THE DEATH FACTORIES
1. Vasily Grossman, “The Hell of Treblinka,” trans. Robert and Elizabeth Chandler with Olga Mukovnikova, in The Road: Stories, Journalism, and Essays (New York: New York Review of Books, 2010), pp. 144–45, 147–50, 153, and 156–60.
FIRE IN THE SKY
1. Yoshitaka Kawamoto, “Testimony of Yoshitaka Kawamoto,” Voices of Hibashuka, Hiroshima Peace Cultural Center and NHK, www.inicom.com/hibakusha/yoshitaka.html.
THE SUM OF SUFFERING
1. William Blake, “A Sentence Worse Than Death,” in Hell Is a Very Small Place: Voices from Solitary Confinement, eds. Jean Casella, James Ridgeway, and Sarah Shourd (New York and London: The New Press, 2016), pp. 26–33.
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Index
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abolitionists, 231
abominable fancy, 130–35
Abraham, 45–46
Abu Ghraib, 253
Acheron, 20, 25, 144
Achilles, 4, 15–16, 151, 262n
Adam, 47–51, 54–56, 106, 145
Adige, 149
Aeneas, 22–32, 35
Aeneid, The (Virgil), xiii–xiv, 5, 22–32, 139, 263n
Æthelwold, 73–74
Ajax, 15–16
Alcmaeon, 256n
Aldfrith, King, 73
Alexander the Great, 153, 261n
alms, 42, 72, 127–28
anger, 175, 176
Anglicans, 169–70, 180
Annas, 47–49, 78
Anne, Queen of Great Britain, 171
Anselm, Saint, 180
Antony, Marc, 262n
Anubis, xiii, 4
Apocalypse of Paul, xiv, 37–44, 179
Aquinas, Thomas, xiv, 130–35, 264n
Archeron, 90–92
Arcolano of Siena, 263n
Ariadne, 262n
Aristotle, 130, 261n
Arno, 160
Athena, 18
Atlas, 7
Attila the Hun, 154, 160
Augustine of Hippo, Saint, xiv, 45, 191, 202
Augustus, 22, 157
Auschwitz, 233
Avernus, 30
Azzolin, 153
Babylon, scarlet lady of, 225
Babylonians, 36
Bagram, 253
baptism, 43, 186, 226
Basil, Saint, 212
Bede, Venerable, 59
Dryhthelm’s journey related by, 68–74
Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 65–67
Bernard, Saint, 189
Bhagavad Gita, 240
Bible, authority of, 199, 225, 227
bird, 219
Blake, William, 244–52
blessed and the damned, 130–35
as opposed in all things, 193
whether the blessed pity the miseries of the damned, 132–34
whether the blessed rejoice in the punishment of the wicked, 134–35
whether the blessed will see the punishments of the damned, 131–32
Bonaventure, Saint, 182, 207
Book of Revelation, 37
Book of Similitudes, 180
Book of the Visions and Miracles of Clairvaux, 121
Brendan, Saint, 60, 75–80
Briareus, 7, 9, 10
Brontê, Charlotte, vii
Brutus, 140, 163
Bunyan, John, 193
The Resurrection of the Dead and Eternall Judgement, or, The Truth of the Resurrection and the Bodies Both of Good and Bad at the Last Day, 193–96
Caeneus, 28
Caesar, Julius, 140, 157, 263n
Caesarius of Heisterbach, 118, 264n
see also Dialogue on Miracles
Caiphas, 47–49, 78
Cassius, 140, 163
Catholics, xv, 169–70, 179, 199, 222, 224, 225
Jesuits, 179
Cécina, 155
centaurs, 24, 151–54
Cerberus, 4, 7–8, 11, 12–14, 22, 27
charity, 133
Charon, 22, 25, 26
in Dante’s Inferno, 144, 145
child labor, 231
children, Hell explained for, 201–21, 222
Chiron, 151, 152
Christ, 37, 44, 45, 72, 196, 203, 224
apostles warned by, 36
death and resurrection of, 45, 47, 54, 55, 179, 262n
descent into Hell (Harrowing of Hell), xiv, 45, 47–56, 169, 223
Jewish patriarchs and prophets and, 45, 47, 48, 56, 169
Judas Iscariot and, 78, 79, 140, 263n
Pinamonti on, 182–84
Christianity, xiii, xiv, xv, 5, 35–36, 37, 45, 47, 59–60, 68, 111, 115, 130–31, 169, 171, 201, 222, 261n
Aeneid and, 22
Anglicans, 169–70, 180
Catholics, xv, 169–70, 179, 199, 222, 224, 225
Counter-Reformation in, 179
criticisms against doctrines of, xv, 199, 222–27, 231
Jesuits, 179
Protestant Reformation and, xv, 169
Protestants, 169–70, 179, 180
Chrysostom, John, 185, 265n
Circe, 15
Cistercian order, 125
Cistercian order, conversions to, 118–24
by an abbot of Morimond, 118, 119–20
by a cleric investigating the fate of a local ruler, 118, 122–24
by a necromancer, 118, 121
Cocytus, 139, 163
coffin of fire, 214–15
cold, 92, 102, 114, 115, 116
Colenso, Bishop, 224
compassion, 133
comprehensors, 134
Conallus (Conall Cearnach), 91
concentration camps, see extermination camps
confession, 111, 129
Conrad, 122
conscience, 171–74, 177, 180, 194–95
Corneto, 155
Rinier da Corneto, 154
Counter-Reformation, 179
Crete, 149
Cú Chulainn, 258n
Cyclops, 75
damned:
resurrection of, 193–96
see also blessed and the damned
Dante Alighieri, xiv
The Divine Comedy, xiv, 23, 139
See also Inferno
darkness, 92, 114, 115, 116
Furniss on, 205
Pinamonti on, 181–82
Darwin, Charles, xv, 199
David, 53, 56, 223
Dawes, William, 171–78
Deianeira, 151, 262n
della Vigna, Pietro, 263n
demons, 71, 87, 92, 114, 115–17, 209
Brendan and, 75, 77–80
and Ludwig II, Landgrave of Thuringia, 122–23, 126
and student who had made pact with Satan, 120
Tundale and, 91–92, 101, 103–4
see also devils
detainees, xv, 232, 253–54
see also prisons
Devil, see Satan
devils, 182, 208, 209, 220
mocking, 209, 211
striking, 209–11
see also demons; Satan
Dialogue on Miracles (Caesarius), 118–24, 125–29
on abbot of Morimond who died and came back to life, 118, 119–20
on Bavarian who appeared to his wife after death, 127–28
on cleric who had practiced necromancy and appeared to a living companion, 118, 12
1
on cleric who witnessed the torments of Ludwig the Landgrave, 118, 122–24
on knight who hung serpents and toads on his son’s door, 127
on Ludwig the Landgrave’s punishment, 125–26
on nun who killed her child, 128–29
on priest’ punishment, 126
on Rudinger and his drink, 129
Dialogues (Gregory the Great), 61–64, 113
Dido, 22–23, 28–29
Dionysius I of Syracuse, 153
Dis, 13, 22, 150, 161–62, 262n
Dives, 223
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), xiv, 23, 139
See also Inferno
dots, 219–20
dragons, 114, 116
dress of fire, 214
dungeons of Hell, 213–18
boiling kettle, 216–17
deep pit, 214–15
dress of fire, 214
red-hot floor, 215–16
red-hot oven, 217
sad voice, 218
Dryhthelm, 68–74
Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Bede), 65–67
Echidna, 8
Egypt, xiii, 3–4, 182, 205
Elucidarium (Honorius), 113–14, 115
Engels, Friedrich, 231
Enquiry into the Nature and Place of Hell, An (Swinden), 170
envy, 175
Epic of Gilgamesh, The, 3
Erebus, 15, 16
Eriphyle, 28
eternity, 172, 177–78, 187–92, 194
Furniss on, 209, 218–20, 227
sound of, 220–21
Eurydice, 12
Eurystheus, 12
Evadne, 28
extermination camps, xv, 232, 233
Treblinka, 233–39
Ezzelino III da Romano (Azzolin), 153
Farrar, Frederic William, 131
fear, 175
death from, 213
Furniss on, 213
of Hell, as persuasion, xvi, 111–12, 115, 171, 199, 222, 227
of punishment, vs. punishment itself, 190
Federigo, 157
Fergusius (Fergus mac Roich), 91
fire, 4, 29, 36, 114, 115–16, 171, 172, 177, 180, 181, 188–89, 192
in Apocalypse of Paul, 37–44
bed of, 212
Bunyan on, 194–95
coffin of, 214–15
dress of, 214
Dryhthelm and, 68–72
fiery chains, 114, 116
fire giants, 75–76
Furniss on, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209, 212, 214–15, 220
Fursa and, 65–67
at gates of Hell, 202
God and, 185–86
Holyoake on, 224–26
intensity of, 185–86
quality of, 183–84
quantity of, 184–85
Tundale and, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96, 100, 103
First Council of Lyon, 111
floor, red-hot, 215–16
Florence, 263n
fornicators, 38–41, 96–97
Fourth Lateran Council, 111
Frances of Rome, Saint, 202–4, 208, 209, 211
Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor, 122
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, 263n
Furies, 23, 24, 30, 31
Furnace, Babylonian, 181
Furniss, John, 201
The Sight of Hell, 201–21, 222
The Terrible Judgment, and the Bad Child, 217
Fursa, 65–67
Gabriel (archangel), 202, 203
Gamaliel, 49
gates of Hell:
in Dante’s Inferno, 141–46
in Furniss’s The Sight of Hell, 202–3
Gehenna, 35–36
Gerard, 128
Glossa Ordinaria, 261n
gluttons, 96–97
God
banishment from enjoyment of, 171–73
and fire of Hell, 185–86
as infinite, 191
and justice in punishment, 191–92
Gog, 37
Gospel of Mark, 36
Gospel of Nicodemus, 47–56
“Great Below, The” (Reznor), vii
greed, 90–92
Greeks, xiii, 4, 35, 37
Gregory the Great, Pope, 59, 132
Dialogues, 61–64, 113
Grossman, Vasily, 233–39
Guantánamo Bay detention camp, 253–54
guilty conscience, 171–74, 177, 180, 194–95
Gyes, 7, 9, 10
Habakkuk, 56
Hades, xiii–xiv, 4, 7–8, 11, 12, 13, 35, 48, 60
Haemgisl, 73
hammers, 100, 114, 115, 116
harpies, 24, 155, 158
Harrowing of Hell (descent of Christ into Hell), xiv, 45, 47–56, 169, 223
hatred, 175
Heaven (Paradise), 59, 68, 72–73, 111, 113, 169, 172–74, 183, 218
Holyoake on, 222–24
Redbord on, 226–27
Heaven & Hell: Where Situated? A Search After the Objects of Man’s Fervent Hope & Abiding Terror (Holyoake), 222–27
Hebe, 17
Hebrew scriptures, xiii, 35–36
Hecate, 23, 30
Hell, xiii–xvi, 169
belief in reality of, xiii, 169–70, 231
for children, 201–21, 222
contemplation of, 179–92
darkness in, see darkness
divisions of, 203
doubt about existence of, xv, 199
dungeons in, see dungeons of Hell
fear of, as persuasion, xvi, 111–12, 115, 171, 199, 222, 227
fire in, see fire
gates of, see gates of Hell
geography of, 83, 139
of guilty conscience, 171–74, 177, 180, 194–95
location of, 59, 113–14, 169–70, 201–2, 222–25, 231
as metaphor, xiii, xv, xvi, 231–32
names for, 224
punishment and torments in, see punishment and torments
Purgatory and, 59, 111, 224, 225
size of, 203
straitness of, 180–81, 182
see also Hades
Hell, journeys to, 59
Bede’s accounts of, 65–67, 68–74
Dante’s account of, see Inferno
by Dryhthelm, 68–74
Gregory’s accounts of, 61–64
by student who had made pact with Satan, 118, 119–20
Hell Opened to Christians to Caution Them from Entering into It (Pinamonti), 179–92
Henry of Almain, Prince, 262n
Hera, 17
Heracles, 12–14, 17–18, 262n
see also Hercules
Hercules, 26
Herman I, Landgrave of Thuringia, 122
Hermes, 18
Herod, 78
Hesiod, 7
Theogony, 7–11
Hinnom, 35–36
Hippolytus, 256n
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 232, 240–43
Hitler, Adolf, 235
Holocaust, xv
see also extermination camps
Holyoake, Austin, 222–27
Homer, 22, 60
Odyssey, 4, 15–18, 75
Honorius of Autun, 113–14, 115
Hosea, 45
Hydra, 30
Iapetos, 10
Ignatius of Loyola, 179
immram, 60, 75
incarceration, see prisons
Infants, Limbo of, 169
Inferno (Dante), xiv, 139–40
the gates of Hell, 141–46
Nazi extermination camps compared with, 233, 236
Virgil in, 23, 139, 150, 151, 158
war and, 241
Inferus, 48, 51–55
insects, 212, 218
interrogation, 253–54
Isaiah, 49, 53, 116, 131, 185
Israelites, 35–36, 189
Jacopo da Santo Andrea, 160
Jane Eyre (Brontë), vii
Japan, atomic bombing of, 232, 240–43
Jerome, Saint, 187
Jesuits, 179
Jesus Christ, see Christ
Jews, xiv, 59
Hebrew scriptures, xiii, 35–36
Nazi extermination camps and, see extermination camps
patriarchs and prophets, 45, 47, 48, 50, 56, 169
Job, 116, 132, 185, 210–11
John, Saint, Revelation to, 37, 223, 225
John Chrysostom, 185, 265n
John the Baptist, 50, 160
Joseph of Arimathea, 47–49
Judas Iscariot
Brendan’s encounter with, 60, 75, 77–80
in Dante’s Inferno, 140, 163
Jesus Christ and, 78, 79, 140, 263n
Judgment Day, 72, 159, 172, 188, 224
The Resurrection of the Dead and Eternall Judgement, or, The Truth of the Resurrection and the Bodies Both of Good and Bad at the Last Day (Bunyan), 193–96
Julius II, Pope, 224–25
justice, 190–92
Karinus, 49
Kawamoto, Yoshitaka, 241–43
kettle, boiling, 216–17
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 240–41
Kottos, 7, 9, 10
Kronos, 7
Laertes, 18
Lano, 159
Laodamia, 28
Lazarus, 45–46, 52, 207, 223
Leitch, A. S., 231
Leto, 16
Leucius, 49
Leviathan, 78
liberty, 180, 181
Limbo of Infants, 169
Limbo of the Patriarchs, 45, 169
Los Alamos Laboratory, 240
Loyola, Ignatius, 179
Lucifer, see Satan
Ludwig II, Landgrave of Thuringia, 118, 122–24, 125–26
Ludwig III, Landgrave of Thuringia, 122, 124
Luther, Martin, 169
ma’at, 3–4
Madness of Heracles, The (Seneca), 12–14
Magog, 37
malice, 175
Manchester, 231
manna, 189
Mark, Gospel of, 36
Mars, 160
Martha, 207
Martin, Saint, 182
Mary, 44, 78
Mass, 111
Matsui, Kazumi, 241
Matthew, 116
Meagher, William, 201
measurement, 219
mercy, 133