colour film, 295, 296
A Day in the Life of a Munitions Worker, 311
Department of Information and, 318
developments in 1895–1914 period, 290–1
documentary films, 291, 294–8, 301–11, 314
‘electric picture palaces’, 290
fake footage of ‘over the top’ moment, 303–4, 306, 308
film cameramen at the front, 11, 293–4, 298–309, 311, 314
film cameramen with army, 11, 293–4, 296, 297, 298–309, 311, 314
film cameramen with Royal Navy, 294, 295–7
German propaganda films, 292–3, 310
The German Retreat and the Battle of Arras, 310
Hollywood, 291, 312, 357
images of the dead and the dying, 304, 307, 308
initial banning of film-makers from front, 292, 293, 295
international nature of, 291, 292
invention of, 26
limitations of film cameras, 299
Mrs John Bull Prepared, 311
newsreel companies in Britain (Topical companies), 291–2, 293–4, 300–1, 311
NWAC and, 330
official films at Imperial War Museum, 332, 333
Pictorial News (Official), 311
popularity of, 35, 290, 305–6
recruitment pictures, 292
in Second World War, 334
severe restrictions at front, 299–300
standard 50mm lens, 299, 306
US Army Signal Corps film unit, 312
War Office Cinematographic Committee, 310–11
War Office Topical Film Committee, 293, 301, 304
Wellington House Cinema Committee, 294
Circuit des Ardennes, 28, 44
Clarendon Films, Croydon, 300, 303
Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, 345
Clark, Alan, 164
Clarke, Russell, 105–6
Clarke, William, 118–19
coal mines, industrial health in, 10
coal tar, 20
code-breaking, 8, 11, 12
Admiralty and, 11, 102–3, 106–14, 117, 118–19, 121–3, 125, 126–7, 128, 138, 339
capture of code books, 106–8, 116–17, 125, 126, 131
diplomatic service code books, 125, 126, 131, 144, 145
Ewing and, 101, 102, 103, 106, 108, 126
Government Code and Cypher School, 339
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 339–40
legacy of, 339–40
at War Office, 126
Cody, Samuel E, 56–7, 58, 59, 70
Coke, Sir Charles, 130–1
Cold War, 339
Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), 338
Committee of Imperial Defence, 58, 69, 194
communications and signals, 15, 18, 19, 24, 52, 163, 354
on Eastern Front, 103–4
failures of the command-and-control system, 164
interception of, 2, 8, 102, 103–6, 109–14, 116–17, 118–19, 121–3, 138, 163
interception of diplomatic cables, 110, 111, 125, 126–7, 131–2, 138, 139–44, 145–6
lack of improvements in, 163–4; see also intelligence; radio (wireless telegraphy)
conscription, 168, 357
Conservative Party, 53, 117–18, 277, 315
Constantinople (Istanbul), 124
Cook, Sir Edward, 287–8
cordite, 166, 169–70
HMS Cornwallis, 131
Courtney, Captain Ivon, 79
courts martial for cowardice or desertion, 263–5
Coventry Sewing Machine Company, 27
Craiglockhart Hospital for Officers, 256–9
cricket, 36, 273, 318
Crimean War, 37, 215
Crippen, Dr, arrest of (1910), 19
Crompton, Colonel, 199
Crookes, Sir William, 7
Crystal Palace Technical College, London, 34, 63
CS Alert, 1–2, 101
Cunliffe-Owen, Sir Hugo, 324
Curie, Marie, 21, 341
Daily Chronicle, 316
Daily Express, 51, 281, 322
Daily Mail, 25, 49, 50, 51, 62, 276, 281, 287, 310
Daily Mirror, 25, 275–6
Daily News, 279, 288
Daily Telegraph, 127, 274
Daimler, Gottlieb, 27
Daimler-Knight petrol engine, 201
Dakin, Henry, 227
Darracq Motor Company, 43
Dartmouth Naval College, 102
Darwin, Charles (grandson of evolutionist), 153
Darwin, Horace, 59, 156
de Grey, Nigel, 127, 139–40, 142, 144, 366
de Havilland, Geoffrey, 34, 63–5, 71, 91
de Valera, Eamon, 132
Defence of the Realm Act (DORA), 105, 271–2
Dejerine, Jules, 23, 242, 255, 262
DeMille, Cecil B., 312
Denniston, Alexander, 102–3, 109, 364
Denniston, Mrs Alexander, 128
Deperdussin aircraft, 70
Deptford generating station, 16
Derby, Lord, 227
Derflinger (German warship), 114, 115
d’Eyncourt, Eustace Tennyson, 198, 200, 210
Dickens, Charles, Our Mutual Friend, 340
Dickson, Bertram, 66
diphosgene, 185, 189
Diplock, Bramah, 196
dirigibles, 58
disease and fever, 15, 21–2, 214–15, 216
bacteria in shrapnel and, 219–20, 221
gas gangrene, 220, 231
inoculations, 216
DNA, discovery of, 153
Dodd, Francis, 313
Donald, Robert, 316–17, 320
Doncaster international air show (1909), 62
Dover, 1, 2, 3, 51, 156
Downing College, Cambridge, 97
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 133, 195, 280, 286
Driver, Hugh, 57
Duchess of Westminster’s War Hospital, Le Touquet, 242–3
Dulux paint, 338
Dunne, John William, 57, 59
DuPont, 338
dyes, synthetic, 19, 168, 170
dynamite, 166
dysentery, 214
Earp, Private, 264
Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, 67, 68, 72
Eastern Telegraph Company, 17
Eastman, George, 26, 83–4
Edgerton, David, 354
Edison, Thomas, 16, 26, 191
education system, British, 24, 51, 349
public schools as anti-technology, 32–3, 34–5, 36
technical schools, 34, 48, 63
Edward VII, King, 32
Egypt, 97, 98, 269, 311
Ehrlich, Paul, 21
Einstein, Albert, 14, 149, 341
Electric Lighting Company, US, 191
electricity, 10, 15–16, 356
domestic consumption, 16–17, 357
electrical industries, 16–17, 21
generating stations, 16
as key technology, 35
motor cars and, 29
power stations, 16
replacement of gas street lighting by, 16, 356
electrocardiograph devices, 21
endocrinology, 261
engineering, 9, 10, 12
at Cambridge, 33, 102, 187
precision, 29
vocational training in, 33–4
engines, internal combustion, 15, 27–8, 29, 30, 31–2, 33, 43, 60, 61, 123, 201, 356
see also aircraft engines
epilepsy, 23
Esher, Lord, 58
ethnographic studies, 242, 256
Evelyn, John, 6
Evening News, 305, 310
Evening Standard, 322
Ewing, Sir Alfred, 101–3, 105, 106, 108, 126, 364–5
HMS Excellent, 354
explosives, 9, 20, 33, 78, 155, 165–8, 169, 170–2, 337, 338
amatol, 167, 170
ammonal, 167, 171
Ballisite (propellant), 166
F
airbanks, Douglas, 312
Fairey, Richard, 34
Falkenhayn, General Erich von, 175, 176, 193, 207
Faraday Laboratory, Royal Institution, 346
Farman, Henri, 42–3
Farman aircraft, 4, 42–3, 66, 70, 80, 91
Farnborough: Airship Company based at, 67
Balloon Factory at, 52–3, 56, 57, 58–9, 63, 64, 71
RFC School of Photography at, 91–2
Royal Aircraft Establishment at, 355
Royal Aircraft Factory at, 71, 73–4, 90–1, 342–3, 350
Farr, Gertrude, 264, 265
Farr, Harry, 264, 265
Faunthorpe, Captain, 298, 301
Faversham, ‘the Great Explosion’ at, 171
Ferranti company, 16
fertilisers, agricultural, 20, 338
Ffoulkes, Charles, 331, 332
film-makers see cinema
Finsbury Technical College, London, 34, 48
First World War: American Expeditionary Force, 146
Armistice (November 1918), 97, 208–9, 259, 329–30
British declaration of war (4 August 1914), 1, 6, 77, 105, 129
British public support for, 273–4, 284, 314
casualty figures, 93, 176, 177, 179, 187, 189, 202, 217, 228, 231, 240, 251
causes of, 76–7
Eastern Front, 103–4, 174–5, 189, 206–7
first aerial combat, 89–90
Hindenburg Line, 206
initial patriotic fervour, 75, 76
outbreak of (August 1914), 1, 6, 75–8, 105, 129, 150–1, 269–71
Russia’s departure from (1918), 95, 207, 321–2
scale of conflict, 38
trenches on Western Front, 9, 83–4, 87–8, 93, 154, 161, 174, 193, 194–5, 222
US entry (6 April 1917), 97, 145, 207, 322, 328
vast scale of casualties, 213, 230
Ypres salient, 175, 179
First World War (battles and campaigns): Allied counter-offensive (July 1918), 96–7, 208, 231–2
Arras (1917), 95, 188, 230
Britain’s first offensive act (1914), 1–2
Cambrai (1917), 153, 205–7, 208, 209, 210, 321
Caporetto (1917), 321
Dogger Bank (1915) (naval), 113–16, 118
Gallipoli (1915–16), 116, 117
German advance through Belgium (August 1914), 77, 161, 192–3
German retreat in West (1918), 97, 208–9, 329
German spring offensive (1918), 95–6, 188, 207–8, 231
Jutland (1916) (naval), 118–22, 123, 138, 238, 352
Le Cateau (1914), 217
Loos (1915), 181–3, 203, 227–8, 288
the Marne (1914), 193
the Menin Road Bridge (1917), 172
Mons (August 1914), 81–2, 217, 272–3
Neuve-Chapelle (March 1915), 87, 89, 117, 156, 287
Palestine campaign (1917–18), 97–8, 311, 324–5
the Somme (1916), 93, 138, 160, 165, 167, 185, 202–4, 228–30, 236, 250–3, 264–5, 289, 301–10, 314, 315
Tannenberg (1914), 103–4
Verdun (1916), 138, 163, 185
Vimy Ridge (1917), 153
First Battle of Ypres (October 1914), 242
Second Battle of Ypres (1915), 175, 176–9, 282, 288
Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) (1917), 153, 186–7, 205, 207, 237–8, 253, 311, 321
Fisher, Lord, 102, 111, 112, 113, 115, 118
flags, 163
Fleming, Alexander, 226, 338–9
Fleming, Professor John Ambrose, 10, 11, 365
Flint, Charles R., 52
Foch, Marshall, 207, 208
Fokker aircraft, 90, 91, 94, 95
food and drink, 35, 78, 157
Food Investigation Board, 157
Ford, Henry, 30
Foster & Co, Lincoln, 199, 200
Foulkes, Colonel Charles, 180, 181, 182
Fowler, R.H., 352
France: aircraft engines, 47–8
annual manoeuvres (1910), 66
ballooning in, 30–1, 44
as centre of aviation in Europe, 42–3, 45, 49
cinema in, 26, 291
defeated by Prussia (1870–1), 38
development of motor car, 27, 43, 45
intellectuals and writers support war, 277
motor races in, 28
patriotic fervour in, 75, 277
population growth, 38
Schlieffen Plan and, 77
treatment of mental conditions in, 23, 261–2
war correspondents at front, 288
Wilbur Wright’s aeroplane displays in, 32, 64
see also French army
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, assassination of, 77
Fraser, Lionel, 127
Freemantle, Michael, 165
French, General Sir John, 5, 81–2, 83, 193, 287
French army: aerial photography and, 84, 97
Algerian divisions, 173, 176
annual manoeuvres (1910), 66
artillery of, 153–4
Battle of Mons and, 81–2, 272
BEF on left flank of, 77, 79, 192
development of the tank and, 209
infantry uniforms, 78
July 1918
counterattack, 208
machine guns and, 154
poison gas and, 173, 176, 180, 185
protection against poison gas, 177–8
shell shock and, 261–2, 266
size of, 38
‘sound ranging’ and, 151
Freud, Sigmund, 14, 23–4, 255
friendly fire incidents, 82
Fuel Research Board, 157
fuel supply industry, 29, 349
Fuller, Colonel J., 205
Fulton, John, 66
Gallipoli, 116, 117
Galsworthy, John, 280
gas engines, 27
gas masks, 177, 181, 184, 185–6
Gaumont, 291–2, 293–4, 300
gelignite, 166
gender reassignment surgery, 339
General Electric Company (GEC), 16–17, 336–7
George V, King, 277, 295, 298, 332
German army: advance through Belgium (August 1914), 77, 161, 192–3
aerial observation techniques, 89
anti-tank tactics, 206
atrocity and barbarism stories, 274–5, 278, 330, 333
British propaganda leaflets and, 329, 333–4
field grey uniforms, 78
film cameramen with, 310
heavy artillery of, 153, 161, 207–8
impact of of British tanks, 203
light mortars, 161
machine guns and, 154, 192
Pioneer Regiment, 175–7, 184
shell shock and, 261, 262–3, 266
size of, 38
‘stabbed in the back’ argument, 333–4
use of mustard gas, 186–7, 188
use of poison gas, 173, 175–7, 179, 288
as victims of poison gas, 183
German Navy: challenge to British
supremacy, 25, 75
code books, 106–8, 116–17
radio communications, 104–6, 108–9, 110–17
shelling of Scarborough and Hartlepool, 112, 113
use of code, 101, 103, 105–8
Germany: armament production, 154
aviation and, 56, 58
British naval blockade of, 118, 122, 135, 136, 167
communications interception, 103–5
diplomatic mission in USA, 125, 129, 131–2, 138, 139–42
diplomatic service messages intercepted, 110, 111, 125, 126–7, 138, 139–44, 145–6
domination of chemical industry, 20
at forefront of technological changes, 38
Harmsworth’s warnings on, 25
intellectuals and academics support war, 277–8
invention of motor car, 27
Irish nationalists and, 129–30
Mexic
o and, 139, 140–1, 142, 143, 145
patriotic fervour in, 75
population growth, 38
propaganda in Nazi era, 334
Schlieffen Plan, 77
‘stabbed in the back’ argument, 333–4
tank development in, 209
Technische Hochschulen (technical schools), 34, 341
telegraphic cables cut, 1–2, 8, 101, 104, 138
unrestricted submarine warfare, 122, 138–10, 142, 146
use of code, 8, 101, 102, 103
vocational training in, 34
Zimmermann telegram, 139–42, 143–6
Gilbert, Sandra, 171
Gillies, Harold, 233–9, 339, 365–6
Glasgow University, 285
Glazebrook, Dr Richard, 59, 156
gliders, man-carrying, 31, 32
Goebbels, Joseph, 334
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, 234, 242
Gordon Bennett races, 28–9, 43
Gough, General Sir Hubert, 251
Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 339–40
Graves, Robert, 401–2
Greece, 74
Green, Frederick, 63, 64
Gretna munitions factory, 170
Grey, Edward, 54
Grierson, General Sir James, 71–2
Griffith, D.W., 312
The Birth of a Nation, 291, 305
gunpowder, 166
Haber, Fritz, 20, 174–5, 176, 184, 187
Haggard, Lieutenant, 127
Haggard, Henry Rider, 306
Hague Conventions (1899/1907), 174, 175
Hahn, Otto, 175
Haig, Douglas, 54, 65, 72, 87, 172, 301
Allied counter-offensive (July 1918), 208
‘backs to the wall’ Order (1918), 96, 207
becomes British commander-in-chief on Western Front, 202, 228, 288–9
executions for cowardice or desertion and, 264–5
Field Service Regulations, 54–5
poison gas and, 181–2, 203, 288
tanks and, 203, 204
treatment of the wounded and, 218, 228, 230
Haldane, Professor John, 10, 168, 178, 181, 367
Haldane, Richard Burton, 53–5, 57–8, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 77, 349
accused of pro-German sentiment, 276–7
on Keogh, 221
medical reforms of, 215, 216
Royal Aircraft Factory and, 73
Halifax bomber, 48
Hall, William, 109–10, 111, 115, 116, 123
Casement’s ‘Black Diaries’ and, 133
diplomatic service intelligence and, 125, 126–7, 138, 139–44, 145–6
eastern Mediterranean network of, 138
Ireland and, 129–32
Mata Hari and, 134–5
monitoring of overseas mail, 135–6
recruitment of women, 127–8
Sayonara escapade and, 131–2
use of misinformation, 110, 116, 136–8
Vergemere cruise to Spain
and, 133–1
Zimmermann telegram and, 139–42, 143–4, 145–6
Hambro, Lady, 128, 324
Hambro, Sir Eric, 324
Hamshaw-Thomas, Hugh, 97–8, 367–8