body of, see human body
goal and purpose of, 250
God-like power of, 199–200
IQ ranking of, 208–9
limits of understanding of, 252–56
natural selection applied to, 172
origin of, 125, 128, 136
prehistoric migration of, 142
projected end of, 136
in scala natura, 18
stellar catastrophies and, 154
superior position of, 179
two basic factors for, 169
universe mirrored in, 13
human body:
circulation of, 68-69
and decay, 35
erroneous model of, 6-7, 65-67
and inheritance, 189-97
humors, 6, 9–10
Hunter, Michael, 88n
Hutton, James, 103, 115–21, 125–26, 128, 138–39, 157, 161, 166
Huxley, Julian, 155, 179, 181–84, 200, 236
Huxley, Thomas H., 175, 181–83
hybridation, 174–78
Hydrogéologie (Lamarck), 159
hydrostatic balance, 89
hypothesis:
“feigned,” 101, 109
fitting facts to, 10
in scientific method, 58
use of term, xx
Iamblichus, 22–23
ibn Hayyan, Jabir, 84
ibn Jabir al-Battani, Muhammad, 41
ibn Qurra, Thabat, 41
ibn Zakariyya al-Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad, 84
Ideal, Platonic, xx, 13–15, 32
change as decay from, 16–20, 25–26
illustrations, scientific, 91, 93
immortality, 34
impact craters, 151, 153
impact hypothesis, 149–54
“indefinite, the,” as prime entity, 11
Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 76, 79
India, flood in, 124
Indonesia, 170
inductive reasoning, 58, 67, 100, 111
Inertia, Law of, 98
Infeld, Leopold, 3
inheritance:
altruism and, 201-2
biochemistry in, 185–98, 199
calculation and prediction in, 200–201
laws of, 174–78
mechanism of, 177-78, 180-81, 185, 189-97
inorganic, 159–60
Inquisition, Galileo and, 75, 78–79
In Search of the Big Bang (Gribbin), 248
insects, 189–93, 200, 202, 204, 205
attempts to categorize, 165
fluctuations in, 255
inheritance and, 189–93, 200
Insect Societies, The (E. O. Wilson), 205
intelligence, 208–10
invertebrates, 19, 159
invisible college, 82, 88
IQ tests, 208
Ireland, Irish, 80, 82, 106, 119, 136, 226
iridium, 151–52
irrational numbers, 23–24
Isaac Newton on Mathematical Certainty and Method (Guicciardini), 98n
Italy, Italians, 44, 64, 68, 73, 80, 84, 130, 151
James I, king of England, 56–57, 60
Jameson, Robert, 127
Jardin des Plantes, 129
Jardine, Lisa, 61–62
Johannsen, Wilhelm, 178, 181
Johns Hopkins Uiversity, 144
Joly, John, 136
Journal and Remarks (The Voyage of the Beagle; Darwin), 168, 170
Journal of Experimental Medicine, 193
Jowett, Benjamin, 13, 14–15
Jupiter, 200
viewed through telescope, 73–74, 74
Jurassic Park (film), 256
Kaku, Michio, 219
Kalkavage, Peter, 14–15
Kaufmann, Walter, 226
Kelvin, William Thompson, Lord, 135, 137–38
Kepler, Johannes, 75, 77, 81, 97
Kings College, 194
kin selection, 205
Kirshner, Robert, 154
Kirwan, Richard, 119
Koran, 41
K-Pg (cretaceous-Paleogene) extinction, 151n
Kragh, Helge, 243n
KT boundary iridium anomoly, 152–53
K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) extinction, 151–53
Kuhn, Thomas, 49
Kuttner, Fred, 230n
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 155, 157–64, 166, 168, 173, 185
land bridges, 142, 144
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 216–18, 253–54
Laplace’s Demon, 253–54, 256
Lateral Continuity, Steno’s Principle of, 107–8
Latham, Ronald E., 36
Latin language, 36, 43
latitude, 105
Lavoisier, Antoine, 226
Lawson, Robert W., 224
Leaning Tower of Pisa, 71, 72, 97
Leavitt, Henrietta, 240
Lehrbuch der Zoologie, 180
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 98n, 109
Lemaître, Georges, 243–45
Lemoine, Paul, 181
lenses, 73, 81, 89, 177
Leucippus, 11
Levene, Phoebus, 188, 193
levers, 29
liberal arts, science eclipsed by, 42–43
life:
attempts to define and categorize, 159–60, 164–66, 192
goal and purpose of, 250
process of change in, 159–63; see also evolution
secret of, 185–98
study of, see biology
Life, 199
life sciences, xviii, 155–211
light:
properties of, 218, 221, 231
speed of, 221–23, 222, 241n, 248
theories of, 91, 95–96, 223, 226
see also redshift
Lightfoot, John, 106
“light matter,” 38, 46
light waves, 218, 231
light-years, 30, 241
Limagne plain, 130
Linnean Society of London, 171
Linneaus, Carolus, 159, 165–66
Linton, Christopher, 40
Lippershey, Hans, 73
Littell, F. B., 145
liver function, 65–67
Lloyd, William, 109
London, England, 60, 82, 88, 129, 171
Long Island “phage group,” 194
longitude, 105, 145
Longrigg, James, 9n
Lord of the Rings, The (Tolkien), 154
Lorenz, Edward, 254
Lucretius, 1, 32, 34–35, 37, 61
reading sources for, 36
lung function, 66–67
Luria, Salvador Edward, 194
Lyell, Charles, xx, 103, 128–33, 134–36, 138, 141, 150, 153
in Darwinism, 168–69, 171, 173
lymphoid cells, 188
M31 (star), 240–41
Maculano, Cardinal Vincenzo, 78–79
magnetism, 220, 221
Maillet, Benoît de, 109–10
Malpighi, Marcello, 68
Malthus, Thomas, 169, 170
mammoths, 120–21
mantle, of earth, 146–47
Maor, Eli, 218n
maps, 105
Marsden, Ernst, 228–29
Maryland, University of, 247
mastodons, 121
materialism, 34–35
mathematics, mathematicians, 89, 111, 116, 183, 200, 215, 216, 218, 220, 243, 253, 254
ancient, 4, 37
Archimedean, 27–31, 37
broad scope of, 70–71
in butterfly effect, 253–56
of change, 97–99
early calculations of universe through, 21–31, 32, 38–41, 47, 49, 50, 76
in evolution theory, 200–201
and mysticism, 23, 26
and philosophy, 25–26
rediscovered manuals of, 43
as serving purposes of science, 31, 224, 227, 230–31, 234, 236
Matthaei, J. Heinrich, 197
Matthews, Drummond, 147
May, Robert, 255
Mayr, Ernst, 166, 183,
200, 236
McClung, Clarence, 189
Measuring the Universe (Ferguson), 241n
mechanics:
mathematics in, 26
quantum, 151, 225, 231, 252
Medici, Ferdinando II de’, 107
medicine:
alchemy and, 85
anatomy in, 63–69
Bacon’s low opinion of, 68
education in, 70
Hippocratic, 5, 10, 63
Mediterranean Sea, 109
“meme,” origin of term, 210
Mémoires sur les espèces d’éléphants vivants et fossiles (Cuvier), 120
Mendel, Gregor, 155, 174–78, 189, 199
Mendel’s Principles of Heredity (Bateson), 178
mercury, 84–85, 94
Mercury, perihelion of, 223, 238
metallurgy, 84–85, 117
metaphysics, 14, 249–50
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 5
meteorology, meteorologists, 89, 144, 153, 176
Meteorology (Aristotle), 84–85
Michel, Helen, 152
Michelson, Albert, 222
microbiology, 203
Micrographia (Hooke), 53, 80, 91–93, 94–96, 186
microscopes:
advancements in, 81, 177, 233
introduction of, 68
observation and evidence from, 89–91, 107, 146, 186
microwave radiation, 246–47
midocean ridges and trenches, 146–47
Miescher, Friedrich, 188, 193
military arts, 70, 115
Milky Way galaxy, 30, 73, 240–41
“Mind & Matter” (Schrödinger), 237
minerology, minerologists, 115, 117, 123, 128, 129
Mismeasure of Man, The (Gould), 155, 199, 208–9, 211, 255
mitosis, 177
molecules, 233
in biochemical research, 196, 203
genes as, 192
motion of, 227n
mollusks, 121
Moment of Creation, The (Trefil), 248
monists, 10–12
moon, 39, 44, 100–101, 105, 152
expeditions to, 151
viewed through telescope, 73, 75
Moore, Walter, 236
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 189–92, 200
Morley, Edward, 222
morphogenesis, 181
motion:
Einstein on, 221
in four-dimensional universe, 220
principle of, 17
as relative vs. absolute, 215
Motion, Laws of, 98–99
Motte, Andrew, 102
Moufet, Thomas, 165
Mount Wilson Observatory, 240, 243
Muller, Hermann, 192
Muller, Johann (Regiomontanus), 44–45
muscovite, 91
music, 23, 94
Muslims, see Arab science
myriad (M), 30
Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von, 176–77
Napier, Macvey, 61
Naples, Italy, 130
Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 217
National Book Critics Circle Award, 209
National Institute of Sciences and Arts, 120, 123
National Museum of Natural History, Paris, 120, 123, 181
natural history, 159–60, 164, 171
synthesis of sciences in, 179–84
three areas of, 159
Natural History, 208
Natural History: General and Particular (Buffon), 103, 105, 111–14
natural philosophy, 56–58, 60–61, 82, 85, 88–93, 115, 117, 129, 168
geology and, 106, 108
Newton’s Rules for, 99–100, 215
natural selection:
and Charles Darwin, 167-72
evolving theory of, 164–73
inheritance in, 174–78, 203
objections to, 179–81
nature, technological distortion of, 80–93
Nature, 182, 196, 220, 244
Nature of the Universe, The (Hoyle), 213, 238, 245–47, 251
nebulae, 73, 238–42
neo-Darwinist reductionism, 199–211
nerves, 72–73
Netherlands, 73, 112, 151, 177
New Experiments Physico-Mechanical: Touching the Weight of the Air and Its Effects (Boyle), 83
New Scientist, 250
Newton, Isaac, 53, 94–102, 131, 252–53, 256
in contention with Royal Society, 94–95, 99–100
cosmos as viewed by, 215–17, 220
in determination of age of earth, 108–9, 112, 141–42
Laws of Motion of, 98–99, 252–53
reading sources for, 101–2
theory of gravity of, 97–102, 216–17, 252
New York, N.Y., 188, 193
New York Review of Books, 206
New York Times Magazine, 255
Nile floods, 4
Nirenberg, Marshall, 197
Noah, 135
Nobel Prize, 11, 151, 196, 225, 227, 232, 237, 248
nodes, 234
nonlinear equations, 255
Norse mythology, 250
Norway, dating of rock layer in, 138
nova stella, 55
Novum organum (Bacon), 53, 55, 58–62, 59, 82
nucleic acids, 194, 196–97
nuclein, 188, 193
nucleus:
of atoms, 228–29, 233
of cells, 186–88
numerals, 21–23
Greek, 30–31
observation:
through demonstration, 63–69
in development of new theories, 91–92, 108, 111–12, 238, 245
erroneous conclusions from, 37–38, 49, 66–67
as key to past and future, 118–19
limitations of, 49, 51, 55, 67, 121, 224, 226
as path to knowledge, 17–19, 21, 26, 61, 65, 72, 82, 131, 152
reason vs., 9–10, 26, 91
as three-dimensional, 218
occhialino, 81
oceans:
age of, 136
early earth covered by, 109, 117–18, 123
interchange of land and, 141–42
life in, 121, 123, 200
sonar mapping of floor of, 146
Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Human (Bacon), 56–57, 68
On Airs, Waters and Places (Hippocrates), 7–8
oncom, 192
“one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis, 193
On Floating Bodies (Archimedes), 28
On Human Nature (E. O. Wilson), 155, 199, 207–8, 211
“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” (Einstein), 221
“On the Motion of Small Particles . . .” (Einstein), 227
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (Harvey), 69
On the Nature of Things (Lucretius), 1, 32
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 155, 164, 170–73, 174, 179, 181
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (Copernicus), 49–52, 55, 76
“On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely from the Original Type” (Wallace), 171
“On the Tides” (Galileo), 77
ontology, 181
orbits:
of earth, 29–30, 47–49, 77
of electrons, 228–29, 231
elliptical, 97–98
planetary, 38–41, 47, 96, 100–101, 223
see also geocentric model; heliocentric model
Oreskes, Naomi, 142
organic, 159
Organon (Aristotle), 58
Original Horizontality, Steno’s Principle of, 107–8
“Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, The” (Planck), 213, 225
reading sources for, 237
Origin of Continents and Oceans, The (Wegener), 103, 141, 145
reading sources for, 148
orthogenesis, 180
Osiander, Andrew, 50
Osiris, 4
Otto, John, 190–91
Ottoman empire, 43
Oxford University, 82, 88, 128, 129, 181, 203
Padua, University of, 64–65, 70–71, 73, 75
Pagel, Heinz, 248
paleontology, paleontologists, 144, 153, 184
Pangea, 143–44, 143
pangene, 185
Paracelsus, three principles of, 85–86
Paris, France, 115, 120, 129, 136, 181
drift of, 145
Faculty of Theology in, 113
rock strata in, 123–24, 126
Paris Basin, 123–24, 126
Pasachoff, Jay, 241
Pascal, Blaise, 87
Paul III, Pope, 50–51
Paul V, Pope, 76
Pauling, Linus, 195–96
Pausanius, 5
Payen, Anselme, 187, 192
Pearl, Raymond, 179
pendulums, 89
Perfect Symmetry (Pagel), 248
permanence theory, 142
Perrin, Jean, 227–28
Persia, ancient, 4, 84
Persoz, Jean-François, 187, 192
petrified wood, 90, 186
Peurbach, Georges, 44–45
phenotypes, 189–93
pheromones, 204
Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica (Newton), 53, 94, 96–98, 101–2, 181, 215–16
Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, 115, 117
Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck), 155, 157, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169
philosophy, philosophers, 205, 234
ancient, 10–15, 16–20, 25–27, 34
Galileo dismissed by, 75
medieval, 18, 23
natural, see natural philosophy
pre-Socratic, 12n
science vs., 215–16
secular, 32–34
and truth, 25-26
phlegm, 6
photons, 231
phusis (nature), 10, 12
Physical and Moral Letters on the Mountains and on the History of the Earth and Man (Deluc), 116–17
Physical Treatises (Pascal), 87
physics, physicists, 14, 70, 81–85, 88, 89, 105, 106, 117, 131, 135, 137, 142, 151, 153, 186, 191, 204
advanced theories of, 215–24, 225–51
Aristotelian, 37, 55–62, 70–79, 105
chaos theory in, 255
Newtonian, 215–17, 220, 252–53, 256
quantum, xx, 225–37, 238
rediscovered manuals of, 43
Physics (Aristotle), 1, 16, 17, 19–20, 65
Pillars of Hercules, 58
Pisa, University of, 70–73
Placher, William C., 76n
Planck, Max, 213, 225, 227, 230–31, 235, 237
Planck’s Constant, 230
Planck spectrum, 256
planetarium, 29
planets:
gravity’s effect on, 216–17
orbits of, 38–41, 96, 100–101, 223
origin of, 217
viewed through telescope, 73–76
see also geocentric model; heliocentric model
plants:
attempts to categorize, 159, 165
in scala natura, 18
plate tectonics, 147
Plato, xviii, 1, 5, 9, 22, 162
change as decay for, 16–19, 25
Ideal of, see Ideal, Platonic