National Police Day, 30
National Salvation Front, 211–17, 219
Nazim, Sobhi Gamal, 140–41
New York, 154
NGOs, 119
nidham, 119
Nile River, 15, 51, 55, 79, 92, 133, 170, 224
niqab, 151
“no” campaign, 89–91, 92–93, 212–13
Noor Mosque, 111
North Africa, 103
No to Military Trials, 178–79, 250
Nour, Ayman, 24, 40, 44, 220
Obama, Barack, 122, 210
Occupy Wall Street movement, 154
Omar Makram Mosque, 57, 59
Operation Cast Lead, 42
Pakistan, 215
Palestine, 16, 81
al-Aqsa intifada, 22, 37, 39
-Israeli conflict, 4, 16, 22, 34, 37, 42, 180, 209–10
patronage, 119
Pepsi, 41, 125
Please Forgive Us, O Leader, 241–42
pluralism, 72, 83, 101, 172, 182, 186, 189, 220, 256
police, 2, 7, 20
Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud, 155–60
brutality, 29, 78, 81, 134–35, 155–56, 207, 216, 250, 256
el-Sisi and, 228–43, 256
Maspero massacre, 131–46, 154
Morsi and, 204–31
Mubarak and, 20, 24–30, 35–47, 77
Port Said massacre, 173–76
post-Mubarak, 77–81
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39
reform, 77–78, 207
revolution and, 51–65, 77–81, 104, 110, 118
Police Day, 46
politics, 2–3, 5–6, 40–41, 52, 70, 82–85
anti-Morsi campaign, 211–31
constitutional referendums, 82–93, 212–13
debates, 183–84
election fraud, 24, 26, 30, 44, 83, 119, 179, 186, 190, 217–18
el-Sisi and, 228–43, 255–57
el-Sisi constitution, 239–42
fall of Mubarak, 68–76, 77, 113–14
future of, 247–58
June 30 Revolution, 222–31
military coup against Morsi, 228–39, 247
Morsi and, 190–98, 204–31
Morsi constitution, 196–97, 207–13
Mubarak and, 19–30, 35–47, 73–74
Muslim Brotherhood-dominated parliament, 169–72, 174, 176–78, 186–87
Nasser and, 14–17, 19, 32–33
new election law, 118–19
patronage, 119
post-Mubarak, 70, 75–76, 79, 82–100, 101–30, 147–69
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39
Sadat and, 17–19, 33–35, 120
2005 presidential elections, 24, 25
2006 parliamentary elections, 25–26
2010 parliamentary elections, 30, 44, 95
2011 parliamentary elections, 95, 122–30, 147–69
2012 parliamentary inaugural session, 168–69
2012 presidential elections, 159, 180–94
2014 presidential campaign, 248
See also specific groups, parties, and regimes
pornography, 207
Port Said massacre, 173–76
Port Said riots, 217
poverty, 10, 13, 117, 167, 168, 199, 202, 250
Presidential Election Commission, 190
pyramids, 21, 56
Qasr el-Nil bridge, 53, 75, 171
Qatar, 244, 257
Qena, 126
Rabaa Square protests, 228–39, 245
radical Islam, 34–36, 81, 100, 131, 184, 204–5, 209, 220, 224–25, 239
radio, 150
Ramadan, 36, 42, 100, 111, 113, 114, 115, 152, 202, 203, 204, 234
rape, 27, 57, 191
“virginity tests,” 84–85
revolution. See Egyptian Revolution
Revolutionary Socialists, 25, 116, 216, 239
Revolutionary Youth Coalition, 1, 6, 67–71, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 84–90, 98, 101–30, 133, 146, 148–49, 151, 154, 167, 182, 189–90, 197–202, 216, 252
constitutional referendum and, 84–93
demise of, 198–202
Friday of Determination, 105–8
Friday of the Second Revolution, 102–3
internal bickering, 101–30, 197–202
“Revolution First,” 106
Tahrir sit-in, 107–11
2011 parliamentary elections, 154–58
Revolution Continues, 117–18, 155–57, 158, 160, 164
“Revolution of God,” 120–22
Rice, Condoleezza, 125–26
Romania, 81
RSD, 70–71
Russia, 5, 254
Bolshevik Revolution, 5, 62
Ruweini, Hassan, 65–66
Sabbahi, Hamdeen, 181–82, 184, 212, 248
Sadat, Anwar, 17–20, 33–35, 120
assassination of, 19, 34, 120
Muslim Brotherhood and, 33–35
Said, Khaled, 29, 43, 45
Facebook page, 29, 46, 69
Salafi Noor Party, 176, 178
Salafis, 40, 45, 46, 62, 100, 119, 120–23, 132, 140, 141, 144, 149, 152–54, 157, 162, 168, 169, 170, 176, 180, 206, 208, 210, 216
“Revolution of God,” 120–22
2012 presidential elections, 180–83
salasel, 165–66
Sanousi, AbdelShafik, 127, 129, 130
Sanousi clan, 127–30
Saudi Arabia, 17, 18, 34, 38, 100, 152, 248
Sawiris, Naguib, 90, 108, 150–52, 222
“Second Revolution,” 145, 146
secularism, 31, 83, 94, 95, 100, 115, 147, 153, 181, 185–86, 189, 200, 208, 209, 213–16, 243
Selmi document, 209
sexual harassment, 27, 57, 179, 191
“virginity tests,” 84–85
Shabha, Ola, 146, 212
Shafik, Ahmed, 84, 92, 180–94
2012 presidential campaign, 180–94
shahada, 137
Shaker, Ahmed, 141
Sharaf, Essam, 84, 104
sharia law, 121–22, 126, 153
Shawqi, Mostafa, 137, 139
Shenouda, Pope, 141
Shia Muslims, 225
Shibin el-Kom, 99
Shoubra, 152, 157, 158, 161, 167, 170, 227, 230
Shoubra Council, 210
Shura, 93
Sinai, 21, 22, 81, 117, 204, 239
soccer, 43, 51, 156, 173, 217
Port Said massacre, 173–76
ultras, 43, 51, 173–75, 216, 230
Social Democratic Party, 89, 91, 102, 107–9, 114, 148, 160, 166, 177, 196, 206, 207, 217, 219, 237, 240–41, 243
Free Egyptians and, 150–52
2011 parliamentary elections, 147–63, 167–69
in 2012 parliament, 176–78
role in revolution, 29, 45, 54, 61, 70–71, 83–84, 98, 103, 105–6, 124, 139–40, 142, 201, 241, 244
society, 2, 3, 4, 13, 27, 35, 193, 214, 226
feudal families, 125–30
future of, 247–58
middle class, 13, 19, 29, 54, 69
Morsi and, 195–98, 204–31
Muslim Brotherhood and, 214
post-Mubarak, 68, 75–76, 82–100, 101–30, 141, 157, 193
Society of the Muslim Brothers, 31
sofa party, 60
Soviet Union, collapse of, 5
State Security, 26–27, 36–44, 77, 78–81, 104, 114, 138, 146, 237, 256
archives, 80–81
secret prisons, 81
Stewart, Jon, 215
Strong Egypt Party, 213
Suez, 55, 72
Suez Canal, 14, 31–32
suicide bombings, 239
Suleiman, Omar, 74, 180, 182
Sunni Muslims, 39
Supreme Constitutional Court, 186–87, 192, 195, 207, 229
Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF), 73–76, 81–85, 100, 159, 163, 168, 230, 239, 252, 254
Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud, 155–60
censorship directive to media, 118–19
“Communiqué Number One,” 73
constitutional referendum and, 83–85, 93
crackdown on civil society groups, 179
Facebook page, 83–84, 103
legislative powers of, 187, 188, 195–98, 206
Maspero massacre, 131–46, 154
military rule, 73–75, 78, 80–85, 89, 101–30, 145–46, 159, 162–64, 169, 178–79, 187, 195–96, 206, 222, 240, 248
Morsi and, 195–98, 204–31
Port Said massacre, 173–76
Supreme Guidance Bureau, 42
Syria, 26, 27, 103, 203–4, 224, 238
war in, 203–4
“Tahrir Code,” 109
Tahrir Square, 1–7, 18, 44, 53, 106, 158, 191, 238
Battle of Mohamed Mahmoud, 155–60
fall of Mubarak, 68–76, 77, 113–14
February 2 (Battle of the Camel), 56–57, 65, 76, 137, 140
first anniversary of revolution, 169–72
Friday of the Second Revolution, 102–3
January 25 (Day of Rage), 53–54
January 28 (Friday of Rage), 53–56
July 8 (Friday of Determination), 105–8
“Republic of Tahrir” period, 57–59
revolution, see Egyptian Revolution
second anniversary of revolution, 216–17
sit-in, 107–11
third anniversary of revolution, 242
Taliban, 100
Tammarod, 220–31
Tantawi, Mohammed Hussein, 112, 119, 123, 141, 174–75, 195, 205
Tarek, General, 64–65, 72
tear gas, 52, 53, 104, 135, 156, 160
television, 9, 10, 19, 77, 215, 228, 257
advertising, 150
el-Sisi and, 229, 231, 239–41, 248
Maspero massacre and, 131–46
Morsi and, 206, 214–15, 217, 224, 229
Mubarak’s final address on, 73
Port Said killings and, 173–75
presidential debates, 183–84
revolution and, 52–53, 58–61, 73, 77, 78, 85, 112–14, 166, 173, 229
SCAF censorship directive to, 118–19
strike, 78
Temple of Hatshepsut, 36
textiles, 93, 120
Tiananmen Square, 65
Tora Prison, 42
torture, 78, 81, 85, 117, 134–35, 163, 179, 196, 207, 252
tourism, 36, 56, 63
traffic, 27, 63, 107, 112, 113, 166, 226
police, 79
treason law, 125
Tunisian Revolution, 30, 45, 49–50, 65
Turkey, 238, 244, 257
Twitter, 45, 61, 139
umma, 35, 37
unemployment, 26, 167, 197
United States, 4, 18, 87, 103, 113, 119, 195, 215, 247
Camp David Accords, 34
-Egyptian relations, 18, 20, 25, 34, 87, 113, 125–26, 146, 179, 209–10, 234
invasion of Afghanistan, 22, 40
Iraq War, 22–23, 50
Occupy Wall Street movement, 154
Upper Egypt, 124, 125, 131, 132
veil, 69, 151
Velvet Revolution, 5
“virginity tests,” 84–85
Wadi Hof, 18, 21
Wafd Party, 108, 144, 162
Wagdy, 141–42
We Are All Khaled Said, 29, 46, 69
women, 57, 95, 121, 127–28, 129, 178, 208
blue bra beating, 162–64
Islamic attitudes toward, 127, 153
revolution and, 57, 69–70, 84–85, 95, 129, 133, 136, 146, 159, 162–64, 212, 228, 241
sexual assaults of, 27, 57, 84–85, 179, 191
veil and, 69, 151
“virginity tests,” 84–85
Workers Democratic Party, 120
World War II, 13, 32
Wust el-Balad, 21
xenophobia, 6, 15, 75, 106, 123, 181
Yassin, Osama, 233
Youssef, Abdelrahman, 11, 24
Youssef, Bassem, 215, 239–40
Youth Movement for Justice and Freedom, 25, 69, 70, 99, 116, 137, 146, 149
YouTube, 39, 12, 126, 214
Zagazig, 188
Zamalek, 63, 96, 166
Zionism, 41, 122, 179
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Copyright © 2015 by Thanassis Cambanis
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First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition January 2015
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cambanis, Thanassis.
Once upon a revolution : an Egyptian story / Thanassis Cambanis.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Egypt—History—Protests, 2011– 2. Kamel, Basem. 3. Abdelkareem, Moaz. 4. Political activists—Egypt—Biography. 5. Civic leaders—Egypt—Biography. 6. Revolutionaries—Egypt—Biography. 7. Egypt—History—1981-—Biography. 8. Social change—Egypt—History—21st century. I. Title.
DT107.88.C36 2015
962.05'5—dc23
2014022751
ISBN 978-1-4516-5899-6
ISBN 978-1-4516-5901-6 (ebook)