Erasmus, 144, 227, 252
Eratosthenes, 59, 87
Ernst, Max, 1
eroticism, 197–98, 201–2
Essays (Montaigne), 243–49
Eton College, 248–49
Eucharist, 165, 252–53, 255–56
Euclid, 87
Eugenius IV, Pope, 211–12, 214, 290n
Euripides, 81, 280n
European Community, 205
Eve, 105
Evelyn, John, 257, 267n
excommunication, 160, 166
executions, 104, 112, 158, 164, 172–73, 177–79, 213, 219, 228, 240–41, 255, 286n, 296n, 297n
Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast, The (Bruno), 233–36
Facetiae (Poggio), 142–45, 146, 291n–92n
Falstaff, Epicurus and, 102
families, 110, 112, 113–15, 127–29, 135, 137, 206, 210, 212–14
Fates, 195
Feast in the House of Levi, The (Veronese), 305n
Ferreol, Saint, 38
Festus, Sextus Pompeius, 35
feudalism, 301n
Ficino, Marsilio, 221, 224
Filelfo, Francesco, 143, 145
Fillastre, Guillaume, 295n
fire, 41, 73, 83, 93, 191
Flaccus, Valerius, 272n, 300n
flagellation, 28, 104, 106–9, 228, 285n–86n
Flaubert, Gustave, 71
Florence, 10, 20–21, 22, 34, 49, 110, 113–34, 153, 162, 176, 179–80, 203, 210–18, 215–21, 226, 289n
Florentine Republic, 122–26, 127, 215–17
Florentine Synod, 226
florins, 21, 211, 290n, 301n
Florio, John, 243, 244
Foundling Hospital (Florence), 110
four elements, 73–74
Fra Angelico, 218
France, 11, 24, 38, 55, 122, 160, 163, 164, 176, 226, 233, 236, 249, 286n
Franciscans, 111, 147–48
free will, 71, 74–75, 189
French language, 206, 243–44, 247, 257, 262
French Revolution, 11
Freud, Sigmund, 183
friars, 114, 143, 147–48, 163, 236, 240
Frontius, Julius, 152, 283n
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, 95
Frutti, Michaelle, 112
Fulda abbey, 44–50, 181
Galen, 87
Galileo Galilei, 8, 185, 239, 254–56, 306n
Gamelion, 66
Ganymede, 140
Garcia Lopez (tailor), 236
Gassendi, Pierre, 257
Gaul, 106
Genesis, Book of, 3
geography, 87
geometry, 87
George of Trebizond, 21, 145–46, 215
Georgics (Virgil), 51–52, 273n
Germany, 14–21, 29, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 44–50, 159, 162, 164, 173–77, 181, 205, 206
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 110, 218
Ghislieri, Michele, 227
Giotto, 113
Giunti, Filippo, 226
God, 10–11, 27, 37, 42, 89, 95, 97, 102–3, 105, 114, 166, 220, 233–36, 251, 253, 261, 285n
gods and goddesses, 1–2, 5–6, 7, 10, 67–68, 71, 74, 88, 89, 98–99, 100, 101, 130, 139, 180, 183, 184, 193–94, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201–2, 226–27, 228, 231–36, 251, 260–61, 298n, 299n
gold, 129, 280n
Golden Age, 191
Gospels, 96, 97, 105
Gothic script, 115
Gothic Wars, 28, 49
Gottlieben Castle, 171
grain, 45, 66, 126, 279n–80n
grammar, 12, 24, 25, 28–29, 31, 49, 97, 121
“Great Vanishing,” 86
Greek culture, 28, 59–60, 70, 72, 84, 87, 194–95
Greek language, 43, 88, 97, 119–20, 126, 217
Greek literature, 42, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 81, 84, 153, 182, 210, 228, 273n, 275n–76n
see also specific works
Greek philosophy, 72–80, 211, 252
Gregory I, Pope, 97, 103
Gregory XI, Pope, 293n
Gregory XII, Antipope, 160, 180, 205
Guarino of Verona, 179
Guasconi, Biagio, 162
Guicciardini, Francesco, 127
guilds, 15, 16, 114
Gutenberg, Johann, 32, 219
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 3, 75, 233
handwriting, 37–38, 62, 112–13, 115–16, 121, 130, 135, 155–56, 179
happiness, 195–96, 198
Harriot, Thomas, 239
Harvey, William, 10
Hebrew language, 88, 95
Hebrews, 42, 283n
Heidelberg, University of, 172
heliocentrism, 87, 306n
Hell, 30, 288n
Henry V, King of England, 206
Henry VIII, King of England, 228
Herculaneum, 54–59, 63–67, 68, 70–72, 77, 79, 81, 82
heresy, 13, 17, 155, 165, 166–68, 170–73, 177–79, 227, 233–41, 250–56
hermits, 35, 68, 107, 111
heroism, 104, 130
Hippolytus, 180
History of Florence (Poggio), 217
History of Rome (Livy), 23
Hobbes, Thomas, 10, 261
Holinshed Raphael, 228
holy orders, 120, 137–38, 147–48
Holy Roman Empire, 44, 120, 122, 155
Homer, 48–49, 62, 89, 182, 215
Hooke, Robert, 83–84
Hooker, Richard, 8
Horace, 84, 96
Houghton Library, 243
human existence, 190–92
humanities (studia humanitatis), 8–13, 23, 119–24, 134, 208, 214
Hume, David, 262
Hus, Jan, 166–68, 170, 171–72, 177, 253
Hutchinson, John, 257
Hutchinson, Lucy, 257–62, 267n, 305n
hymn to Venus (Lucretius), 1–2, 10, 201–2, 228, 251, 260–61, 299n
Hypatia of Alexandria, 91–93, 252, 282n
hypocrisy, 37, 133, 138–39
Ignatius of Loyola, Saint, 108
Iliad (Homer), 3, 215
illness, 12, 75, 76–77, 104, 147, 195
illusion, 198–99
immortality, 6, 57, 75–76, 98, 99–100, 101, 150, 158, 159, 183, 192–95, 220, 223, 230–32, 244, 260
Incarnation, 98–99
inclinatio (swerve) principle, 7–13, 188–89, 297n
Index of Prohibited Books, 227
India, 59, 87
indices, 39–40, 63, 227
individuality, 9–10, 16
indulgences, 158, 159, 161, 168
infallibility, 166
Inferno (Dante), 288n
infinity, 186, 187, 189, 196–97, 237, 239, 244, 256
ink, 39, 40, 43, 82–86
Inquisition, 227, 236, 239–40, 254–56
Institutes (Quintillian), 177, 178–79, 296n
intellectuals, 46–47, 51, 65–70, 87–88, 91–93, 122–26, 142–45, 227–33
“intelligent design,” 187–88, 220, 297n
Iphegenia, 194
Ireland, 12, 38
Isaac, 194
Isambard, 236
Isidore of Seville, 12
Islam, 113, 282n–83n
Italian language, 31, 206, 257, 262
italics, 115
Italy, 17, 21–22, 30, 31, 34, 43, 45, 60, 111, 122, 136, 160, 163, 174, 176, 205, 210–18, 233, 239–40, 249
see also specific towns and cities
Janus, 99
Jefferson, Thomas, 262–63, 307n–8n
Jerome, Saint, 53–54, 94–96, 109, 181, 283n
Jerome of Prague, 168, 172–73, 177–79, 295n, 296n
Jerusalem, 94
Jesuits, 250–51, 253–56
Jesus Christ, 9, 10, 19, 71, 98, 104–5, 107, 108, 139–40, 194, 236, 241, 252–53, 286n
Jews, 3, 15, 39, 42, 67, 78, 87, 89, 91, 92, 98, 101, 136, 194, 227, 236, 283n
Johann von Merlau, 45–46
John the Baptist, 90
John XXIII (Baldassare Cossa), Antipope, 152
–78
abdication of, 160–61, 165–67, 170–80, 205
birthplace of, 158
as bishop of Rome, 137
as cardinal deacon of Bologna, 159–60
as cardinal of Florence, 179–80
corruption of, 136–41, 151–52, 165–66, 170–71, 181
at Council of Constance, 162–78, 180
criminal charges against, 170–71
curia of, 18, 19–21, 22, 31, 33, 36–37, 44, 45, 135–41, 144, 150–58, 161, 162–63, 165, 168–69, 170, 171, 180, 181
death of, 180
ecclesiastical career of, 158–60
election of, 154, 160, 161
entourage of, 137, 138, 161–62
in Florence, 162, 179–80
imprisonment of, 171, 179–80, 205
papacy of, 19–21, 22, 34, 44, 135–41, 150–78, 180, 205
papal name of, 171
Poggio’s relationship with, 157–58, 165–66, 170, 178, 180, 181, 205
poisoning accusation against, 159–60, 170–71
release of, 179–80
rival popes of, 160, 180, 205
in schism, 142–43, 155, 160, 161–78, 205
spiritual authority of, 136–37, 149–50, 164–65, 168–69
temporal authority of, 135–37, 157–58, 161–62
John XXIII (Angelo Roncalli), Pope, 171
Jonson, Ben, 77–78, 79, 243, 277n, 305n
Jove, 75, 175, 233, 236
jubilee years, 159
Judaism, 39, 67, 101, 194, 236
Julian the Apostate, 101
Jung, Carl, 183
Jungkuntz, Richard, 285n
Juno, 99
Jupiter, 88, 89, 100, 156
Jupiter Serapis, 88
Kaiserstuhl, 174
Kleve, Knut, 64
labor, manual, 25, 37
Lactantius, 102–3
Ladislas, King of Naples, 161–62
Lambin, Denys, 248–49, 256
landowners, 113–14, 228, 230
Lapo da Castiglionchio, 138–42, 144
Last Supper, 304n–5n
Lateran palace, 156
Latin Festival, 69
Latin language, 2–3, 7, 12, 18, 19, 31–32, 42–52, 112–13, 119–22, 123–24, 130, 131–34, 135, 136, 138, 149, 155, 179, 180, 182, 202, 206, 210, 215, 217, 221–22, 225, 243, 247, 256
Latin literature, 42, 62–63, 81, 87, 117, 121–24, 182, 228, 273n, 275n, 289n
see also specific works
Laurentian Library, 115, 204, 290n
laws, universal, 74–75
lawyers, 35, 137, 139
leap days, 87
legal systems, 17, 35, 38, 111–12, 125–26, 134, 137, 139, 158, 228, 232
legions, 59, 79
Leiden, University of, 204–5
Lent, 108
Leonardo da Vinci, 8, 9, 242
lettera antica, 121
letters patent, 137
Leucippus of Abdera, 73, 82
lexicography, 12, 35
liberty, 9–10, 16, 125, 239–40, 262–63
librarians, 29, 31–32, 39, 43, 50
libraries:
monastic, 24–33, 37–38, 39, 43, 45–50, 65, 109, 117, 130–31, 152, 176–79, 204, 206–8, 209, 225, 271n–72n, 290n
private, 54–60, 86, 94–96, 134
public, 54–63, 86–94, 91, 93, 130–31, 134, 275n–76n, 279n–83n, 290n
Library of Pantainos, 276n
Lippi, Filippo, 218
literacy, 17, 24–26, 93–94, 270n
Livy, 23, 211
Lucca, 153
Luccarus, 112
Lucian of Samosta, 217
“Lucretiani,” 221
Lucretius (Titus Lucretius Carus:
aesthetics of, 51
biography of, 52–54, 274n
Cicero’s reference to, 51
classical references to, 23, 49–50, 51, 54
death of, 51, 53–54, 94, 109
as Epicurean, 1–2, 7, 52, 72–80, 104, 109, 222
family background of, 53
legacy of, 51–80, 109
madness ascribed to, 53–54, 94
name of, 49
Ovid’s reference to, 54
pacifism of, 52
as pagan, 53–54
readings by, 71–72
rediscovery of, 23–24, 43, 49–50
reputation of, 1–2, 7, 49–50, 51, 54, 71–72, 272n–73n
in Rome, 71–72, 75
Saint Jerome’s account of, 53–54, 94, 109
skepticism of, 52, 72
suicide ascribed to, 53–54, 94, 109
Virgil influenced by, 51–52, 273n
writings of, see De rerum natura (Lucretius)
Lucullus, 155–56, 275n
Ludwig von der Pfalz, 163
Luke, Saint, 105
Luna, Pedro de, 160, 205
Luther, Martin, 149, 172, 253
Macer, 23, 270n
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8, 144, 150, 185
Maestà (Duccio), 10
magic, 60–61, 73
Malpaghino, Giovanni, 121–22
Manilius, 48
manuscripts:
annotation of, 23, 88, 221, 248–49, 256, 306n
copies of, 17–18, 32–33, 35, 37–41, 47, 49, 50, 84–86, 88, 109, 112–16, 121, 130, 133–34, 135, 152, 154, 155–56, 173–77, 179, 206, 296n, 300n
corruptions in, 41, 88
of De rerum natura, 11–13, 49–50, 88–89, 181, 182–85, 202, 203–5, 208–10, 218, 221–22, 225, 226, 231, 244, 256, 262, 272n, 300n
destruction of, 7, 17–18, 23–24, 29, 41, 81–109, 130–31, 275n, 280n–83n
editions of, 23, 87–88
fragments of, 54–59, 64–65, 70–72, 81
hunting for, 11–15, 22, 23–24, 29, 30, 31–36, 40, 42–43, 47–49, 53, 54, 62, 86, 88, 130, 131, 152–54, 176–81, 206–11, 212, 215, 218, 228, 300n
illuminated, 17, 39, 40
market for, 28, 29–30, 84–86, 131
in monastic libraries, 24–33, 37–38, 39, 43, 45–50, 65, 109, 117, 130–31, 152, 176–79, 204, 206–8, 209, 225, 271n–72n, 290n
on papyrus, 28, 40, 54–59, 62–65, 68, 69, 71, 77, 82–83, 88, 260, 280n, 283n
on parchment, 17–18, 28, 38, 39–40, 42–43, 62, 82, 260, 283n
printing of, 32, 38–39, 204, 219, 248–50, 256, 262, 279n
in private libraries, 54–60, 86, 94–96, 134
production of, 28–29, 84–86
in public libraries, 54–63, 86–94, 91, 93, 130–31, 134, 275n–76n, 280n–83n, 290n
references to, 23–24
scripts used for, 38, 84, 115–16, 121, 130
translation of, 88, 168, 210, 212, 215
see also specific books and manuscripts
Manutius, Aldus, 32, 226
Marcellus, Nonius, 208
Marchetti, Alessandro, 257
Marco Datini, Francesco di, 114
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 71
Marolles, Michel de, 257
marriage, 127–29, 133, 136, 143, 212–13, 214, 215, 289n
Mars, 2, 100, 226, 247, 281n
Marsuppini, Carlo, 215
Martines, Lauro, 301n
Martin V, Pope, 205–6, 211, 269n
martyrs, 10, 107, 129
Marullo, Michele Tarchaniota, 226–27
Masaccio, 218
masks, ancestors, 62
master copies, 84–85
materialism, 9–10, 184–86, 190–91, 193, 198–201, 243, 244, 249, 259–63, 297n
mathematics, 87, 91, 92, 239
Mazzei, Lapo, 111–12
Medici, Cosimo de,’ 216, 217, 290n
Medici, Giovanni de,’ 213
Medici, Lorenzo de,’ 210, 213, 290n
Medici family, 110, 210, 213, 215–16, 217, 290n, 301n
medicine, 17, 60–61, 75, 87, 152
melancholy, 49, 133, 142–57, 216–17
Memmius, Gaius, 53, 273n–74n
mendica
nt friars, 147–48
mental illness, 8, 19, 49, 133, 142–57, 216–17
mercenaries, 153, 293n–94n
merchants, 15, 36, 219, 300n–301n
Mercury, 233–36
messiahs, 67, 72–73, 98, 107, 184
Metrodorus, 277n
Michelangelo, 9, 204
Michelozzi, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo, 110, 290n
Micrographia (Hooke), 83–84
Middle Ages, 38, 52–53, 88–89, 106–8, 110–11, 116–17, 129, 132–33, 209–10, 251, 272n–73n
Milan, 122, 153
Minerva, 99, 100
minims, 254
minuscules, 115
miracles, 142, 225
misogyny, 143, 212
missals, 17, 65
mistresses, 137, 141
Mithras, 90
moderation, 101–2
modernism, 6–7, 8, 13, 185, 242–63
Molière, 257
monasteries, 95, 106, 107–9, 111, 151, 168
see also libraries, monastic
monks, 12, 21, 24–29, 31, 36–37, 90, 91, 131, 134, 147–48, 163, 180, 210, 211
Mons, 286n
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 9, 243–49, 256, 306n
Monte Cassino, 152
Montepulciano, Bartolomeo Aragazzi da, 34–35, 44, 152–53, 162
morality, 11, 101–3, 124, 146–47, 178–79, 195–96
More, Thomas, 227–33, 236, 250, 251, 252, 263, 304n
Morroni, Tomaso, 111
mortality rates, 191–92, 213
mortal sin, 16, 119
Mother of the Gods, 183
Mount Vesuvius, 54–59, 67, 94, 239
MS Rossi 884, 221
murder, 38, 148, 159–60, 170–71
Muses, 89
museums, 91, 93
music, 9, 70, 91, 93, 175, 219
mythology, 130, 193–96
Naples, 54–55, 60, 63, 64, 122, 153, 158, 161–62, 163, 233
natural world, 6, 10–11, 12, 70, 74–75, 188–90, 194, 248, 261–62, 298n
Neptune, 99, 183, 226
Nero, Emperor of Rome, 48, 157, 275n
New Testament, 24, 95–96, 97, 105
Newton, Isaac, 261
New World, 11–12, 136, 229–30
Niccoli, Niccolò, 126–34, 137–38, 222, 289n, 290n
Nicholas V, Pope, 150, 214–15, 221, 226
nightmares, 95, 96
Nile River, 56, 174
Nolan philosophy, 233
“noonday demon,” 26
notaries, 84–85, 111–12, 122, 123, 135, 137
nuns, 106, 108
“Oblongus” manuscript, 204
obsessions, 4–5, 19, 116
“Of Cruelty” (Montaigne), 246
“Of Diversion” (Montaigne), 247
“Of Repentance” (Montaigne), 244–45
Old Testament, 43, 88, 95–96, 285n
oligarchy, 110, 113–15, 135
Olivera, Alonso de, 249–50