N
Name of the Rose, The (Eco), 228
Narbonne, 7, 17, 52, 53, 57, 58, 159, 183
al-Nasir, Muhammad, 132
Nazis, 16, 257–58
Neognostics, 253–54, 259
Nervas Forum, 37
New Age, 259
New Testament, 30, 55–56, 80
Newton, Isaac, 261
Nicetas, 22–23, 26, 31, 239
Niel, Fernand, 258
Nîmes, 17, 183
Noblewomen, 43
Notre Dame Cathedral, 24, 187–88, 189, 190, 207
O
Oath taking, 12, 30–31
Occitan culture, 44
Occitan knights, 144
Occitan language, 19–20, 22, 253
Occitan nobles, 142, 156, 169, 176
Occitanists, 254–55
Occitans, 111, 135, 206, 230
embassy to Rome, 119–20
and French monarchy, 183
at jubilee, 231
Old Testament, 30
Order of Friars Preachers
see Dominicans
Order of the Solar Temple, 16, 261
P
Pamiers, 62, 136
Papacy, 25, 207
as power broker, 151
temporal possessions of, 203
Papal courts, 228
Papal legates
prosecutorial power of, 195–96
Paranormal, 254
Parsifal (von Eschenbach), 256
Partible inheritance, 43
Patrimony of Peter, 118–19
“Peace of God” movements, 50
Pedro II, king of Aragon, xii, 56, 59, 76, 111, 135, 155, 159, 181
in battle of Muret, 142, 145, 148
conflict with Arnold Armaury, 138–41
and crusade, 92–96
crusade against Muslims, 133–34
death of, 147, 149
holdings of, 138
and Raymond’s rehabilitation efforts, 125, 128–29
recognized Simon de Montfort as vassal, 127–28
seal of, 93f
tolerance for Cathars, 137
tried to stop crusade against Toulouse, 134
Péladan, Josephin (called Sar), 254
Pelhisson, William, 192, 193, 201
Perfect (the), 8–9, 21–22, 28, 30, 31, 42, 63, 70, 122, 137, 174, 191, 208
administering consolamentum raison d’être of, 235–36
in Béziers, 79
burning of, 131, 218–21, 230, 237
capital crime of being, 199
converting to Catholicism, 229
female, 43–44, 110, 234
killed at Minerve, 115–16
last of, 239, 241, 244, 246
number of, 44
reemergence of, 173–74
refuge on Montségur, 213–15, 216
regimen of, 23–24
response to Inquisition, 204–5, 237
running from violence, 109–11, 240
saving Cathar treasury, 217
status of, 41
Peter of Bruis, 28
Peter of Castelnau, xi, 59–60, 61, 64, 65, 82
murder of, 66, 68, 70, 76, 120, 125, 195, 261
Peter of Courtenay, count of Auxerre, 69
Peter of Nemours, 129
Peter of Vaux de Cernay, 82, 85, 97, 114, 116, 119, 125, 143–44
Peter Roger of Cabaret, 90–91, 105, 106, 111, 127
Peter Roger of Mirepoix, 209, 210, 215, 216, 217, 218
Petrarch, Francesco, 37
Petrine commission, 26
Peyrat, Napoleon, 249–52, 253, 254, 255, 261, 262
Philip Augustus, king of France, xii, 57, 69, 94, 126
death of, 177, 179
Philippa (wife of Raymond Roger), 43, 111, 176
Pilgrms, 72
Piquier, Raymonda, 241
Plantagenet, Henry
see Henry II, King of England
Plantagenets, 47, 107, 177
plan to recover territory of Poitou, 212
Pope (the), 33–34, 94, 119
see also Papacy
Popular culture
exploitation of Cathars in, 6, 247–49, 258–62
Poussin, Nicolas, 261
Poverty, apostolic, 61–62
Prades Tavernier, 237
Proskynesis (kissing of feet), 33
Prouille, 110
Provence/Provençals, 47, 65, 156, 158, 161
Pulp Fiction (Tarantino), 6
Pyrenees, 18, 214, 216, 258, 262
Q
Quarantine, 72, 78, 102, 109, 169
Quertinheux (fortress), 105
R
Rahn, Otto, 255–57, 258
Raoul of Fontfroide, 59, 61, 64, 82
Raymond, Bernard, 31
Raymond, Peter, 237
Raymond de Saint Gilles
see Raymond VI
Raymond du Fauga, bishop of Toulouse, 192–93, 196, 204, 246
Raymond of Pereille, 213–14, 215, 219
Raymond of Rabastens, bishop of Toulouse, 58, 68
Raymond Roger of Foix, xii, 15, 43, 46, 48, 56, 105, 178, 184
attack on crusaders, 130
in battle of Muret, 144
and Cathars, 110–11
death of, 176
in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136
at Fourth Lateran Council, 153, 154
stood by Raymond of Toulouse, 125
Raymond IV, count of Toulouse, 46
Raymond V, count of Toulouse, 44–45
Raymond VI, count of Toulouse, xii, 15, 44, 45–46, 47–49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 128, 134, 180
in battle of Muret, 142–43, 145, 147, 149
campaign for rehabilitation, 123–27, 128–29
in crusade, 70–71, 73–74, 75–76, 85, 92, 102
death of, 175–76
in defense of Toulouse, 135, 136
diplomatic offensive by, 117–20
excommunication, 65, 66, 117–18, 120, 124, 126, 127, 129
fled to England, 149
at Fourth Lateran Council, 152
personal characteristics, 108
public scourging, 67–68, 69–70, 187
punishment, 140
seal of, 45f
in siege of Toulouse, 161–62
tolerance toward Cathars, 111
Raymond VII, count of Toulouse (Raymond the younger), xii, 134, 145, 149, 155, 156, 158–59, 170, 172, 176, 179–80, 196, 200, 207
became Raymond VII, 175
death of, 224–25
excommunicated, 180
hunting down Perfects, 192
and Inquisition, 202–4, 208
and Montségur, 218
persecution of Cathars, 223–24
public penance, 187–90, 188f
revolt by, 211–13
and royal crusade, 182, 184, 187
seal of, 180f
and siege of Toulouse, 164
Reconquista, 133
Reincarnation, 11, 21, 25–26
Relics, 25, 38, 144
Renaissance of twelfth century, 7–8
Rennes-le-Château, 261
Revivalist tours, 59–60
Rheims, 181
Rhineland, 8, 195
Ribauds, 71–72, 83, 86
Riccardo, 37, 118
Richard Lionheart, 45, 72, 225
Richard of Cornwall, 212
River Aude, 18, 88, 91
River Orb, 78, 82–83
Robert le Bougre, 195
Robert of Arbrissel, 27–28, 40, 224
Roché, Déodat, 254–55, 258, 259–60
Roger Bernard of Foix, 136, 170, 184, 225
defection of, 212, 213, 225
in siege of Toulouse, 163, 165
Roman Forum, 36, 37
Roman law, 151
Romano di San Angelo, Cardinal, 179–80, 181, 183, 185–86, 187, 196
punishment of Raymond VII, 187–90
Rome, 32–39
r
uled by Innocent, 118, 119
Roquebert, Michel, 183
Rouen, 181
Royal crusade, 182–87, 206
S
SS. Sergio and Bacco (church), 37
Sacraments, Cathar, 23–24
St. Félix en Lauragais, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 41, 52, 130, 208
Saint Gilles (family), 46–47, 49, 70, 94, 120, 127, 152, 162
burial ground of, 175
end of line of, 225
followers of, 157
lands of, 135, 156
loss of power, 213
patrimony, 207
St. Gilles (town), 51, 57, 66, 67, 180, 183
church at, 70, 117, 120, 187
special conclave in, 124–25, 126
St. John Lateran (basilica), 37–38
St. Nazaire Cathedral, 167
St. -Pons-de-Thomieres, 51
St. Sernin (church), 175
Sainte Chapelle, 189
Saladin, 72
Sancha of Aragon (wife of Raymond VII), 138, 207
Sancho, count of Provence, 138
Sang de Toulouse, Le (Magre), 255
Sans, Peter, 237
Sant Mateu, 242, 243, 244, 246
Secular clergy, 50, 59, 172
Seila, Peter, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206
Sens, 181
Servian, 62
Sicard of Lunel, 229, 246
Sicre, Arnold, 242–46
Siege engines, 96–97, 164–65, 216
Siege warfare, 145, 217
Sieges, 84
Carcassonne, 92, 99–100, 101–3, 105, 206–7
Lavaur, 129–31
Montségur, 7
Toulouse, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216
Sierra Morena, 132–33
Simon de Montfort, xiii, 15, 102f, 107–9, 117, 133, 170, 173, 182, 186, 189, 206, 225
Albigensian Crusade, 6
attack on Minerve, 112–15
army of, 108–9
battle of Muret, 141–49
bond of vassalage to Aragon, 127–28, 140
campaign of 1210, 106, 124, 125, 127
death of, 166–68, 167f, 172, 174
fight with Pedro of Aragon, 134, 136–37
lands awarded to, 155–56
ordered to end crusade, 138–39
poll tax, 109–10
repulsed before Cabaret, 105
resistance to, 110
siege of Carcassonne, 92, 101–3
siege of Lavaur, 129–31
siege of Toulouse, 134–37, 157–68, 216
sovereignty over Languedoc, 152, 156, 159
truce with Raymond Roger, 111
Simon de Montfort (fourth son of Simon de Montfort), 107
Spiritual Franciscans, 233
Ste-Cécile, 233
Steiner, Rudolf, 254
Stephen of St. Thibery, 204, 206, 208, 210, 227
Surdespine (fortress), 105
T
Tanchelm of Antwerp, 27
Tarantino, Quentin, 6
Termes, 127, 129, 183
Textor, John, 201
Thedisius, 125
Theosophy, 253
Third Crusade, 72
Tolerance, 54, 234
return to, 169–78
Torre dei Conti, 37, 118
Toulousains, 47, 148–49, 159, 162, 163, 165, 184, 186
Toulouse, 7, 18, 31, 52, 64, 75, 120–21, 125, 173
Catharism in, 45, 122, 134
Cathars sought refuge in, 111
changed life in, 192
crusade against, 129–31
Dominicans in, 175
French dominion over, 207
gang warfare in, 123
inquisitors in, 196, 201–2, 203, 204
under interdict, 118, 120, 204
and royal crusade, 184, 186
siege of, 157–68, 167f, 169, 212, 216
Simon’s campaign against, 134–37
university in, 190
Towns, medieval, 52–53
Trasimondo, 36
Trebuchets, 96–97, 112–13, 113f, 114, 216
Trencavel, Raymond Roger, xii, 56, 105, 178, 246
and attack on Carcassonne, 89–90, 91, 93–96, 98–102
and crusade, 75–80
death of, 101
revolt by, 206–7
seal of, 77f
son of, 128
vassal of King Pedro, 93–96
Trencavel lands, 124, 127, 135, 138, 188
Cathars in, 111
given to Simon de Montfort, 101, 105, 156
rooting out heresy in, 206
Trencavels, 48–49, 50–51, 52, 75, 79, 94, 120
and crusade, 76
vassals of, 157
Trésor des Albigeois, Le (Magre), 255
Trial by ordeal, 151
Troubadour culture, 52, 250, 253, 259
Troubadour poetry, 19–20
Troubadours, 9, 43–44, 133, 170f, 171, 256
Troyes, Chrétien de, 256
Two Principles of creation, 11
U
Urban II, Pope, 8
V
Vassalage, 128
Vassaletti (clan), 35
Venice, 72–73, 181
Ventura, William, 231
Verfeil, 29, 62–63
Via Domitia, 76
Vidal, Peire, 45–46, 104
Vigoros of Bacone, 202
Villerouge-Termenès, 246
Vinci, Leonardo da, 261
von Eschenbach, Wolfram, 256
W
Waldensians (“Poor Men of Lyons”), 8, 62
Wagner, Richard, 254
Water supplies, control of, 91, 99, 114, 164
Weil, Simone, 255
Western civilization, 13
White Brotherhood, 123–24, 129–30, 131
William (Franciscan friar), 223
William (priest and siege engineer), 127, 129, 130
William de Balaguier, 210
William of Contres, 144, 145, 147
William of Lahille, 210
William of Minerve, 111, 114–15
William of Paris, 189
William of Puylaurens, 82
William of Soler, 204
William of Tudela, 78, 82, 83, 85–86, 92, 94, 100, 116, 119
Women, 40–41, 81
in Catharism, 12, 25–26, 41–44, 173
Z
Zara (city), 73, 108
*The very last of the Bogomils, many of whom converted to Islam, were reported in Bosnia, in 1867.
*There is still a St. Gilles Citadel in the harbor of Tripoli. It is known locally as Qal’at Sinjil.
*The coup de grâce would come in the 1930s, when the cloister of St. Pons was moved to Toledo, Ohio.
*Originally planned to be held every century, the jubilee came to be declared every fifty, then thirty-three, then twenty-five years, right up until the present, when the prospect of a millennial bash in 2000, a jubilee to outshine even that of 1300, had contemporary Rome on tenterhooks for nearly a decade
Inhaltsverzeichnis
PRINCIPAL FIGURES IN THE CATHAR STORY
INTRODUCTION
1. Languedoc and the Great Heresy
2. Rome
3. The Turn of the Century
4. The Conversation
5. Penance and Crusade
6. Béziers
7. Carcassonne
8. Bad Neighbors
9. The Conflict Widens
10. A Time of Surprises
11. The Verdict
12. Toulouse
13. The Return to Tolerance
14. The End of the Crusade
15. Inquisition
16. Backlash
17. The Synagogue of Satan
18. Twilight in the Garden of Evil
19. Bélibaste
EPILOGUE: IN CATHAR COUNTRY
NOTES
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INDEX
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Stephen O'Shea, The Perfect Heresy