fraatz, 6, 16, 26, 167
divorce, 209
as doctor’s wife, 17, 24
screening patients, 28
Koch, Gertrude, 7, 16, 26, 27, 108, 167
Koch, Robert. See also Lymph system; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ambition, 200
anger, 80
animal tests, 27
announcing tuberculosis cure, 174–180
anthrax isolation, 56
Arthur Conan Doyle and, xi, 157, 158–159, 185–186
Bacillus anthracis discovery, 29
belief in cure, 199
Berlin appointments, 51–52, 85–87
on bovine tuberculosis, 229–233
in Breslau, 37–40
cholera research, 162–163, 164, 207
communicating discovery, 29–30
confidence, 108
contribution, 244
daily lab work, 80–81
death of, 234–235
demonstrating cure, 190
disappointments, 234
disintegrating marriage, 166–167
drawings, 43
early medical practice, 7
early years and education, 4–5
etiology, 49
field hospital, 14
first experiments, 25–28, 35
first publication, 41–42
during Franco-Prussian War, 3–4, 8–11, 15–16
full-time experiments, 177–178
Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle, 195–196
heilmittel, 178, 202
Henle directing, 26
Institute for Infectious Diseases, 196–197, 209–210, 228
Institute of Hygiene, 165–166
isolating bacterium, 50–51
laboratory innovations, 45
laboratory techniques, 27, 68
legacy, 242–243
marriage, 6, 209
meeting Cohn, 39–41
mercuric chloride and, 81–82
microphotographs, 44–45
at microscope, 24
microscopy as blueprint for career, 21
Nobel prize, 232–233, 243
as outsider, 233
paradigm shift, 36
Pasteur as peer, 57, 70
Pasteur as rival, 62–63, 72–73, 79, 82–84, 116, 200
Pasteur feud, 73–80
plating technique, 70–71
postulates, 50, 51, 107, 202, 243
praise for discovery, 106–107
publications, 81
secrecy, 191
in South Africa, 227–228
spitting and, 205–206
team, 82
tuberculosis as nemesis, xviii
tuberculosis cure, ix–xi, 172–174, 190
tuberculosis discovery, 87–90, 92, 99, 102–103, 105, 204
using gelatin, 69–76
in Wöllstein, 16–17, 19–20, 22, 43
world travel, 210, 227–228, 233
wound infections studies,45–46, 48–50
Krupp cannon, 10
Kuhn, Thomas, 33, 149
Laboratory work, 117–118
Lancet, 72, 104, 114–115, 123, 176–177
Landolt, Edmond, 213
Leckie, Jean, 237–239
Libbertz, A., 179, 189–190
“Life and Death in Blood,” 116, 134,142, 157
Lind, James, 191
Lister, Joseph, x, 18, 33–34, 68, 81
altering work, 82
antiseptics, 12–13, 31, 45, 60–61, 175
germ theory enthusiast, 69
letter to Pasteur, 61
lymph system endorsed by, 195
Literacy, 142–143
Locke, John, 167
Loeffler, Friedrich, 73, 85–87
Lombroso, Cesare, 153
London Medical Gazette, 107
Lotze, Hermann, 37
Louis, Pierre, 168, 192
Lupus, 102
Lymph system, 101, 172, 178, 185
assessment, 198–199, 201
criticism of, 201–202
imprecision, 194
inspiring false cures, 203
Lister endorsing, 195
patient response, 194–195
secret contents, 191, 195, 197
Marat, Jean-Paul, 168
Marshall, Barry, 252
Marten, Benjamin, 103
Martin, Richard, 127
Massachusetts General Hospital, xvi
Mattei, Count, 191
Matthew effect, 106
Mayson, Isabella Mary, 139
MDR-TB (multi-drug-resistant TB), 249–250
Measles, 97
Medical Brief, 94
Medicine, 54, 105, 206
Arthur Conan Doyle giving up, 215–216
breakthroughs, xviii
humoral, 21, 29, 122, 126
medical science, 68
modern, xix
National Academy of Medicine, 83
nineteenth century, xv–xvi
translational, 118
Meissner, Georg, 5
Mercuric chloride, 81–82
Merton, Robert, 106
“Methods for the Study of Pathogenic Organisms,” 70
Micah Clarke (Conan Doyle), 154–155, 181
Microbe Killer, 169
Microbiome, 252–254
Micrographia (Hooke), 17–18
Microorganisms, 20
Microphotographs, 44–45
Microscope, 17–18, 24
Microsporum septicum, 46
Mitrailleuse, 10
Modern Medicine and Bacteriological World, 206
Modern Review, 129
Morris, Malcolm, 180–181, 212–213
multi-drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), 249–250
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 102–103, 108, 208, 245
Nachvollziehbarkeit, 50
Napoleon III, 57
The Narrative of John Smith (Conan Doyle, A.), 141
National Academy of Medicine, 83
Nature, 72, 150, 153
New germ theory of disease, 254–255
Newnes, George, 214, 219
Newton, Isaac, 33, 148
New York Times, 107
Nicholas Nickelby (Dickens), 91
Nixon, Richard, 172
Nobel prize, 232–233, 243
On the Origin of the Species (Darwin), 5
On the Structure of Human Body (Vesalius), 6
Opiates, xvi
Opium, 168
Osler, William, 68
Otoscope, 18–19
Owen, Richard, 150
Paget, Sidney, 216–217, 236
Pall Mall Gazette, 142
Paper clip, xvii
Pasteur, Louis, xiv
addressing French medicalestablishment, 53–55
anthrax research, 61–64
anthrax vaccine, 65–67
cholera research, 60
death of, 210
debunking spontaneous generation, 32–33
in Egypt, 162–163
on fermentation, 59–60
first to study yeast, 59
on Franco-Prussian War, 56–57
as germophobe, 55
germ theory as passion, 58
on hand-shaking, 55–56
at International Congress of Hygiene and Demography, 74–75
Lister letter, 61
microbes
evidence, 31
microbiology and, 58
physical characteristics, 53
pleuropneumonia publication, 82
rabies vaccine, 82
Robert Koch as peer, 57, 70
Robert Koch as rival, 62–63, 72–73, 79, 82–84, 116, 200
Robert Koch feud, 73–80
septicemia and, 82
at Seventh International Medical Conference, 67–69
silkworm research, 58–59, 79
on spontaneous generation, 55, 58
team, 82
vanity, 57
Patriotism, 78
Peer review, 71
Penicillin, 246
Penny dreadfuls, 142
Pepys, Samuel, 17
Pertussis, 97
Peter, Michel, 83
Petri, Julius Richard, 71
Pfuhl, Eduard, 199
Phenol, 13
Phipps, James, 64
Photography, 44
Phthisis, 98–99, 102, 176
The Picture of Dorian Gray (Wilde), 155
Pleuropneumonia, 82
Poe, Edgar Allan, 93, 144
Pollender, Aloys, 24
Popular Science Monthly, 68, 147–148
Pratt, Charles, 190
Principles and Practice of Medicine(Flint), 105
Publications
Germ theory of disease, 41–42
Pasteur on pleuropneumonia, 82
Robert Koch, 41–42, 81
Virchow, 21
Punch, 142
Pyaemia, 14
Quinine, 81
Rabies vaccine, 82, 166
Radam, William, 169–170
Randomized clinical trial (RCT), 191–192
Rathbone, Basil, 241
Rayer, Pierre, 23
RCT (Randomized clinical trial), 191–192
The Refugees (Conan Doyle, A.), 212
Research standards, 47
“Resistance by Scientists to Scientific Discovery,” 33
Return of Sherlock Holmes (film), 240
Revue scientifique, 77
Rickettsia, 14
Riis, Jacob, 93
Ringworm, 19
Roentgen, Wilhelm, xviii, 19
Rogers, Everett, 118–120
Ross, James, 100, 101
Ross, Ronald, 232
Roux, Émile, 163, 166
Royal Society, 17
Sagan, Carl, 133
Salt, 81
SARS, 89
Sax, Adolphe, 168
Schatz, Albert, 245–247
Schiller, Friedrich, 93
Science, 68, 147–148
concept-based theory, 149
as fad, 218
how it happens, 33
journals, 71–72
resistance to, 133
scientific method, 48
scientific revolution, 148–149
Scott, Walter, 93, 154
Scrofulous diathesis, 101
Scurvy research, 191–192
Semmelweis, Ignaz, 30, 33
Senn, Nicholas, 201–202
Sequah, 191
Seventh International Medical Conference, 67–69