6. hostes paulisper morati militum nostrorum impetum non tulerunt seseque alia ex parte oppidi eiecerunt. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.21.5)
7. atque ille Tarquinius, quem maiores nostri non tulerunt, non crudelis, non impius, sed superbus est habitus et dictus: quod nos vitium in privatis saepe tulimus, id maiores nostri ne in rege quidem ferre potuerunt. (Cicero Philippicae 3.9)
8. hostes postero die multo maioribus coactis copiis castra oppugnant, fossam complent … hoc idem reliquis deinceps fit diebus. nulla pars nocturni temporis ad laborem intermittitur. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.40.3–4)
9. rem publicam, Quirites, vitamque omnium, bona, fortunas, coniuges liberosque vestros atque hoc domicilium clarissimi imperi, fortunatissimam pulcherrimamque urbem, hodierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, consiliis, periculis meis e flamma atque ferro ac paene ex faucibus fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. (Cicero In Catilinam 3.1)
FIGURE 12.2 Silver denarius, 47–46 bc. Aeneas carrying the Palladium and Anchises. The Palladium was a statue of the goddess Pallas Athene (Roman Minerva). As long as it was in Troy, the city was safe; however, it was stolen by Odysseus and Diomedes and Troy fell. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
Translation into Latin
1. There is present a man of utmost authority, reverence, and honesty, Marcus Lucullus. (Cicero Pro Archia 8)
2. The remaining crowd of women and children (for they had left home with all their possessions and had crossed the Rhine) began to flee in all directions. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.14.5)
3. Caesar himself, starting at the fourth watch, marched against the enemy by the same route that they had gone. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.21.3)
4. Caesar himself, because he had noticed that this part of the enemy was least strong, joined battle from the right flank. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.52.2)
5. Those men, because they feared the punishments and tortures of the Gauls, whose lands they had harassed, said that they wanted to remain with him [i.e., Caesar]. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.15.5)
6. At this point I do not suppose that that man will deny that he has a great many statues and countless paintings. (Cicero In Verrem 2.1.60)
7. Caesar brought assistance to our men at the most opportune time: for the enemy halted at his arrival and our men recovered from their fear. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.34.1)
8. <Caesar> himself, having advanced a little with the legion from the place where he had halted, awaited the outcome of the battle. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.49.3)
9. You have heard these things, judges; and now I pass over and leave them all. I say nothing about the luxury of Apronius, nothing about his insolence … nothing about his unparalleled baseness and depravity. (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.106)
Vocabulary to Learn
Nouns
dolor, dolōris (m.) – pain; sorrow
ferrum, -ī (n.) – iron; sword
genus, generis (n.) – race; family
ingenium, -iī (n.) – quality; nature; character
officium, officiī (n.) – duty
ratiō, ratiōnis (f.) – method; manner
signum, -ī (n.) – sign; statue
virtus, -ūtis (f.) – courage
vitium, -iī (n.) – vice; fault
Verbs
adeō, adīre, adīī, aditum – approach
adferō, adferre, attulī, allātum – bring to; carry to
cōgō, cōgere, coēgī, coactum – bring together; gather
constituō, constituere, constituī, constitūtum – arrange; determine
cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītum – desire
existimō, existimāre, existimāvī, existimātum – think; consider
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – carry; bear; endure; allow; molestē ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – take badly; be annoyed at
habeō, habēre, habuī, habitum – have; hold; consider
moror, morārī, morātus sum – delay
negō, negāre, negāvī, negātum – say … not; deny
patior, patī, passus sum – put up with; suffer
reddō, reddere, reddidī, redditum – return; give back; give up
resistō, resistere, restitī (+ dat.) – resist
restituō, restituere, restituī, restitūtum – restore
sinō, sinere, sīvī, situm – allow
transeō, transīre, transīī, transitum – cross over
Adjectives
aliquis, aliquid – someone; anyone
cupidus, -a, -um – (+ gen.) desirous (of)
difficilis, -e – difficult
gravis, -e – serious
immortālis, -e – immortal
infirmus, -a, -um – weak
nocturnus, -a, -um – belonging to the night; nocturnal
nullus, -a, -um – no
summus, -a, -um – highest; greatest
superbus, -a, -um – proud
tōtus, -a, -um – whole
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
molestē – with annoyance
paene – almost; scarcely
prīdiē – on the day before
ūnā – together
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 12 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
auctoritās, -tātis (f.) – authority
Brundisium, Brundisiī (n.) – Brundisium (town in Italy)
domicilium, domiciliī (n.) – home
Dumnorix, -igis (m.) – Dumnorix, a Gallic leader
faucēs, -ium (f. pl.) – throat; jaws
fossa, -ae (f.) – ditch; trench
īdem … quī – the same … as
maiōres, -um (m. pl.) – ancestors
prīvātus, -ī (m.) – private citizen
rēs novae, rērum novārum (f. pl.) – revolution; rebellion
Tarquinius, -iī (m.) – Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome
vultus, -ūs (m.) – expression; face
Verbs
bāsiō, bāsiāre, bāsiāvī, bāsiātum – kiss
compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētum – fill
conservō, conservāre, conservāvī, conservātum – save
dissimulō, dissimulāre, dissimulāvī, dissimulātum – dissimulate; hide
ēiciō, ēicere, ēiēcī, ēiectum – with sē: rush out
ēripiō, ēripere, ēripuī, ēreptum – snatch
intermittō, intermittere, intermīsī, intermissum – leave out; discontinue; interrupt
molestē ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum – take badly; be annoyed at
nascor, nascī, nātus sum – be born
subsum, subesse – underlie
tegō, tegere, tēxī, tēctum – cover; conceal
versor, versārī, versātus sum – dwell; remain
Adjectives
bellus, -a, -um – beautiful
cānus, -a, -um – white (of hair)
clārissimus, -a, -um – most famous
fortūnātissimus, -a, -um – most fortunate
hodiernus, -a, -um – of today; hodiernō dīē – on this very day
muliebris, -e – of a woman
necessārius, -a, -um – necessary
opportūnissimus, -a, -um – most opportune
plūrimus, -a, -um – most; a great many
posterus, -a, -um – next
praestans, -antis – outstanding
prāvus, -a, -um – crooked; vicious; depraved
prīmus, -a, -um – first; early
propinquus, -a, -um (+ dat.) – neighboring; nearby
pulcherrimus, -a, -um – most beautiful
rēgius, -a, -um – royal; of the king
singulāris, -e – outstanding
Adverbs; Prepositions
deinceps – next; following
diūtius – longer
ergā (+ acc.) – towards; in respect of
hīc – here; at this point
in prīmīs, also written as one word imprīmīs – especially; above all
insolenter – unusually; immoderately; insolently
minimē – least of all
paulisper – for a little while
prīmā nocte – at nightfall
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) total
(ii) eject
(iii) grave
(iv) habit
REVIEW: Chapters 7–12
(A) Identify and explain the case of the nouns underlined: 1. paucis diebus opus efficitur.
2. officia deserunt mollitia animi.
3. me domo mea per vim expulisitis.
4. nullo hoste prohibente legionem in Allobriges perduxit.
5. annos multos legatus fuit.
6. praestantis viros virtutis commemoro.
7. Roman venit Mario consule.
8. nec est viri boni errare.
9. me cano capite vides.
(B) Identify the person, number, tense, and voice of the verbs underlined: 1. nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae.
2. Lentulus naves suas pollicetur.
3. audiverat Popeium esse venturum.
4. rem publicam periculis liberarat.
5. cum fugitivis fortiter bellum gesserat.
(C) Supply the part of the verb specified: 1. facio: future infinitive active
2. teneo: present participle active (nominative plural masculine)
3. appeto: present infinitive active
4. confirmo: present infinitive passive
5. damno: perfect participle passive (accusative singular feminine)
6. voco: perfect infinitive passive
7. volo: present infinitive active
8. duco: future infinitive passive
9. fingo: future participle active (dative singular neuter)
(D) Translate into English: 1. vix a te videor posse tenere manus! (Ovid Amores 1.4.10)
2. eius ergo auctoritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt locoque idoneo castra fecerunt. (Nepos Miltiades 5.3)
3. omnibus rebus ad Britannicum bellum comparatis, Indutiomarum ad se cum ducentis obsidibus venire iussit. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.4)
4. legati haec se ad suos relaturos dixerunt et re deliberata post diem tertium ad Caesarem reversuros. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 4.9.2)
5. postero die Caesar similiter praemissis prima nocte impedimentis de quarta vigilia ipse egreditur. (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.77.1)
6. cupiebam dissimulare me id moleste ferre, cupiebam animi dolorem vultu tegere. (Cicero In Verrem 1.1.21)
(E) Translate into Latin: 1. On that day the military tribune, Q. Laberius Durus, is killed. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.15.5)
2. They cut down a large number of those fleeing. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 2.11.4)
3. When he had learnt these things Caesar strengthened the minds of the Gauls with his words. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 1.33.1)
4. I certainly know that I can easily be defeated by you. (Cicero De Natura Deorum 3.95)
5. The records are just as you see, judges. What are you waiting for? What more do you seek? And you yourself, Verres, why are you lingering? Why do you delay? (Cicero In Verrem 2.2.191)
6. The senate wanted you to give me cash and me to give you corn. You will have the cash yourself which the senate wanted you to give to me. (Cicero In Verrem 2.3.197)
CHAPTER 13
Chapter Contents
13.1 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 13.1.1 Present Subjunctive Active First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
13.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Active First Conjugation
Second Conjugation
Third Conjugation
Fourth Conjugation
Mixed Conjugation
13.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Active First Conjugation
13.1.4 Pluperfect Subjunctive Active First Conjugation
13.2 SUBJUNCTIVE OF IRREGULAR VERBS 13.2.1 Sum Present Subjunctive
Imperfect Subjunctive
Perfect Subjunctive
Pluperfect Subjunctive
13.2.2 Possum Present Subjunctive
13.2.3 Eō Present Subjunctive
13.2.4 Ferō Present Subjunctive Active
13.2.5 Volō Present Subjunctive
13.2.6 The Verb Fīō Present Subjunctive
13.3 INDEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE 13.3.1 Jussive Subjunctive
13.3.2 Deliberative Subjunctive
13.3.3 Potential Subjunctive
13.3.4 Optative Subjunctive
13.4 MORE USES OF THE CASES 13.4.1 Locative
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Extra Passage
Vocabulary Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
FIGURE 13.1 Head of youthful Bacchus, date unknown. Bacchus was the god of wine (also called Dionysus; both names occur, although Bacchus is more common in Latin poets). He was also associated with poetic inspiration. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
We have now examined all forms of the indicative mood. Only the subjunctive and imperative remain. In this chapter we meet the forms of the subjunctive. In addition some of the so-called independent uses of the subjunctive are introduced: that is, where the subjunctive mood is used as the main verb in its sentence. However, the subjunctive appears most normally in a number of subordinate clauses and we will be looking at the various uses of the subjunctive in the coming chapters. There are only four tenses of the subjunctive: present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect.
13.1.1 Present Subjunctive Active
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amem amēmus
2nd person amēs amētis
3rd person amet ament
The easiest way to remember how to conjugate a first conjugation verb in the present subjunctive in all forms except the first person singular is: take the present indicative and change the -a before the ending to -e; the first person singular also has -e before the ending, but here the ending is -m (compare the ending of the imperfect indicative -bam).
All first conjugation verbs form the present subjunctive in this way. There are no “formulaic” translations for the subjunctive. The meaning is determined by the type of clause in which the subjunctive appears. This will become clearer as we proceed.
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person videam videāmus
2nd person videās videātis
3rd person videat videant
The easiest way to remember the forms of the present subjunctive of second conjugation verbs is: take the present indicative and add the letter -a before the ending; as in the first conjugation the first person singular ends in -m.
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ponam ponāmus
2nd person ponās ponātis
3rd person ponat ponant
Once again the first person singular ends in -m. The best way to remember the forms here is: take the present indicative and except for the first person singular change the letter before the ending to -a.
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person inveniam inveniāmus
2nd person inveniās inveniātis
3rd person inveniat inveniant
Once again the first person singular ends in -m. The easiest way to remember the forms of the present subjunctive of fourth conjugation verbs is: take the present indicative and add the letter -a before the ending.
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person capiam capiāmus
2nd person capiās capiātis
3rd person capiat capiant
Once again the first person singular ends in -m. The easiest way to remember the forms of the presen
t subjunctive of mixed conjugation verbs is: take the present indicative and add the letter -a before the ending.
13.1.2 Imperfect Subjunctive Active
The simplest way to remember how to construct the imperfect subjunctive for all conjugations is: take the present infinitive and add the endings -m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.
First Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person amārem amārēmus
2nd person amārēs amārētis
3rd person amāret amārent
Second Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person vidērem vidērēmus
2nd person vidērēs vidērētis
3rd person vidēret vidērent
Third Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person ponerem ponerēmus
2nd person ponerēs ponerētis
3rd person poneret ponerent
Fourth Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person invenīrem invenīrēmus
2nd person invenīrēs invenīrētis
3rd person invenīret invenīrent
Mixed Conjugation
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st person caperem caperēmus
2nd person caperēs caperētis
3rd person caperet caperent
13.1.3 Perfect Subjunctive Active
FYI