statistics:
negative claims in, 197–98
normalization in, 230–31; see also age-adjusting
staurosporine, 432
Stehelin, Dominique, 361
Stein, Gertrude, 227
stem cells, 398, 458
sterility, as side effect of chemotherapy, 165
Sternberg, Carl, 157
steroids, 103
stomach cancer, 44–45, 381, 456
neurotic stress blamed for, 281
Strax, Philip, 294–95, 296, 297, 299
streptomycin, 22, 131–32
stroke, 444
Study in Scarlet, A (Doyle), 9
SU11248, 468
Subbarao, Yellapragada “Yella,” 30–31, 33, 34, 35, 87, 91
sulfa drugs, 110
Sun Tzu, 210
Supreme Court, U.S., 266
surgeon general, U.S., 259–60
smoking-health report of, 260–62, 264, 267, 401
surgeons:
as hostile to chemotherapy, 219–21
self-confidence of, 66, 308
surgery, 355, 405
abdominal, 58
for breast cancer, 58, 62, 195–96, 197, 201, 402; see also mastectomies
evolution of, 55, 61–62, 66
infection as risk of, 56–57
local, combined with radiation therapy, 195–96, 197, 464
for lung cancer, 59, 72, 256
as performance, 66
radical, see mastectomies, radical; radical surgery
removal of tumors through, 41, 49–50, 55, 58–59
survival rates, bias in, 229–30
SV 40, 349n
Sweden:
ABMT trial in, 326
mammography trials in, 298, 300–301
Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 461
Sylvester, Robert, 34
Symington, Stuart, 186
syphilis, 86, 157, 238
Tabin, Cliff, 383
Taft, William Howard, 24–25
Talman, William, 266–67
Talpaz, Moshe, 436, 437, 438, 441, 442
tamoxifen, 216–17, 218, 221–22, 407, 456, 457, 464, 466
Tarceva, 455
targeted therapies, 405–11, 412, 443, 455
for APL, 407–10
for breast cancer, 413–22, 454, 464, 465
for, CML, 430–40, 441–43
Tatum, Edward, 345
Taxol, 206, 403–4, 427–28
technology, 466
medicine as, 462
television, see broadcast media
Temecula, Calif., 321–22, 324
Temin, Howard, 350–55, 357–58, 359, 361–62, 371, 372
Tenth International Cancer Congress, 353–54
teratoma, 152
Terry, Luther, 259–60, 262–63
testicular cancer, 181, 204–5, 208, 228, 331, 401
testosterone, 212–13, 214, 215
tetracycline, 22
thalidomide, 199, 443
thioguanine, 127
Thomas, E. Donnall, 309, 434
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 393
Thoreau, Henry David, 38
Through the Looking-Glass (Carroll), 441, 443
thymoma, 152
thyroid cancer, 152, 212
thyroid hormone, 212
Time, 22, 24, 25, 103, 178
tobacco:
bacterial mutations caused by, 278
British addiction to, 240
oral cancers linked to, 239–40
U.S. production of, 240
see also cigarettes; nicotine; smoking; tobacco industry
tobacco-cancer link, 276, 290, 364, 388
antitobacco campaigns and, 401, 446
author’s encounters with, 274–75
causality dispute in, 253–56
Doll/Hill studies and, 245–49, 250–51, 253–54, 260, 262, 263, 276, 294, 350, 401, 455
J. Hill’s pamphlet on, 239–40, 276
lag time in, 272
as obscured by prevalence of smoking, 241–42
public policy and, 257, 259–62
secondhand smoke and, 260
surgeon general’s report on, 260–62, 264, 267, 401
tobacco industry and, 250–53, 258, 259, 260, 264
Wynder/Graham study and, 244–45, 246–47, 252, 253–55, 256, 260, 263, 401
tobacco industry:
advertising by, 250–51, 263–64, 265–67, 268, 273
developing countries targeted by, 273–74
government regulation of, 262–65, 273
Master Settlement Agreement and, 273
political power of, 259, 260, 264, 273
product-liability lawsuits against, 269–73, 401
public relations campaigns by, 250–53, 258, 266
women targeted by, 268
Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), 253, 264
Tobacco Research Institute, 270
tobacco tokens, 246
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 107–8
Todaro, George, 358n
tongue cancer, 274
total therapy (chemotherapy plus radiation), 123–24, 154, 168–70
toxicity, of chemotherapy, 43–44, 168, 208, 305, 309, 320
traits, heritability of, 343–44, 364, 366
transfusions, 196, 280
transgenic mice, 382–83, 384
trans-retinoic acid, 408–10
Trastuzumab, see Herceptin
Traut, Herbert, 288
Treponema pallidum, 86
Tripathy, Debu, 424
True cigarettes, 269
Truman, Harry, 117, 120
Truth or Consequences, 97–99
Trypanosoma gondii, 85
Trypan Red, 85
tuberculosis, 24, 41, 72, 84, 87, 157, 175, 256
in ancient world, 44
as iconic 19th century disease, 37–38, 45
mortality rates from, 229
naming of, 47
public hygiene and, 22
streptomycin and, 131–32
tumors, 16, 19
angiogenesis of, 387, 388, 389, 391, 407, 443, 458
Baillie’s descriptions of, 53–54
bone, 43
brain, 71–72
chemotherapy for, 122–23, 154, 207, 308–9
in Galenic theory, 48–49
metastasis of, 55, 67, 135, 136, 154, 195–96, 302–3, 389
premetastatic, 302–3
radiation therapy for, 76, 77, 154, 158–59
stages of, 55, 67, 160–61, 218
surgical removal of, 41, 49–50, 55, 58–59
see also specific cancers
tumor suppressor genes, 368–69, 376, 380, 381, 384, 385, 402, 412, 450, 453
inactivation of, 386–87, 389, 391, 406, 407
Turner, Charlotte, 325
two-hit hypothesis, 367–69, 376, 377, 380
typhoid fever, 22, 24
typhus, 41, 46
Uganda, 204n
Ullrich, Axel, 414–18, 420, 427, 433
umbilical blood, 398–99
Undark, 77
United Kingdom, see Great Britain
uranium, 74
Urban, Jerome, 193, 198
urea, 83, 84
urological cancers, 71
U.S. Radium, 77–78
uterine cancer, 59, 277, 306, 331
Uzbekistan, cigarette consumption in, 274
vaginal cancer, 277
VAMP regimen, 142, 143–50, 165, 310
consortium opposition to, 144
relapses and, 166
remissions and, 145–46
survivors of, 148–50
Zubrod’s opposition to, 143
Variety Club of New England, 95, 172
Varmus, Harold, 360–63, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 375, 380, 439
vectors, for infectious diseases, 245
Velcade (bortezomib), 443
&nbs
p; Venet, Louis, 294–95, 296
Verghese, Abraham, 308
Veronesi, Umberto, 220
Vesalius, Andreas, 51–53, 54, 59, 211, 434, 455
Vietnam War, 187, 207
vinblastine, 205
vincristine (Oncovin), 127, 139–40, 143, 149, 162, 164, 406
see also VAMP regimen
Virchow, Rudolf, 13–16, 18, 237, 340, 430, 431, 455
Virginia, tobacco production in, 240
Virginia Slims cigarettes, 267, 268–69
virology, virologists, 349–56, 357–62, 364, 371, 466
viruses:
as carcinogens, 173, 174–76, 278–81, 303, 342–43, 349–50, 351–56, 362
RNA forms of, see retroviruses
Visco, Frances, 426, 427, 429
vitalism, 83
vitamin B12, 28, 31
Vogelstein, Bert, 384–86, 448
Cancer Genome Atlas and, 450–54
Vogt, Peter, 358
Volberding, Paul, 317, 424
Volkmann, Richard von, 62, 64, 67
Voltaire, 143
von Hansemann, David Paul, 340–41, 366
Waksman, Selman, 122
Wall Street Journal, 181
Walpole, Arthur, 216, 304
Walters, Barbara, 186
Wang, Zhen Yi, 408–1
war gasses, 87–88, 89–90
Warm Springs Foundation, 94
War on Cancer, 121, 172–73, 313, 329, 330, 332, 350, 455
Apollo space program as analogous to, 178–79
defining success in, 461–63, 465
Farber and, 114, 118, 122, 150, 155, 178, 180, 184, 188, 190, 234
measuring progress in, 227, 231, 323–33
M. Lasker and, 113–14, 117–18, 122, 155, 177–78, 179, 183–86, 188–89, 191, 234, 296, 402, 403
Nixon and, 180–81, 184, 187–88
Panel of Consultants in, 184, 188
Times ad in, 180–81, 183
Warren, Robin, 281–84, 456
Washington Post, 32, 73, 180–81
Watson, James, 89, 186–87, 393, 455
Weinberg, Robert, 355, 370–76, 379–80, 390–92, 410–11, 412, 413, 443
Weissman, George, 262
Welch, William, 63
Western General Hospital, 329
white blood cells (lymphocytes), 3, 13, 17, 29, 152, 407, 409
aminopterin and, 33–34
chemotherapy and, 127, 315
nitrogen mustard and, 88, 90
in response to infection, 13, 16
Whitehead Institute, 376–77, 379
Wiedrich, Bob, 187
Wigler, Michael, 374, 376
Williams, Ted, 102
Williams, William Carlos, 306
Wills, Lucy, 28, 29
Wilms’ tumor, 123–24
Wit (Edson), 205, 209
Witwatersrand, University of, 321, 323, 326, 327–28
Woglom, William, 80
Wöhler, Friedrich, 83–84
Wolfe, Thomas, 93
Wolff, James, 34
Wolfler, Anton, 62
women:
cigarette advertising targeted to, 268
lung cancer mortality rate in, 331
smoking by, 268, 445
Women’s Field Army, 111, 113
Wood, Francis Carter, 46
Woodard, Frank, 108
Woodard, Sara Johnson, 108, 109–10
Worcester Foundation, 217
World War I:
cigarette consumption increased by, 250
mustard gas in, 87–88
World War II, 26, 89, 109, 129
cigarette consumption increased by, 250
scientific research in, 119–20, 129–30
Wynder, Ernst, 250
tobacco-cancer study of, 244–45, 246–47, 252, 253–55, 256, 260, 263, 401
X-rays, 23, 44
as carcinogen, 77–78, 347, 349, 389
as diagnostic tool, 291; see also mammography
discovery of, 73–74
DNA damaged by, 75, 77
mutation increased by, 278, 347
in radiation therapy, 75–76, 123–24, 127, 158–59
Yale–New Haven Hospital, 226
Yarborough, Ralph, 184
yellow bile, 48, 53
Young, Hugh Hampton, 71
Ypres, Belgium, 88
Ziegler, John, 207
Zimmermann, Jürg, 433, 435
Zubrod, Gordon, 129–30, 132, 134, 137–38, 139, 140, 147, 162, 163–64, 207, 260
leukemia research consortium created by, 130–31, 133
VAMP opposed by, 143