North West Frontier, 273
nuclear physics, 14, 149–50, 155, 353, 357
Nulli Secundus (airship), 56
Nuttall, J.M., 153
nylon, 338
The Observer, 25
O’Gorman, Mervyn, 63, 64, 71, 342–3
oil industry, 98, 123, 349
Oliver, Henry Francis, 101, 109, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121–2
Omdurman, Battle of (1898), 218
omnibuses, motor, 29–30, 356
operational research, 352, 353
Ordnance Board, 155, 162
Orford Ness, Suffolk, 344, 347, 351
Oriel College, Oxford, 346
Osborne Naval College, 102
Ostend, 197
Ostwald, Friedrich, 20
Otto, Nikolaus, 27
Ottoman Turks, 97, 98, 117, 138
Owen, Wilfred, 258–9
Oxford University, 35, 127, 225, 247, 283, 285, 288
science at, 10, 33, 186, 344–5, 346, 348–9
pacifism, 278, 280, 319
Page, Dr Walter Hines, 143–4, 145, 146
Palestine, 97–8, 311, 324–5
Pan American Airways, 338
Panhard et Lavassor, 27, 45
Pankhurst, Christabel, 274
Para Mantois optics company, 87
Paris, 23, 207–8, 234
Parkes, Alexander, 19
Parsons, Sir Charles, 154
Pathé, 291–2
Pear, Tom, 244, 255
Pearse, Padraig, 132
Peddie, William, 349
Pemberton Billing, Noel, 90, 399
penicillin, discovery of, 338–9
pensions, state, 13
Perkin, William, 19
Pershing, General, 146
Persia (Iran), 123
Petavel, Joseph Ernest, 33, 59
petroleum, 20, 27, 28, 31, 201
Peugeot, Armand, 27
Peugeot cars, 45
pharmaceutical industry, 20, 21, 213, 219, 338
phosgene, 185, 189, 354
photographers, 11, 288, 292, 299, 323, 333
photography, 20, 52, 83–5, 86
aerial reconnaissance, 83–5, 86, 87–9, 91–3, 95–7, 98, 347
box brownie cameras, 84, 300
cameras used for aerial reconnaissance, 86, 87, 89, 91, 92–3, 98
at the front, 298
half-tone printing process, 25
Imperial War Museum and, 332, 333
optical lenses, 84, 86–7, 157, 299
RFC School of Photography, 91–2
X-ray films and plates, 21
Physical Societies, 15
physics, 5–6, 7, 8, 168, 344–5
nuclear, 14, 149–50, 155, 353, 357
quantum theory, 14, 353
Pickford, Mary, 312
pigeons, 163
Planck, Max, 14, 341
pneumatic tyres, 26, 28
poison gas, 9, 173–4, 175–7, 179–90
British development and use of, 179–80, 181–3, 184, 185, 188, 203, 219, 288, 337
Chemical Warfare Committee, 188
chlorine, 173, 175–8, 180, 181, 184, 189, 354
first use of (April 1915), 173, 176–7, 288
gas masks, 177, 181, 184, 185–6
Geneva Protocol (1925), 403
Hague Convention (1899/1907), 174, 175
improvised protection against, 177–8
Livens Projector, 187–8
mustard gas, 186–8, 189, 190, 219, 354
phosgene, 185, 189, 354
tear gas experiments, 174–5, 188
total casualties, 189–90
World War Two, 403
Pommern (German warship), 121
Ponsonby, Arthur, Falsehood in Wartime, 333
Poole, Lieutenant E.S., 265
population growth, 22, 35, 38
Porton Down, Salisbury Plain, 184, 354
Portsmouth, 130, 347, 354
Post Office, 1–2, 102, 106, 135, 336–7
press and mass communications:
advertising, 35
allowed to report from the front, 288–9
anti-German hysteria, 274–5, 276, 278, 282
atrocity and barbarism stories, 274–5, 278
censorship and, 11, 271–2
debate on ‘shell shock’, 244, 247
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) and, 271–2
developments in printing, 24, 25
explosion of tabloid press, 25, 35
in France, 288
Harmsworth’s innovations, 24–5
illustrated magazines, 272
Lloyd George and, 322–4
news agencies, 283–4, 316, 318
patriotic fervour and, 75
photographers, 288
Press Bureau and, 271–3, 280, 287–8, 316
quasi-correspondents (‘Eye-Witnesses’), 280–2
reporting of Gillies’ work, 237
speed of distribution, 24; see also entries for individual newspapers
propaganda: Admiralty and, 294, 295–7, 316
atrocity and barbarism stories, 274–5, 278, 330, 333
The Battle of the Somme, 301–10, 314
Britain Prepared, 294–8, 309
British campaigns in neutral countries, 278–9, 280, 282–5, 286–7, 289, 316, 320–1, 324
British use of cinema, 294–8, 301–12, 314, 318
Department of Information, 317–19, 320, 321
directed at enemy countries, 318
directed at Germany, 327–30, 333–4
discredited in post-war Britain, 333, 334
Robert Donald and, 316–17, 320
Enemy Propaganda Department, Crewe House, 326–30
German campaigns in neutral countries, 278
German use of cinema, 292–3, 310
Lawrence of Arabia and, 324–5
Ministry of Information and, 322–4, 325–32
National War Aims Committee (NWAC), 319–20, 330
Nazi Germany and, 334
recruitment posters, 269–71
in Second World War, 334
war artists and, 313, 318, 332, 333
War Cabinet and, 316, 317, 320, 324, 327
War Propaganda Bureau (Wellington House), 278–9, 280, 282–5, 286–7, 289, 294, 297–8, 309, 312–13, 316, 318, 320–1
Prothero, George, 127
Prussian military victories (1866–71), 38
psychoanalysis, 14, 255
psychology, 10, 23, 242–3, 244
interpretation of dreams, 255, 256
the libido and, 339
Maghull Hospital and, 255–6
William Rivers and, 242, 255–9
the unconscious mind, 23–4, 339; see also shell shock
psychotherapy, 23, 237, 255, 261
public health: improved sanitation, 21–2
industrial production and, 10, 171
mass immunisation projects, 21–2
Medical Research Committee established (1913), 22
purification of water supplies, 21, 22
the ‘TB Penny’, 22
public opinion, 12, 273–4, 284, 288, 314
attitudes to shell shock, 244, 265–6
NWAC and, 330
war-weariness and, 319, 322, 330
Punch, 49
HMS Queen Elizabeth, 295
HMS Queen Mary, 109–10, 120, 130
Queen Mary’s Hospital, Roehampton, 232–3
Queen’s Hospital, Sidcup, 233, 237–9
radar, development of, 350, 351–2, 353, 354–5, 357
radio (wireless telegraphy): Admiralty and, 104, 105–6, 155, 163
advances in during War, 10, 336–7
broadcast services, 336–7, 338, 357
closing of amateur radio stations, 105
distress signals, 19
electric telegraph and, 17
German Navy and, 104–6, 108–9, 110–17
improved signalling and reception, 105
interception of diplomati
c cables, 110, 111, 125, 126–7, 131–2, 138, 139–44, 145–6
interception of signals, 2, 8, 102, 103–6, 109–14, 116–17, 118–19, 121–3, 138, 163
international agreements, 19
Marconi and, 18
radio companies, 18–19, 336–7, 338
Royal Navy on-board radios, 104, 155, 163
Royal Society War Committee and, 7
Russian, 103–4
thermionic valves, 18, 336
use of at sea, 6, 18, 19
Watson-Watt and, 349–50
radiology, 21
railways, 37, 78, 224, 226, 228, 230, 231, 232, 253, 356
Ramsay, Sir William, 174
Ransome & Rapier, 161–2
Rawlinson, General, 229–30
Rayleigh, Lord, 5–7, 33, 35, 59, 150, 382
reconnaissance, military: The Art of Reconnaissance (army manual), 70
cavalry and, 5, 81
‘sound ranging’, 151–3, 206
see also aerial reconnaissance
Red Cross, 234, 324
Rees, Sir Milsom, 234
Regensburg (German warship), 121
Reith, John, 337
Repington, Colonel Charles à Court, 66, 287
Reuters, 28–4, 316, 318
Reynolds, Osborne, 33
Rheims Cathedral, 274
Richardson, Captain, 106–7
Richthofen, Manfred von (the ‘Red Baron’), 94
Rivers, William, 242, 255–9, 382–3
Roberts, David, 196
Robertson, Miss, 128
Robey & Co., Lincoln, 196
Robinson, Harold, 151, 153
rockets and flares, 163
Roddam, Miss Olive, 128
Roe, Alliott Verdon, 46–8, 55
Roger, Alexander, 155–6
Rolland, Romain, 278
Rolls, Charles, 43, 44, 45–6, 62
death of (1910), 62–3, 84, 281
Rolls-Royce, 45–6, 281
Romania, 74
Röntgen, Wilhelm, 21, 149
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 298
Rosyth, 114, 119
Rothschild, Lord, 62
Rotter, Charles, 108–9
Rotterdam, 136–8
Rows, Ronald, 255
Royal Air Force (RAF), 332, 334, 335, 355
aerial reconnaissance and, 96–7
Allied counter-offensive (July 1918) and, 97, 208
creation of (1 April 1918), 95
‘declinist’ view of inter-war Britain, 353–1
openness to scientific ideas, 355–6
Royal Aircraft Establishment, 355
Royal Aircraft Factory (formerly Balloon Factory), 71, 73–4, 90–1, 342–3, 350
Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC), 217, 221
College at Millbank, 186, 215, 216
dramatic improvements during war, 239
formation of (1898), 215
Medical Research Committee and, 226–7
numerical strength of, 239
opens Queen’s Hospital, Sidcup, 237–8
shell shock and, 244, 246–7, 252
Royal Artillery, Inventions Branch, 159
Royal Automobile Club (RAC), 45
Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors, 160, 209–10
Royal Engineers, 52, 180, 187, 194, 347
Royal Flying Corps (RFC): aerial photographic unit, 86
‘Bloody April’ 1917, 95
Brabazon joins, 84
casualties during Somme, 93
crossing to Amiens (13 August 1914), 2–5, 78–9
established (April 1912), 69–70
film cameramen with, 296
Flying School, 69, 347
hospital at Hampstead, 257–8
inner tubes as lifebelts, 3, 4
life expectancy of pilots, 95
Lindemann and, 343–4
mobilised (August 1914), 78
photography and, 84–5, 87–9, 91–3
reconnaissance flights, 72, 80–3, 87–8
roundel identification mark, 82
School of Photography, 91–2
structure of Military Wing, 70
support vehicles, 79
Tizard and, 347–8
Trenchard becomes commander, 89
wartime expansion of, 89, 93
Royal Horse Artillery, 151
Royal Institution, 346
Royal Marines, 197
Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS), 72–3, 95, 197, 354
Royal Navy: Churchill and, 67–9
as conservative-minded, 35
‘declinist’ view of inter-war Britain, 353–4
dreadnought battleships, 38, 119
film cameramen with, 294, 295–7
Fisher reforms, 102
Hall’s reforms, 109–10
move from coal to oil, 68, 123
North Sea patrols, 112
officers and ‘other ranks’, 36–7
on-board radios, 104, 155, 163
patriotic pride in, 75
Portland Naval Review (1912), 68
Reserve, 197
size of, 38
Voluntary Service, 127; see also Admiralty
Royal Society, 5–7, 59, 102, 156, 157, 168–9, 184, 186, 188, 216, 242, 342, 352
War Committee of, 7–8, 86, 156, 179, 180, 181, 219, 349
Royce, Frederick Henry, 45
Russell, Bertrand, 14, 150, 278
Russia, 15, 74, 75, 77, 175, 309
The Battle of the Somme shown in, 309–10
capture of the Magdeburg, 107–8, 116
cinema industry, 291
departure from war (1918), 95, 207, 321–2
February 1917 revolution, 309–10
machine guns and, 192
October 1917 Revolution, 95, 207, 319, 321–2
poison gas casualties, 189
population growth, 38
radio communications, 103–4
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 38, 116, 161, 194, 295
Soviet state, 324
Rutherford, Ernest, 14, 149, 151, 155, 157, 352–3, 383–4
Saltpetrière hospital, Paris, 23
salvarsan, 21
Samson, Lieutenant Charles, 67, 68, 69
Sandhurst Royal Academy, 36
sanitation, 21–2, 214, 215
Santos-Dumont, Alberto, 42, 49, 50
Sargant, Mr Justice, 209, 210
Sargent, John Singer, 313
Sassoon, Siegfried, 160, 257–8, 259
Sayonara steam yacht, 130–1
Scapa Flow, 107, 111–12, 114, 119, 288, 295
Scarborough, 112, 113
Scheer, Admiral Reinhard, 118, 119, 120–1
Schlieffen Plan, 77
School of Military Engineering, Chatham, 53
science: achievements and
breakthroughs during War, 9–10, 335–40
biophysics, 352
common view of role in War, 9
‘declinist’ view of inter-war Britain, 353–4
education system and, 32–3, 34–5, 36
fluid mechanics, 33
genetics, 14
neurology, 22–3, 252–3
see also shell shock; physiology, 10, 168, 181, 261, 352
public sector in inter-war period, 354, 355
pure versus applied, 10–11
revolution in early twentieth-century, 14–15
ruling class as biased against, 32–3, 34–5, 36
vocational training in, 33–1; see also physics; psychology; radio (wireless telegraphy)
scientists, 5–9
Board of Invention and Research, 154–5
‘boffin’ term, 11, 340
‘Census’ of in Britain (1916), 168
French, 178
German, 341–2
‘H Department’ at Farnborough (‘Chudleigh Mess’), 342–3, 350
links with govern
ment and industry, 10, 11, 154–7
Munitions Inventions Department, 156
Second World War boffins, 11, 340–53, 356
Trench Warfare Department, 155–6, 162, 200; see also chemists
Scotland Yard’s Special Branch, 130
Seacole, Mary, 215
Seale Hayne Hospital, Devon, 254–5
seaplanes, 69, 72
design and building of, 72–3
Second World War, 123, 153, 186, 209, 334, 339, 357
area bombing during, 346
Battle of Britain, 351, 353
Chain Home system, 351–2, 353
Great War science and, 340–53, 356
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, MI6), 125
Secret Service Bureau, 125
Selfridges, Oxford Street, 51
Sennett, Mack, 291
Seton-Watson, Robert, 326, 384–5
Seydlitz (German warship), 115
Shackleton, Sir Ernest, 311, 318
Shaw, George Bernard, 133, 278, 280
Shaw, William Napier, 59
Sheffield, Gary, 264–5
shell shock: as affecting anyone, 245–6
anxiety and stress of trench warfare, 243–4, 246–7, 248, 249, 258, 261
army categorisation of, 247–8, 253
army’s attitude to, 244–6, 250–2, 253, 261, 264–6
‘Aviators’ Neurasthenia’, 257–8
Battle of Passchendaele (1917) and, 253
Battle of the Somme (1916) and, 250–2, 253, 264–5
coining of term, 243
debate over causes of, 244, 246–8, 249–50, 253–5, 261–2
early cases, 241–2
electric shock treatment, 259–60, 262, 263
evacuations to England, 241–2, 248, 252, 254–5, 258, 259
executions for cowardice or desertion, 264–6
as ill-chosen term, 249–50
Samuel Myers and, 243, 244, 246, 248–50, 252, 254–5
‘nervous and mental shock’ diagnoses, 241–2
neurasthenia category for officers, 245, 248, 257–8
paralysis and ‘the shakes’, 241, 243, 245, 254, 260
posthumous pardons for men
executed, 266
principle of ‘proximity’ and, 248–9, 252, 261
public attitudes to, 244, 265–6
William Rivers and, 256–8
suspicion of malingering and, 246
treatments for, 244, 248–9, 252, 254–9, 262–3
Shephard, Ben, 250
Shepherd, Ernest, 177
shipbuilding, 55
Short Brothers, 44–5, 46, 55, 62, 67, 70, 72, 336
Signal Corps, US Army, 312
Silvertown factory explosion, 171
Simon, Lieutenant, 130
Sinn Fein, 129–30, 131–2
Skoda, 161
Slade School of Fine Arts, 235
Sligo, Lord, 131
Sloggett, Sir Arthur, 217–18, 227, 228, 229–30, 252, 253
Smith, George Albert, 295
Smith, Grafton Elliott, 255, 385
Snagge, Sir Harold, 324
social class: Max Aitken and, 281
cavalry and, 151