“me miserum!”2 dicturus erat: vox nulla secuta est!
ingemuit: vox illa fuit, lacrimaeque per ora
non sua fluxerunt; mens tantum pristina mansit.
quid faciat? repetatne domum et regalia tecta
an lateat silvis? pudor hoc, timor inpedit illud.
Dum dubitat, videre3 canes …
Ovid Metamorphoses 3.194–206
1The subject of dat is Diana.
2This is an example of an accusative of exclamation; translate: “woe is me.”
3videre is an alternative form of the perfect indicative active 3rd person plural = viderunt.
Vocabulary
Nouns
aedis, -is (f.) – temple
āra, -ae (f.) – altar
arbiter, -trī (m.) – arbiter; judge
Athēnae, -ārum (f. pl.) – Athens
Aurēlia via, Aurēliae viae (f.) – the Aurelian Way, a coastal road from Rome to the Alps
Byzantiī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – Byzantines
coetus, -ūs (m.) – assembly; company
condiciō, -ōnis (f.) – condition
convīvium, conviviī (n.) – party; celebration
Crētensēs, -ium (m. pl.) – Cretans
crīmen, -inis (n.) – charge
Dolabella, -ae, Cn. (m.) – Gnaeus Dolabella (an associate of Verres)
fābula, -ae (f.) – story; fable
fructus, -ūs (m.) – enjoyment
Hannibal, Hannibalis – Hannibal, the most famous Carthaginian leader
impudentia, -ae (f.) – shamelessness
inopia, -ae (f.) – lack
iūdicium, iūdiciī (n.) – judgment; trial
lēnitās, -ātis (f.) – kindness; leniency
litterae, -ārum (f. pl.) – letter; document; report
magnitūdō, -inis (f.) – size; greatness
Minerva, -ae (f.) – Minerva, goddess of wisdom, handicrafts (= Greek Athena)
modus, -ī (m.) – limit
Natālis, -is (m.) – Birthday Spirit
particeps, -cipis (m.) – participant; partner
pondus, -eris (n.) – weight
princeps, -cipis (m.) – leader
rēs gestae, rērum gestārum (f. pl.) – accomplishments
Rhēnus, -ī (m.) – the Rhine
rīpa, -ae (f.) – bank (of a river)
scrība, -ae (m.) – clerk
sermō, -ōnis (m.) – conversation
sevēritās, -ātis (f.) – severity; seriousness
Suēbī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Suebi (a people of northeastern Germany)
supplicātiō, -ōnis (f.) – public prayer; public thanksgiving
testis, -is (m.) – witness
virtūs, -tūtis (f.) – virtue; courage
Verbs
accidō, -ere, accidī – happen
aestimō, -āre – value; appraise; weigh
agitō, -āre –move; drive; rouse; celebrate
appellō, -āre – call
audeō, -ēre, ausus sum – dare
auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum – take from
cēdō, -ere, cessī, cessum (+ dat.) – yield (to); give in (to)
celebrō, -āre – celebrate; honor
coepī, coepisse, coeptum – began (this verb occurs only in past tenses)
cognoscō, -ere, -nōvī, -nitum – become acquainted with
concēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum – depart; yield (to); concede
cōnstat – it is agreed
cōnsulō, -ere, -uī, consultum (+ dat.) – take thought for; have regard for
dēcernō, -ere, -crēvī, -crētum – decide; declare
dēcertō, -āre – fight; contend with
dēmonstrō, -āre – point out; show
dissimulō, -āre – hide; conceal
ēdūcō, -ere, -dūxī, -ductum – lead out
existimō, -āre – consider
flagitō, -āre – demand
imitor, -ārī, imitātus sum – imitate
līberō, -āre – set free
nōn mē fugit – I am not unaware
optō, -āre – desire; choose
pareō, -ēre, -uī, paritum (+ dat.) – obey
placō, -āre – calm; appease
praetermittō, -ere, -mīsī, -missum – pass over
reddō, -ere, -didī, -ditum – give back; grant
remaneō, -ēre, -mansī, -mansum – stay; remain
reperiō, -īre, repperī, repertum – perceive; find
repetō, -ere, -īvī, -ītum – return to; go back to
revertor, -ī, reversus sum – return
serviō, -īre, -īī, -ītum (+ dat.) – be devoted to; care for
stabiliō, -īre, -īvī, -ītum – make firm; make stable
versor, -ārī, versātus sum – concern oneself with
vertō, -ere, vertī, versum – turn
FYI
Audeō is one of a very few semi-deponent verbs in Latin. These verbs are active in the present, future, and imperfect tenses, but deponent in the perfect tenses: ausum sum – I dared, etc. Soleō, -ēre, solitus sum – be accustomed; gaudeō, -ēre, gavīsus sum – rejoice; and fidō, -ere, fīsus sum – trust, are also semi-deponent verbs.
Adjectives
aliquī, aliqua, aliquod – some; any
amīcissimus, -a, -um – most friendly
difficilis, -e – difficult
fictus, -a, -um – (participle from fingo) false
grandis, -e – large; great
impius, -a, -um – wicked; impious
improbus, -a, -um – wicked
innocentissimus, -a, -um – most harmless; most innocent
optimus, -a, -um – best
perditus, -a, -um – (participle from perdo) degenerate
rectissimus, -a, -um – most correct; most appropriate
sanctissimus, -a, -um – most upright
sempiternus, -a, -um – eternal
singulāris, -e – singular; extraordinary
suāvis, -e – sweet; delightful
tantus, -a, -um – so great
tot (indeclinable) – so many
ūnus, -a, -um – one; alone
vetus, -eris – old; former
vīgintī (indeclinable) – twenty
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
dēnique – finally
equidem – truly
nōn sōlum … sed etiam – not only … but also
plānē – clearly; completely; certainly
propter (+ acc.) – on account of
quō – where
sānē – truly; by all means
vērō – assuredly; however
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) accident
(ii) agitate
(iii) scribe
(iv) fruit
CHAPTER 14
Chapter Contents
14.1 SUBJUNCTIVE PASSIVE 14.1.1 Present Subjunctive Passive First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Passive First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Passive First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.1.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.2 SUBJUNCTIVE OF DEPONENT VERBS 14.2.1 Present Subjunctive First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.2.2 Imperfect Subjunctive
First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
14.2.3 Perfect Subjunctive First Conjugation
14.2.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive First Conjugation
14.3 SEQUENCE OF TENSES
14.4 PURPOSE AND RESULT CLAUSES 14.4.1 Purpose Clauses (also called final clauses)
14.4.2 Result Clauses (also called consecutive clauses)
14.5 NOUN CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY UT
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passage
Vocabulary Nouns; Pronouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Conjunctions; Prepositions
FIGURE 14.1 Undersea mosaic. Roman copy of Hellenistic original. Mosaics were made in a number of styles over many years. During the Imperial period they were mass-produced and were found in both private houses and public buildings (such as baths). Source: Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples, Italy/Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Library
14.1 Subjunctive Passive
The subjunctive mood also has passive forms. The simplest way to remember how the present and imperfect subjunctive passive are formed is: take the active forms and change the endings from -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt to -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur.
14.1.1 Present Subjunctive Passive
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amer amēmur
2nd person amēris amēminī
3rd person amētur amentur
FYI
The present and imperfect subjunctives of all conjugations have the alternative 2nd person singular ending -re; for example, amēre, ponāre and imperfect vidērēre.
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person videar videāmur
2nd person videāris videāminī
3rd person videātur videantur
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ponar ponāmur
2nd person ponāris ponāminī
3rd person ponātur ponantur
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveniar inveniāmur
2nd person inveniāris inveniāminī
3rd person inveniātur inveniantur
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capiar capiāmur
2nd person capiāris capiāminī
3rd person capiātur capiantur
14.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Passive
The easiest way to remember how to form the imperfect subjunctive is: take the present infinitive active and add the endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur.
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amārer amārēmur
2nd person amārēris amārēminī
3rd person amārētur amārēntur
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vidērer vidērēmur
2nd person vidērēris vidērēminī
3rd person vidērētur vidērentur
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ponerer ponerēmur
2nd person ponerēris ponerēminī
3rd person ponerētur ponerentur
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person invenīrer invenīrēmur
2nd person invenīrēris invenīrēminī
3rd person invenīrētur invenīrentur
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person caperer caperēmur
2nd person caperēris caperēminī
3rd person caperētur caperentur
14.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Passive
The perfect subjunctive passive, like the perfect indicative passive, has two parts: the perfect participle and in this case the present subjunctive of the verb sum.
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amātus, -a, -um sim amātī, -ae, -a sīmus
2nd person amātus, -a, -um sīs amātī, -ae, -a sītis
3rd person amātus, -a, -um sit amātī, -ae, -a sint
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vīsus, -a, -um sim vīsī, -ae, -a sīmus
2nd person vīsus, -a, -um sīs vīsī, -ae, -a sītis
3rd person vīsus, -a, -um sit vīsī, -ae, -a sint
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person positus, -a, -um sim positī, -ae, -a sīmus
2nd person positus, -a, -um sīs positī, -ae, -a sītis
3rd person positus, -a, -um sit positī, -ae, -a sint
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inventus, -a, -um sim inventī, -ae, -a sīmus
2nd person inventus, -a, -um sīs inventī, -ae, -a sītis
3rd person inventus, -a, -um sit inventī, -ae, -a sint
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person captus, -a, -um sim captī, -ae, -a sīmus
2nd person captus, -a, -um sīs captī, -ae, -a sītis
3rd person captus, -a, -um sit captī, -ae, -a sint
14.1.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive
The pluperfect subjunctive passive, like the pluperfect indicative passive, has two parts: the perfect participle and in this case the imperfect subjunctive of the verb sum.
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amātus, -a, -um essem amātī, -ae, -a essēmus
2nd person amātus, -a, -um essēs amātī, -ae, -a essētis
3rd person amātus, -a, -um esset amātī, -ae, -a essent
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vīsus, -a, -um essem vīsī, -ae, -a essēmus
2nd person vīsus, -a, -um essēs vīsī, -ae, -a essētis
3rd person vīsus, -a, -um esset vīsī, -ae, -a essent
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person positus, -a, -um essem positī, -ae, -a essēmus
2nd person positus, -a, -um essēs positī, -ae, -a essētis
3rd person positus, -a, -um esset positī, -ae, -a essent
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inventus, -a, -um essem inventī, -ae, -a essēmus
2nd person inventus, -a, -um essēs inventī, -ae, -a essētis
3rd person inventus, -a, -um esset inventī, -ae, -a essent
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person captus, -a, -um essem captī, -ae, -a essēmus
2nd person captus, -a, -um essēs captī, -ae, -a essētis
3rd person captus, -a, -um esset captī -ae, -a essent
FIGURE 14.2 Silver denarius, 41 bc. Head of Marc Antony. Marc Antony, general, ally of Julius Caesar, lover of Cleopatra, waged war against Octavian (later Augustus). He was defeated by the forces of Octavian at the battle of Actium and committed suicide in 30 bc. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
14.2 Subjunctive of Deponent Verbs
14.2.1 Present Subjunctive
The present subjunctive of deponent verbs is formed in the same manner as the passive of non-deponent verbs (again, active in meaning as with the indicative mood).
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person arbitrer arbitrēmur
2nd person arbitrēris arbitrēminī
3rd person arbitrētur arbitrentur
FYI
The present and imperfect subjunctives of all conjugations have the alternative 2nd person singular ending -re; for example, arbitrēre, sequāre and imperfect progrederēre.
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person verear vereāmur
2nd person v
ereāris vereāminī
3rd person vereātur vereantur
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person sequar sequāmur
2nd person sequāris sequāminī
3rd person sequātur sequantur
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person mentiar mentiāmur
2nd person mentiāris mentiāminī
3rd person mentiātur mentiantur
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person prōgrediar prōgrediāmur
2nd person prōgrediāris prōgrediāminī
3rd person prōgrediātur prōgrediantur
14.2.2 Imperfect Subjunctive
The imperfect subjunctive of deponent verbs is formed as follows: take what would be the present infinitive active and add the endings -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur.
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person arbitrārer arbitrārēmur
2nd person arbitrārēris arbitrārēminī
3rd person arbitrāretur arbitrārentur
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person verērer verērēmur
2nd person verērēris verērēminī