lake in
north-western
northern hills
Lucanian horses
Lucanians
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius
Lucullus, Marcus
Lucullus, Marcus Terentius Varro
ludus (gladiatorial enterprise - ‘school’)
Lusitania
Lusitanians
Macedonia
Machiavelli
Maedi tribe
Magdalene Mountains (Monti della Maddalena)
Magna Graecia (‘Greater Greece’)
managers of country estates
Manlius, Cnaeus
Marcellus, Marcus Claudius
Marcius Rufus, Quintus
Marco, Plains of
Marians
Marius
wife of
Marius (inhabitant of Vibo Valentia)
maroon communities
Marsala (Lilybaeum)
Marseilles (Massilia)
Martha (Syrian prophetess)
Marzano, Mount
Massilia (Marseille)
Melìa Ridge (Dossone della Melìa)
Messana (Messina)
Messina, Strait of
Metapontum (Metaponto)
temple of Apollo
Metauros, Plain of (Gióia Tauro)
Metellus, Lucius Caecilius
Metellus Pius, Quintus Caecilius
Milo
Mithridates, King of Pontus
Mithridatic Wars
Modena (Mutina)
Moesian tribe
Monastir (Ruspina), Tunisia
Monte del Papa (Pope’s Mountain)
Monti della Maddalena (Magdalene Mountains)
Mount Aetna (Etna)
Mount Camalatrum
Mount Cantenna
Mount Garganus (Gargano)
Mount Marzano
Mount Ogna
Mount Soprano
Mount Vesuvius
Grand Cone
Monte Somma
slave-run estates around
Mount Vultur (Vulture)
Mummius
musical instrument, tibia
Mutina (Modena)
Napoleon Bonaparte
Nares Lucanae
nationalists, Italian
Nocera (Nuceria)
Nola
Novius family
Nuceria (Nocera)
Numantia
Numidian cavalry
Octavius, Gaius
Odrysian people
Oenomaus
Ofanto (Aufidus) River
Ogna massif
Oliveto Citra
Olympias
opportunists
Orange, France
Orchomenus, Battle of (85 BC)
Orpheus and Orphic religion
Oscan language
ovation celebration
Padus River see Po River
Paestum
Palermo (Panormus)
Partenio Mountains
Parthians
pathfinders
peltasts (lightly armed Thracian infantrymen)
Perperna, Marcus
Petelia
Peteline Mountains
Pharsalus, Battle of (48 BC)
Philippus
Picenti, Agri
Picentia
Picentine guide
Picentini Mountains
Picenum, Battle of (72 BC)
pirates
Plain of Metauros (Gióia Tauro)
Plain of Sybaris
Plains of Aspromonte
Plains of Marco
Plutarch
Po (Padus) River
plain
Polla
Pollino Mountains
Pompeians
Pompeii
fresco at
gladiatorial ludus
small farms around
Spartacus painting in
veteran soldiers in
Pompey, Sextus
Pompey the Great (Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus)
Pomptinus, Caius
Pope’s Mountain (Monte del Papa)
Portugal
Poseidonia
praetors
prayer before battle
prisoners of war
prophetesses
‘proscription’
Ptolemy31
Publipor
Puglia (Apulia)
Punic War, Second (218-201 BC)
Punta Pezzo (Cape Caenys)
Puteoli (Pozzuoli)
Pydna, Battle of (168 BC)
Pythagoras
quaestors (financial officials)
Quinctius, Lucius
rebel army
achievements
after final battle
on the Appian Way
Aspromonte Mountains, wins clash in
attack on Roman camp at Vesuvius
attack on Varinius’s force
battle with joint consular army
battles against army
beginnings of
breakaway contingent defeat at Battle of Cantenna
breakout from Aspromonte Mountains
in Bruttium
camp left deserted
Campus Atinas, raping and pillaging in
Capuans driven off
cavalry
Celts in
cohesion
commanders, choosing
Crassus’s force encounters
Crixus’s army crushed by
crucifixions after defeat
defeated at Battle of the Silarus
desire to fight Roman army
equipment captured
fugitives join
Germans in
Glaber sent to put down
heads for Samnium
heads south
heads south again
internal divisions
leadership
marches northwards
marches to the sea
new recruits
‘nobles’ in
numbers, estimated
pathfinders
plans to cross to Sicily
possible mutiny in
pre-battle rituals
pursued after Cantenna battle
rafts, men build and try to cross to Sicily on
raids
raids on Roman camps
reaches the Ionian coast
respect for Spartacus’s authority
retreat into Aspromonte Mountains
retreat to Peteline Mountains
Roman attitude towards
Rome’s response to
splits into two groups
survivors at large
Thracians in
Thurii conquered
training newcomers
unit insignia designations
at Vesuvius
on Via Annia
weapons, improvised
Regium (ReggioCalabria)
religions and lunar cycles
Roccadaspide
Roman army
against guerrilla warfare
and Apennine Mountains battle
Aspromonte Mountains, clash with rebels in
auxilia units
battle formation see Roman army: tactics
Battle of Arausio (105 BC)
Battle of Cantenna
Battle of the Silarus preparations for
battles against rebels
camp attacked by rebels
camps and defences
and Capuan slave revolt (104 BC)
centurions
chickens considered sacred to
cohorts
commanders, new, chosen
commanders enabled to reward bravery with citizenship
Crassus’s force encounters rebels
cremation of dead after battle
decimation discipline practice revived
discipline in
eagles
failures
farmers in
fasces (bundle of rods)
fighting wars (73 BC)
joint consular army battle
legionaries
legions
losses
marches south under Crassus
in northern Lucanian hills
Numidian cavalry
pursuit of rebel army
recruiting officers (conquisitores)
refuses to accept defeat
sent to put down gladiators’ revolt
size of
slave legions
standard-bearers
standards
tactics
under Varinius sent after rebels
veteran soldiers
Roman attitude
towards gladiators
towards slave revolt
towards slaves
towards Spartacus
Roman fleet
Roman Games (Great Games)
Rome see also Senate
Campus Martius (Field of Mars)
Capitoline Hill
Colline Gate
defences
Forum
funeral games
gladiatorial games
optimates (conservative politicians)
Pompey’s and Crassus’s armies reach
response to gladiator’s revolt
and Sicilian slave uprisings
Spartacus sold into slavery in
terror in
triumph celebration
Rufus, Quintus Marcius
runaways’ (maroons’) communities
Rupilius, Publius
Ruspina, Battle of (46 BC)
Sabbio, Publius Confuleius
Saguntum
St Augustine
Salernum (Salerno)
Sallust
Samnium
Samus
Sarnus (Sarno) River
Saturnalia (annual celebration)
Scipio Aemilianus
Scordisci people
Scrofa, Gnaeus Tremelius
Scrofario
Scylla and Charybdis, myth of
seers
Sele (Silarus) River
marshes
Upper, valley ofsee also Silarus, Battle of the
Seleucia
Senate
afraid of gladiators’ revolt
appoints Crassus to command legions
and Capuan slave revolt
and consuls’ lack of success against Spartacus
and Crassus’s ovation
and Dionysus worship
gladiators moved out of Rome by
and pirates
praetors
reacts to news of defeat of Glaber’s army
and return of Pompey
sets public policy
and Sicily
senators
Seneca
Sertorius, Quintus
Shakespeare, William
shepherds
shields
large oblong (scuta)
rebels’ woven
small (parmulae)
Sicels
Sicilian Slave War, First (135-132 BC)
Sicilian Slave War, Second (104-100 BC)
Sicilian slaves
Sicily
Sila Greca
Sila Mountains
Silarus River see Sele River
Silarus, Battle of the (71 BC)
after the battle
slave legions
slave revolt see rebel army
slave shepherds of Apulia
slave stewards
slave uprisingssee also rebel army
Anatolian
Slave War, First Sicilian (135-132 BC)
Slave War, Second Sicilian (104-100 BC)
slaves
Celtic
cost of
on country estates
freedom earned
German
in Italy
minor humiliations for
Roman view of
runawaysee also rebel army
sales of
and seers
Sicilian
Thracian
Thurii
urban
in vineyards
worshipping the genius of master
smallholders, Italian
snakes, symbolism of
snakes in Italy
Social War (91-88 BC)
Soprano, Mount
Spain
Spartacus
Alps, wants to avoid battle and head for
on the Appian Way
Aspromonte Mountains, wins clash in
attack on Roman camp
authority respected by rebels
battle in Apennines
Battle at Cantenna
Battle of Picenum
Battle of the Silarus
death at
kills his horse before
born as aristocrat theory
breakout from Aspromonte Mountains
brought up as a warrior
builds his army
captured and enslaved
challenges Roman army
Claudian’s statement on
compromise with Crixus
Crassus’s strategy against
crucifies Roman prisoner
death before disgrace philosophy
description
deserts army and becomes a latro
early life as an auxiliary
encourages gladiators to revolt
escape from Vatia’s barracks
fate of a revolutionary
feelings towards Rome
fighting methods
gives gladiatorial games for slaves
as a gladiatorsee also gladiatorial matches
in gladiatorial barracks
and gladiators’ revolt
heads for Samnium
as a leader
legend of
lover see Thracian lady
Lucanian travels in folklore
march to the sea
marches northwards
and new recruits
in Nola
origins
peace treaty offered to Crassus
and pirates
plans to cross to Sicily
plans to move north
and Pompey
prolongs the struggle
pursued after Cantenna battle
rafts, orders men to build and cross to Sicily on
and raiding
raids on Roman camps
retreat into Aspromonte Mountains
retreat to Peteline Mountains
retreats south through Lucania
Roman attitude towards
snake said to have wrapped itself around his face
sold into slavery
and support for Mithridates
symbolic power
at Thurii
triumph against Varinius
turns south again
Venusia, approach to
and Vesuvius
‘victory disease’
Spartacus’s rebellion see rebel army
Sparticus
spolia opima (‘splendid spoils’)
Statio ad Statuam (Catona)
Strabo
Strait of Messina
Strongoli
Sulla
civil wars
Sulla’s army
Sulla’s veterans
Sybaris
Sybaris, Plain of
Sybaris (Coscile) River
valley
Sybarites
Syracuse
Great Harbour
Temple of Athena
Tacitus
Tanager (Tanagro) River
Tarentum (Taranto), Gulf of
Tempsa, ‘troubles’ at
tenant-farmers
Terence
Teutoburg Forest massacre (AD)
Thrace
Dionysus worship in
slave trade
Sulla
invades
and women’s religious authority
Thracian art and culture
Thracian lady (Spartacus’s lover)
in Capua
escapes from Vatia’s barracks
origins
prophecy after snake wraps itself around Spartacus’s face
in Thrace
and Thurii
as worshipper of Dionysus
Thracian nomads
Thracian peltasts (lightly armed infantrymen)
Thracian revolt (15 BC)
Thracian war cry
Thracian women
Thracians
in battle
battle preparations
contempt for death
as gladiatorssee also Spartacus
height of
and hero’s death
horse sacred to
as horsemen
as men of honour
in Mithridates’ war
and mountainous terrain
passion for war
in rebel army
as slaves
specialize in night attacks
tattoos
and Vesuvius
victories over
as warriors
Thucydides
Thurii
plain of
Todi
Tonnara
Toranius, Gaius
Torre lo schiavo
Tremellius Scrofa, Cnaeus
Triballi people
triumph, celebrating a
Triumvirate, First
tumultus (emergency)
Tuscany (Etruria)
Tyre, rebels from
Tyrrhenian Sea
finds in olive grove near
urban slaves
ValloDiano (Campus Atinas)
Varinius, Publius
Varro
Varus, Quintilius
Vatia, Cnaeus Cornelius Lentulus
gladiatorial barracks (ludus)
gladiators escape from
Venosa (Venusia)
Venus
Venusia (Venosa)
Venusians
Verres, Gaius
Vestal virgin
Vesuvinum wine
veteran soldiers
Vettius, T. Minucius
Via Annia
Via Grande (‘Great Way’)
Via Latina
Vibo Valentia
vilicae (female officials)
vilici (plantation bailiffs)
Villa San Giovanni
villas, ‘rustic’
vineyards, slaves in
Viriathus
Volcei (Buccino)
Vologaesus
Volturnus (Volturno) River valley
Vultur (Vulture), Mount
weapons
catapults, mobile (‘scorpions’)
javelins (pila)
javelins, little (iacula or tela)
missiles, ‘acorn’
projectiles, Roman army
rebels’ improvised
swords, broad straight (gladii)
swords, curved (sicae)
wine, amphorae of
wine consumed before battle
wine production
winter in Italy
women
at battles
Celtic
Cimbri
German
plantation officials (vilicae)
as prophetesses
Thracian