Barnum’s Roman Hippodrome, 244–45, 249
Barnum’s Travelling World’s Fair (previously Coup and Castello circus), 232–38, 240, 249
Barnum Universal Exposition Company, 249
Bartlett, A. D., 264–65
Bartram, Coley, 30–31, 33
Bates, Joshua, 153
Beach, Alfred and Henry, 157, 164–65
Beach, Moses Yale, 53
Becoming Tom Thumb (Lehman), 76
Belletti, Giovanni, 134, 136, 138, 144, 150, 157, 183, 311n12
Bellini’s Norma, 145
Benedict, Julius, 133, 134, 136, 144, 150, 183, 186
Bennett, James Gordon, 40–41, 125, 157, 179, 181, 189, 205, 218–19
Benton, Joel, 246
Benton, Thomas Hart, 122
Bergh, Henry W., 254–56, 320n20
Berlioz, Hector, 95
Bethel, Conn., 9–21, 25–26
Barnum’s fountain in, 260–61
Barnum’s store, 21–22, 28, 44, 299n25
Heth’s death in, 39, 43, 301n22
Birmingham, England, 96, 98
Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 170, 312n16
Bondeson, Jan, 60
Boston Athenaeum, 66
Boston Museum, 58, 59, 77, 112, 118, 141, 147
Bowling, John S., 33, 39
Bowser, Henry E., 261–62
Brady, Mathew, 202–3, 205
Brandreth, Benjamin, 310n13
Bridgeport, Conn., 4, 9, 18–19, 71, 112, 120, 173, 184, 262
ASPCA and Barnum in, 255
Barnum as mayor, 4, 249–50
Barnum as state representative, 252–54
Barnum buys Johnson a house in, 195
Barnum home (Lindencroft), 189–90, 199, 220
Barnum home (Marina), 282, 284, 285
Barnum home (Waldemere), 225–26, 232, 238, 241–43, 246, 247, 250, 252, 260–61, 282, 319n5
Barnum Museum, 277
Barnum’s death and, 284–85
Barnum’s employees in, 261–62
Barnum’s farm, 226
Barnum’s philanthropy, 276–77
Barnum’s real-estate project, 173–75
circus wintering operations in, 258–59, 272–73, 284
Civil War “peace” rally, 198–99
Franklin House, 71, 72
Mountain Grove Cemetery, 240, 273, 277, 286, 319n5
Seaside Park, 225, 277, 283, 319n5
South Congregational Church, 285
Stratton house in, 105
support for Barnum, 180, 241–42, 283
Tom Thumb in, 71, 72, 111, 205
Bridgeport Farmer, 199
Bridgeport Standard, 204
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 108, 113–14
Brothwell, Charles R., 262
Buckingham, Joseph, 36
Bull, Ole, 221
Bulman, Joan, 125, 126
Bump, Mercy Lavinia Warren. See Warren, Lavinia
Bunker, Eng and Chang, 161, 233
Burnside, Ambrose, 203, 205
Burrows, Edwin G., 48, 314n23
Butler, Henry D., 177, 188
Cardiff Giant, 229–30, 232–33
Carson, Kit, 308n23
Cary, Alice and Phoebe, 221
Castello, Dan, 232, 233, 234, 244, 250
Castle Garden, New York, 143–47
Lind at, 143–46, 147, 159, 310n13
Catalani, Angelica, 129
Catlin, George, 88–89
Chapin, E. H., 119, 221, 242, 273
Chase, Salmon P., 202
Churchill, Randolph, 279
Ciprico, George, 81
circuses, 4, 5
animals’ deaths and, 269–70, 278
Barnum & Bailey Circus, 5, 271, 264–70, 278–81, 285–86
Barnum and Jumbo, 264–70
Barnum & London Circus, 259–60
Barnum’s advertising rail car, 250–51
Barnum’s American Centennial show, 250–51
Barnum’s animal acts and, 254–56
Barnum’s collaboration with Bailey, 258–60, 263–64
Barnum’s first investment in, 45, 46
Barnum’s parade of elephants, 96, 259
Barnum’s Roman Hippodrome, 244–45, 249
Barnum’s Travelling World’s Fair, 232–37, 238, 250
Cooper & Bailey’s International Allied Shows, 262–63
European Menagerie and Circus, 250
Great European Circus, 161
Great London Circus, 257–58, 263
Great United States Circus, 161
Howes and, 161
train transportation of, 235–36, 238
Civil War, 192, 214, 312n1
American Museum and, 200
Barnum and, 4, 192, 198–99, 200
battles, 198, 202–3, 205
Brady’s photographs of, 202–3
Confederate arson plot, 209–10
Draft Riots, 200
Lincoln’s generals and, 202–3
peace Democrats (Copperheads), 200, 209, 214
“peace” rally, Bridgeport, 198–99
Sherman’s march, 209
surrender at Appomattox, 210
threats against Barnum, 200–201
Clay, Henry, 155
Clemens, Olivia “Livy,” 246
Clift, William, 61, 302n4
Cole, William W. “Chilly Billy,” 270
Collins, Edward Knight, 136
Collyer, Robert, 285–86
Congregationalism, 16, 23
Saybrook Platform, 16–17
Conklin, George, 263
Connecticut Repository (newspaper), 24
Cook, James, 88
Cooper, James, 257, 270
Cooper & Bailey’s International Allied Shows, 262
Costentenus, George, 251
Coup, William C., 232–37, 244, 250
Courier and Enquirer, 74
Croffut, William A., 198, 315n6
Cruikshank, George, 60, 61
Crystal Palace exhibition, London, 166
“Curious Pleasure Excursion, A” (Twain), 247
Cushman, Pauline, 200
Daggett, David, 24–25
Darwin, Charles, 193, 194
Davis, Jefferson, 210
Diamond, John, 48, 49
Dickens, Charles, 55
Dixon, Thomas P., 112
Doane, A. Sidney, 135
Dodge, Ossian F., 147
Douglas, Stephen, 196
Douglass, Frederick, 250
Drayton, Henri and Susanna, 188
Drunkard, The (play), 141–42, 309n5
Dwight, Timothy, IV, 173, 312n1
Eades, Samuel Barrett, 60–61, 302n4
East Bridgeport, Conn., 174–76, 184, 188, 262
Edward, Prince of England, 92
Egyptian Hall, London, 88–93, 98, 101
Eidlitz, Leopold, 111
Ellery, Stephen, 60, 61
Elssler, Fanny, 130
Emerson, George, 220, 221, 223, 227, 238–41
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 73, 86, 179, 250
Empire City Skating Rink, N.Y.C., 234
England, 196
Barnum and Tom Thumb at Buckingham Palace, 89–90, 196
Barnum and Tom Thumb return (1856), 182–83
Barnum and Tom Thumb’s fame, 95–96
Barnum lectures in, 185–87, 314n25
Barnum’s earnings in, 87, 92
Barnum’s final visit, 274, 278–81
Barnum’s response to bad press, 86
Barnum traveling with Smith, 95–98
Barnum tries to acquire Shakespeare’s birthplace, 97
Barnum trips (1877, 1881), 252, 260–61
Barnum with Tom Thumb in, 84–100
dwarf acts in, 85
effect on Barnum’s life, 98
Jenny Lind in, 123–24
prejudice against America in, 85
royal gratuities for Barnum and Tom Thumb, 87, 92, 304n7, 306n14
T
om Thumb and Queen Victoria, 86–87, 89–92, 305n12
Tom Thumb and Wellington, 92–93
Tom Thumb feted in, 86–87
Tom Thumb promotion in, 85, 92
Tom Thumb touring in, 98, 101, 230
Tom Thumb venues in, 88–89
entertainment
Barnum’s transformation of, 4–5
circuses and menageries, 161–63
growing respectability of, 141
human exhibits, 31–32, 74, 85, 88, 161, 201–8, 218, 222, 231, 232, 233, 251, 259, 273, 300n13, 314n5 (see also Heth, Joice; Tom Thumb)
missing-link exhibits, 193–96
“Negro dancing,” 48, 49
traveling exhibitions and curiosities, 31, 58, 299n5
what Americans wanted, 7
See also circuses; traveling exhibitions and curiosities
European Menagerie and Circus, 250
Everett, Edward, 86, 87, 89, 91, 165
Fairfield, Conn., 21, 107–8, 112, 120, 173, 214
Barnum’s Iranistan, 18, 111–15
parts annexed by Bridgeport, 319n5
Fejee Mermaid, 1–3, 7, 58–68, 186, 302n7
Field, Maunsell B., 152
Fielding, Henry, 303n5
Fillmore, Millard, 155
Fish, Benjamin, 261
Fish, Jane Ann, 230, 232, 239
Fish, John, 230–32, 236, 239
Fisk, Theophilus, 25, 26
Fitchburg Railway Depot, Boston, 148
Foster, George C., 302n17
Franconi family, 95
Freedley, Edwin T., 185
Frémont, John C., 120–21, 308n23
Funny Stories (Barnum), 102, 274, 281
Gambler, The (play), 141
Garfield, James A., 260, 316n10, 317n5
Genin, John, 147, 166
George IV, King of England, 111
“Ghost Story, A” (Twain), 229–30
Gladstone, William, 280, 281
Goldschmidt, Otto, 128, 129, 183, 279
Gotham (Burrows and Wallace), 48, 51
Grace Church, N.Y.C., 205, 206
Grant, Ulysses S., 5, 220
Grassy Plain, Conn., 17–19, 20
Great London Circus, 257–58, 263
Greeley, Horace, 86, 181, 196–97, 205, 220–21, 223, 226, 227, 245, 247
Union Colony No. 1, 231
Greenwood, Grace, 207
Greenwood, John, Jr., 177, 178, 188, 195, 196, 246
“Greeting to America” (song), 133, 145
Grisi, Julia, 125
Griswold, Rufus, 165
Grizzly Adams, 202, 228
Guillaudeu, Emile, 59, 81, 213
Harris, Neil, 66–67
Harrison, Benjamin, 317n5
Harrison, John, 267
Hartford (CT) Times, 299n27
Hartford, Conn., 226
Havana, Cuba, 157–58, 230, 310n13
Hawkers and Walkers in Early America (Wright), 31
Hawley, Joseph Roswell, 217, 317n13
Herald of Freedom (newspaper), 24–25, 28, 165, 166, 299n26, 299n29
Her Majesty’s Theatre, London, 123–24, 125, 126, 127, 128
Heth, Joice (“George Washington’s nursemaid”), 3, 30–44, 50, 58, 76, 187, 195, 300n7, 300n13, 301n19
“Anatomical Examination” of, 39–40
automaton story, 38, 300n16
Barnum’s “humbug” announcement, 38
death of, 39
promotional materials, 34–35, 36
showings of, described, 35
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, 199
History of Tom Thumb, The, 303n4
Hitchcock, Fordyce, 77, 98, 110, 304n12
Hone, Philip, 105, 111
Hotel Victoria, London, 279
Howard family act, 182–83
Howe, Elias, Jr., 184, 198
Howe, Julia Ward, 250
Howes, Seth B., 161
Morningthorpe, 161
Hull, George, 229
human exhibits (freak shows), 31–32, 74, 85, 88, 161, 201–8, 218, 222, 231, 232, 233, 251, 259, 273, 300n13, 314n5
Heth as, 30–43
Tom Thumb as, 71–83
humbug, 5–6, 56, 171, 186
Barnum as purveyor of, 6, 50, 127, 216, 228, 229
Barnum’s exposure of, 228
Barnum’s Fejee Mermaid, 58–68, 186
Barnum’s giant’s skeleton, 229
Barnum’s hoaxes, 62
Barnum’s Joice Heth tour, 38
Barnum’s sham contests, 45
Barnum’s “What Is It?”, 193–96
Barnum’s Woolly Horse, 120–22
Cardiff Giant, 229–30
fire annihilator and, 164
Humbug (Harris), 66–67
Humbugs of the World, The (Barnum), 6, 228, 298n5
Hurd, Helen Barnum (daughter), 44, 49, 75, 99–100, 105, 115–16, 183, 184, 212, 236, 282
Hurd, Samuel (son-in-law), 212, 218, 234, 236, 237, 239, 244, 250
Hutchinson, James, 257, 258, 261, 267, 270
Illustrated London News, 86, 103, 165
Illustrated News, 165–66
I Masnadieri (Verdi), 125
Innocents Abroad, The (Twain), 246
Iranistan (Barnum’s home), 18, 111–15, 117–19, 125, 130, 167, 176, 177, 184, 189–90, 223
Lind at, 149, 150–51
Irving, Washington, 96–97
Irving House, N.Y.C., 133, 137–38
Isabella II, Queen of Spain, 104
Jay, John, 152–53, 154
J. B. Burr, publisher, 227
Jerome, Chauncey, 176
Jerome Clock Company, 176–77, 188
Johnson, Andrew, 217, 220
Johnson, William Henry, 193–96
Julius Starr Redfield, 168–69, 312n10
Jumbo the elephant, 264–70, 279, 320n13, 321n18, 321n24
“wife” Alice, 270, 272
Kahn, Leopold “Admiral Dot,” 231, 232
Keene, Laura, 180
Kemble, Fanny, 124
Kennedy, Robert Cobb, 210
Kimball, Moses, 77, 110, 111, 147, 233
American Crystal Palace and, 166–67
Barnum on missing link exhibits, 194
Barnum on Tom Thumb, 77–79
Boston Museum, 58, 59, 77, 112, 118, 141, 147
collaborations with Barnum, 59, 61, 62, 65–70, 118, 307n18
correspondence with Barnum, 65–70, 89, 96, 104, 106, 109–10, 187
Fejee Mermaid and, 1–2, 58–63, 186
Kiralfy, Imre, 280, 281, 285
Lafayette, Marquis de, 144
Lee, Robert E., 203, 210
Lehman, Eric D., 76
Leland, Charles Godfrey, 165–66
Leslie, Frank, 165
Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, 165
Lewis, John Delaware, 1, 182
Licensed Victuallers’ Mirror, 280–81
Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great, The (Fielding), 303n5
Life of P. T. Barnum, The, Written by Himself, 9, 12, 22–23, 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 40–43, 47, 48, 50, 65, 72, 73, 75, 79, 87, 89–91, 106, 134, 154, 280, 302n21
American museum purchase, famous passage, 52
British reaction to, 170, 171–72
decision to tell his life’s story, 171
description of leaving on the Yorkshire, 82, 304n20
“dwarf experiment,” 73
on entertainment and education, 56, 73
illustrations, 75
life at Iranistan, 117–18
promotion of, 168–69, 312n12
publisher for, 169, 312n10, 312n12
reviews, 169–71
sales and earnings, 169, 171, 182
source material for, 46, 50, 167–68
ten rules for business success in, 185
wife Charity in, 70, 100
writing and publication of, 3, 167–69
See also Struggles and Triumphs
Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 196–97, 199, 202–3, 205, 207, 209, 210, 254
Commodore Nutt and, 202, 203
Currier & Ives cartoon, 196–97
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 130, 197, 207
Lind, Jenny, 4, 123–59, 183
audience size and earnings, 144, 146, 147, 148, 153, 155, 159
Barnum represents, 125–26, 127, 130–31, 133, 135–36, 150–59, 310n11
Barnum’s marketing of, 132–35, 140, 144, 146, 148–49, 151, 153–54
Barnum song contest and, 133, 145
Barnum speaks at concerts of, 145–48
Barnum touring with, 155, 159
benefits and philanthropy, 126, 127, 129, 131, 134, 145–46, 153–54, 157, 159
Boston performances, 146–49
Christmas party, Barnum and, 156–57
death of, 274
first American concert, 143–46, 310n7
Fitchburg Depot fiasco, 148–49, 150
in Havana, Cuba, 157–58
at Iranistan, 149, 150–51
last operatic performance, 128, 129
London debut, 123–24, 126
mania for, 124–25, 143–44, 151
marriage of, 128
New York Hotel and, 146, 310n11
New York welcome for, 134–38
notables at concerts of, 155, 156
personality, 126–27, 147, 157–58
Queen Victoria and, 124, 128, 134, 136
southern tour, 155, 156, 158
at Tripler Hall, 154–55, 159, 310n7
various concerts, 153, 155, 158–59
voice of, 124
Lindencroft (Barnum home), 189–90, 199, 200–201, 220
Lindsay, R. W., 31, 32, 300n7
Lion Jack (Barnum), 275
Locke, Richard Adams, 39, 301n19
London Daily Telegraph, 265–66
Louise, Queen of Belgium, 103
Louis-Philippe, King of France, 103–4
Château de Saint-Cloud, 104
Lyman, Levi, 34, 36, 38–41, 50, 63–66, 300n16, 302n8
Madame Tussauds Wax Museum, 280
Madison Square Garden, N.Y.C., 259, 260, 268, 282, 284–86
Maelzel, Johann Nepomuk, 37–38
Marina (Barnum home), 282, 284, 285
McClellan, George, 202, 203
Mendelssohn, Felix, 124, 127, 128
Metropolitan Hotel, N.Y.C., 206
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, 124, 128, 145
Moody, John, 29, 30, 33
Mormons, 65, 231
Morris, John Moses, 198
Murray, Charles, 89
Murray Hill Hotel, N.Y.C., 269, 272, 278
Napoleon Bonaparte, 88, 303n8
“Nation’s Bulwark, The” (Fisk), 25
Newman, William “Elephant Bill,” 267
New Orleans, La., 231, 236–37
newspapers, 233, 273, 299n26
Barnum invests in, 165–66
Barnum’s Advance Courier, 246
Barnum’s Commodore Nutt in, 202
Barnum’s death reported in, 285
Barnum’s Fejee Mermaid and, 62–63
Barnum’s freebies for journalists, 260