Loudin, Fred, 200, 202
Louisiana Purchase (1803), 244
Louisville, Kentucky: riot (1855), 263–64
Lowell, A. Lawrence, 289
Lowery, Joseph, 139
Lyon, The (ship), 154
MacArthur, General Arthur, 119
MacArthur, General Douglas, 41, 110
Macaulay, Lord, 265
McCain, Senator John, 6, 17, 40, 56, 221, 310–11, 369
McCallum, Daniel, 88, 95
McClellan, General George, 84, 91–92, 93
McCray, Mary, 192
McDowell, Irvin, 81, 83, 84
McGlashan, Charles, 279
McHenry, James, 50
McKim, Charles, 331
McKinley, President William, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122
McLaurin, Charles, 214, 215
MacLeish, Archibald, 349
McLoughlin, William: Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic, 319
Madison, President James, 52, 165, 168, 169, 173, 174, 243, 244, 321, 322
Maginot Line, 123–24
Mahan, Alfred Thayer: The Influence of Sea Power on World History, 115
Mahan, Dennis Hart, 59, 62, 115
Maine, USS, 116
Malcolm X, 139
“manifest destiny,” 256
Marion, Indiana, 368
Marlowe, W. D., 214
Marquis, Samuel, 297
Marshall, Andrew, 193
Marshall, General George C., 58
Marshall, James, 270
Marshall, Chief Justice John, 327
Martin, George, 105
Masham, Sir William, 154
Mason, John Mitchell, 174
Massachusetts, 152–53, 156, 175, 239; constitution, 166–68, 172
Maxey, Fred, 212
Mead, Lake (Nevada), 343, 354, 356
Meade, General George, 86, 97
Medina Ridge, battle of (1991), 109
Meigs, Charles, 37, 38, 59, 65, 72, 81, 82, 85, 96, 97, 108; Montgomery
Meigs to, 75
Meigs, Elizabeth, 35
Meigs, Emlen, 103
Meigs, Grace, 320
Meigs, Henrietta Hargreaves Stewart, 72
Meigs, Henry Vincent 71, 72, 73, 76, 80, 97
Meigs, John Rodgers: admission to West Point obstructed, 69; at West Point, 81; his “Trouble,” 82; his father’s letters to, 82–83, 94; at Bull Run, 83–85; graduates from West Point, 99; in army, 99–101; character, 101–3; death, 103–5, 106–7; tomb, 31–32, 106
Meigs, Josiah, 37, 96, 108
Meigs, Louisa Rodgers, 31, 61, 63, 77, 78, 82, 83, 84, 85; John Meigs’s letters to 100, 101, 103; and his death 106–7
Meigs, Mary Montgomery, 37, 38, 59, 61, 72, 99, 125; Montgomery Meigs to 90
Meigs, Montgomery C.: birth and childhood, 37–38; at West Point, 38, 39, 42, 60; in Corps of Engineers with Lee, 33–35, 59, 60; character, 60–61, 62–63; marriage and children, 61, 63; fort building, 61–62; provides water supply to Washington, 64–67; supervises work on Capitol, 67–68, 74, 88; clashes with Floyd, 68–69; banished to Fort Jefferson, 69–70, 71; has horror of slavery, 71–74, 92; and opening of Civil War, 71, 73, 77, 78; impressed by Lincoln, 74–75; garrisons Santa Rosa, 77; disgusted by Confederate West Point graduates, 32–33, 78–79; as quartermaster general, 80–81, 85–89, 90, 94–95; and his son, 81–83, 93–94, 100, 101; and battle of Bull Run, 84–85; scornful of generals, 89–90, 91–92; recruits black soldiers, 93; at Chattanooga, 95–96, 201; in Georgia with Sherman’s army, 96–97; at Fredericksburg, 97–99; and son’s death, 32, 103–5, 106, 107; and Lincoln’s assassination, 105; inauguration of Arlington National Cemetery, 31, 32, 33, 106; commissions son’s tomb, 31; death and burial, 31, 114
Meigs, Montgomery, Jr., 103, 104
Meigs, Montgomery (d. 1944), 123–25
Meigs, Montgomery C. (b. 1945), 108–11, 125
Meigs, Return Jonathan, Sr., 35–36, 43, 61, 71, 73; and removal of Cherokees, 96, 108, 316, 317–24; death, 324
Meigs, Return Jonathan, Jr., 36–37, 316
Meigs, Vincent, 35
Melrose, Iowa, 2
Memorial Day, 26–27
Methodists, 151, 183, 184, 187–93, 194, 204
Mexican-American War (1846–48), 59–60, 63, 69, 205, 246, 257–59
Mexican immigrants, 220–22, 245–46, 282–83
Mexican War of Independence (1810–21), 247, 249
Mexico: abolition of slavery, 249–50
Mexico City, 62, 247, 258
MFDP, see Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
Midway, Georgia, 185, 194
Mier y Terán, General Manuel de, 247, 249, 250
Milan, Edict of (313), 14–15
Milton, John, 157
miners/mining, 212; Chinese, 268–70, 272, 279, 280; see also gold mining
Mississippi, 92, 93
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 134, 137–38
Mississippi River, 33–34, 79, 305, 321
Mississippi Summer Project (“Freedom Summer”), 133–34, 139
Moleville, Bertrand de, 236
Monroe, James, 223, 224, 225, 226
Montcalm, General Louis-Joseph de, 227
Montgomery, Alabama: Colored Baptist Convention, 205
Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, 52, 176, 296, 300
moon landings, 308
Mormons, 8, 142, 339, 340
Morse, Samuel, 264–65; Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States, 265
Mosby, John Singleton, 104
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 134–36
Moynihan, Liz, 136
Mulroy, Pat, 355–57
Murray, Judge Hugh, 280
Muslims, 147, 167, 174; immigrants, 298–300
Muybridge, Eadweard, 331
Napoleon Bonaparte, 47, 51, 89, 237, 244
Narragansett Indians, 152, 156
Nation, 289
National Cordage Company, 330
National Review, 308
Native Americans, 14, 114; Cherokee, 36, 71, 96, 251, 312, 313–30, 333–35, 352; Chickasaw, 317, 323, 325; Choctaw, 251, 315, 317, 323, 325; Comanche, 249; Creek, 71, 251, 315, 317, 321, 323, 324, 325; Oneida, 227, 231; Osage, 333; Pokanoket, 152; Seminole, 323, 325; Seneca, 231
Naturalization Acts, 242–44, 279
Navarro, José Antonio, 251
Navy, U.S., 114–17
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 51
Nevada, 19, 259, 272, 311, 339, 354–57
New Braunfels, Texas, 262
New Hampshire, 17, 112
New Market, battle of (1864), 100–101
New Mexico, 249, 256, 259, 340
New Orleans, battle of (1814), 323
New York, 131, 190; arrival of Jews (1650s), 159–60; Central Park, 259, 276; cholera epidemic (1831), 192; 9/11, 5–6, 145, 298, 299; St. Peter’s Church, 236; Sleepy Hollow, 26–27; Statue of Liberty, 283–84
New York Daily Times, 259
New York Herald, 121, 258
New York Herald Tribune, 276
New York Observer 264, 329–30
New York Sun, 256, 257
New York Times, 18, 284, 286, 307
New York Tribune, 81, 92, 117
Newland, Senator Francis, 342
Newport, Rhode Island, 156, 161–62; Jewish community, 159, 160, 162–65; visited by Washington and Jefferson (1790), 161, 162, 163, 164–65, 171
Nixon, President Richard 3
“No Hellers,” 149–52
Norquist, Grover, 310, 311
Obama, Barack, 5, 129–30, 203, 364, 366; at Iowa caucus (2008), 15, 16, 17, 18, 19–21; and religious issues, 140, 148, 206, 207, 208, 210, 300
Oberlin Evangelist, 178
Ohio Valley, 305
Oklahoma, 166, 325, 345, 349, 352–53; see also Cherokee Strip Run
Oklahoma! (musical), 351–52
Olmsted, Frederick Law, 259, 260–63, 368
Omaha Bee, 340
Oneida Indians, 227, 231
Oneida Institute, New York, 177
opium trade/Opium War, 254, 271
Osage Indians, 333
Otto, America-Francès Crèvecoeur (Fanny), 225, 228, 231, 234, 235–36
Otto, Guillaume-Louis, 225, 237
Overland Monthly, 276, 278
Paine, Tom: Common Sense, 222, 242
Pancoast, Dr., 82
Paris, Treaty of (1898), 121
Parks, Benjamin, 325
passenger pigeons, 229
Pattison, General, 231
Paul, St.: Epistle to the Galatians, 139
Paul, Congressman Ron, 1, 6, 12, 18
Pease, Elisha M., Governor of Texas 260
Penn, William, 158
Pennsylvanian Germans, 241
Pettiford, Reverend: Divinity in Wedlock, 205
Pfaelzer, Jean, 279
Philadelphia, Mississippi, 138, 139, 140
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 65, 162, 264, 276; Jarena Lee in, 186–87, 188, 190, 192; Mother Bethel Methodist Church, 192, 193, 204
Philadelphische Zeitung, 241
Philippines: U.S. annexation and war, 112–13, 116–20, 121, 122, 123
Phillips, Samuel, 205
Pickens, T. Boone, 360
Pierce, President Franklin, 65, 68
Pierson, Sidney Herbert: “Today the slaves…,” 283
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 175
Pius IX, Pope, 265
Pixley, Frank, 279
Plumb, J. H., 134
Pocahontas, Virginia, 212
Pokanoket Indians, 152
police forces: Gretna, Louisiana, 4; and blacks (Indianola), 215; and immigrants (Chicago), 293
Polish immigrants, 288, 291, 292, 295
Polk, President James K., 255, 256, 257, 259
Porter, Maggie, 202
Potomac River, 64, 66
Powderly, Terence, 281, 284
Powell, John Wesley, 336, 337, 341–42, 343, 353, 354; The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons, 337–38; Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States, 338
Price, Hickman, 348
Princeton and alumni, 3, 37, 185, 285, 290
Pritchard, “Gullah” Jack, 183
Providence, Rhode Island, 156–58, 161
Pulitzer, Joseph, 116, 117
Puritans, 35, 153, 154
Quakers, 35, 151, 241, 312, 315
Raboteau, Albert, 194
railroads, 88–89, 99, 114, 212, 269, 272–75, 276, 292, 332–33, 334
Randolph, Peter, 194
Rankin, John, 181, 183, 184, 193; Letters on Slavery, 181
Rankin, Thomas, 181, 183
Raven, Virginia: Macedonia chapel of the Primitive Baptist Universalist Church, 148–52, 194
Reading and Pennsylvania Railroad, 330
Reagan, Nancy, 220
Reagan, President Ronald, 6, 308, 309, 359, 365
Reclamation Act (1902), 342–43, 353
Reid, Senator Harry, 221
religion: and African Americans, 139–40, 193–95, 207, 211; and Great Awakenings, 168–69, 177–78, 212–13; see also Baptists; Catholics, Romans; Jefferson, President Thomas; Lee, Jarena; Methodists; Obama, Barack; Williams, Roger
Republicans, 6–7, 142, 144–45, 210, 220–21, 268; and Iowa caucuses (2008), 5–6, 7, 8–9, 12, 13, 17–18; see also Bush, George W.
Revolutionary War, see American Revolutionary War
Rhode Island, 156–60, 161–62, 166; see also Newport; Providence
Rhodes, Cecil, 121
Richardson, Bill, 15
Richmond, Virginia, 98
Ridge, Major, 324
Robespierre, Maximilien, 225
Rochambeau, Admiral Jean-Baptiste de, 161
Rock Springs, Wyoming: Chinese miners, 268–70, 279, 280
Rocky Mountains/Rockies, 272, 344–45, 357
Rodgers, Commodore John, 61
Rodgers, Robert, 101
Rodgers, William, 104
Rohrbach-lès Bitche, France, 123–25
Romney, Governor Mitt, 6, 8–9, 13, 17, 18
Roosevelt, President Franklin D., v, 3, 349, 359, 367
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 25–26, 113–14, 115, 116, 285, 308, 337, 359; as Rough Rider, 12, 112, 116; and U.S. annexation of Philippines, 112–13, 114, 118, 119, 120; criticized by Twain, 121–23; signs National Reclamation Act, 342–43; receives Nobel Peace Prize (1906), 112
Rosecrans, General William 95
Ross, Edward Allsworth, 288, 289; The Old World in the New, 288, 290, 299
Ross, John, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 333
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 234
Ruleville, Mississippi, 134, 213–14
Rulison, Dr., 102
Rumsfeld, Donald, 6, 111, 145
Russian immigrants, 292, 293
Russian revolution, 366
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 112
Sacramento Reporter, 275
St. Louis, Missouri, 33, 34, 59
Sale, George, 300
Salem, Massachusetts, 155
Salt Lake City, Utah: irrigation congress (1891), 340
San Antonio, Texas, 55–58, 247, 251–52, 261–62
Sánchez, José Maria, 246–47
Sanchez, General Ricardo, 57–59; Wiser in Battle 58
San Francisco, 269, 276, 278–79, 281
Santa Anna, General Antonio de, 250, 251
Santa Rosa Island, see Fort Pickens
Santayana, George, 203, 289
Santorum, Rick, 6
Sauer, Christopher, 241
Savage, Michael, 222
Savannah, Georgia, 79, 193
Saxton, Alexander, 279
Saxton, General Rufus, 195, 197
Schlesinger, Arthur, 136
Schwerner, Michael, 133, 139
Scott, General Winfield, 59–60, 74, 76, 79, 81, 258, 329
Scruggs, Otis, 144
Seattle, Washington, 279
Sedition Act (1789), 50, 52
Seguin, José, 251
Seixas, Benjamin, 162
Seixas, Gershon, 162
Seixas, Moses, 162, 163, 164
Selma, Alabama: St. Phillip Street Church, 205
Seminole Indians, 323, 325
Seneca Indians, 231
Seton, William, 230, 231, 232, 235
Seward, William, 77, 79, 80, 105
Shaw, Leonard, 318
Shays, Daniel, 44
Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 31, 81, 104
Sheppard, Ella, 200, 201
Sheridan, General Philip, 102, 104
Shifflet, Hillory, 30
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 139
Sigel, General Franz, 100
Simmons, William, 211
Six Companies society, 271–72, 273, 278, 280, 281
slaves/slavery, 37, 73, 74, 90, 177, 240; U.S. plantation owners, 32, 33, 52, 72; rebellions, 45, 183; abolitionist movements, 178, 180–83, 249–50, 253; in Texas, 253, 255–56; and the Civil War, 71, 72–74, 92–93, 197–98, 199, 334; and religion, 176–77, 184–85; and singing, 194–95, 198–202; and Lincoln’s emancipation proclamation, 92, 197–98; see also African Americans
Smith, Amanda, 192
Smith, Barney, 368–69
Smoky Mountains, Georgia, 316
Smythe, William Ellsworth, 339–41, 343; The Conquest of Arid America, 342
Social Darwinism, 115, 288
Soil Conservation Act (1935), 349
Sonora, California, 270, 271, 282, 283
Sousa, John Philip, 331
South Carolina, 72, 76, 175, 197–99; see also Charleston
South Nevada Water Authority, 355–57
Spanish-American War (1898), 116–17, 120
Spencer, Herbert, 115, 288
“Spirituals,” 199–200
Spotsylvania Court House, battle of (1864), 98
Springstein, B. C., 282
Stanford, Leland, 273, 275
Stanton, Edwin, 87–88, 89–90, 104
Steinbeck, John 349; The Grapes of Wrath, 352–3
Steinberg, Joe, 134
Steuben, General Friedrich Wilhelm von, 43
Stevenson, Adlai, 3
Stewart, Bill, 339
Stony Point, battle of (1779), 36, 61
Storm, Jane McManus, 256, 257
Story, Reverend, 213
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 185, 265
Strobridge, James H., 273, 274, 275, 278
Stuyvesant, Governor Pieter, 159
Sullivan, John Louis, 256, 257
Sullivan, Louis, 331
Sumner, William, 294
Sunday, Billy, 211–12
Sutter, John, 270
Sutton, Jim, 14–15
Sutton, Robert, 200
Syrian immigrants, 298–99
Tacoma, Washington, 279
Taft, President William H., 288
Taliban, the, 57, 169, 170
Tancredo, Congressman Tom, 221
Taney, Chief Justice Roger, 74
Tappan, Lewis, 183
Taylor, President Zachary, 63, 64, 257, 267
Tejanos, 247, 251, 252, 258–59, 260, 262, 263, 264
Tennessee, 36, 316, 322, 326, 328, 330, 333
Texas, 60, 220, 221, 244, 334, 346, 348; American immigrants, 246–50; War of Independence (1835–36), 250–51; annexation by U.S., 252–57, 259–61; German immigrants, 262–63, 264; Mexican immigrants, 245–46; wind farm, 360; see also San Antonio
Thatcher, Margaret, 220
Thayer, Sylvanus, 39–40, 59
Thoreau, Henry David, 230, 259
Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War, 41–42
Tilden, Samuel, 132, 203
Tillotson, George, 30
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 10, 19, 147, 306–7
Tolbert, General William T., 102
Touro, Isaac, 160
Truckee, California, 279
Truman, President Harry, 3, 41
Turgot, A. R. J., 234
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 114, 286, 307–8, 331
Turner, Nat, 183, 184
Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 120–22, 277, 338, 358
Tyler, President John, 255
Ullmann, Daniel, 268
Union army, 26, 33, 80–81, 85–87, 91, 96, 195, 197–98
Union Pacific Railroad, 269, 272
Unitarians, 147, 166, 195
Utah, 259, 339, 340
Valenzuela, General Alfredo (“Freddie”), 55–57
Van Buren, President Martin, 253, 329
Vane, Sir Henry, 156, 157
Vauban, Sébastien, 62
Vaux, Calvert, 259
Veney, Bethany, 192
Vermont, 226
Vesey, Denmark, 183, 184, 193
Victoria, Queen, 200, 262