Adjectives
aequus, -a, -um – equal; fair
alius, -a, -um – other
proximus, -a, -um – next to; following
tertius, -a, -um – third (see Appendix 3)
tres, tria – three (see Appendix 3)
ūnus, -a, -um – one (see Appendix 3)
Adverbs; Prepositions
ab – from (of time); following
aperte – openly
apud (+ acc.) – at the house of
atque – and
dē (+ abl.) – about; concerning
facile – easily
inter (+ acc.) – between
magis – more
quō – where (to)?
quoque – also
sine (+ abl.) – without
tamen – however
tandem – at last; (in questions) pray; now
trans (+ acc.) – across
FIGURE 7.4 Aeneas and Anchises (17th century). After the fall of Troy, Aeneas, whose descendants were destined to found Rome, carried his aged father from the burning city on his shoulders. See Virgil Aeneid 2.707–8: “Come, dear father, set yourself upon my neck. I will support you on my shoulders; that task will not be too great a burden for me.” Source: Galleria Borghese, Rome, Italy/Alinari/The Bridgeman Art Library
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 7 Passages
Nouns; Pronouns
accūsātiō, -ōnis (f.) – accusation; prosecution
Aquitānī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – Aquitanians
Ariovistus, -ī (m.) – ruler of a tribe in Germany
aspectus, -ūs (m.) – sight
Athēnae, -ārum (f. pl.) – Athens
Belgae, -ārum (m. pl.) – Belgae (a Gallic tribe)
Casticus, -ī (m.) – Casticus, one of the Sequani
Celtae, -ārum (m. pl.) – Celts
collis, -is (m.) – hill
commendātiō, -ōnis (f.) – praise; commendation
conspectus, -ūs (m.) – view
consulātus, -ūs (m.) – consulship
Democritus, -ī (m.) – Democritus (a Greek philosopher, c. 460 bc)
dēspectus, -ūs (m.) – view down
exilium, -iī (n.) – exile
Fabriciī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Fabricii, an aristocratic Roman family
familiāritās, -ātis (f.) – familiarity; friendship
Germānī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Germans
Helvetiī, -ōrum (m. pl.) – the Helvetii (a people of Gaul)
insidiae, -ārum (f. pl.) – ambush; plot
institūtum, -ī (n.) – custom
iūdicium, -iī (n.) – judgment; sentence
līberālitās, -ātis (f.) – generosity; kindness
lingua, -ae (f.) – language
missiō, -ōnis (f.) – sending
Oppianicus, -ī (m.) – Oppianicus (step-father of Cluentius whom Cluentius was accused of poisoning)
Pompeius, -ī (m.) – Pompey, a Roman general, opponent of Julius Caesar
quisquam – anyone
Rhēnus, -ī (m.) – the Rhine
Sēquanus, -a, -um – belonging to the Sequani, a Gallic tribe from the Seine area
spatium, -iī (n.) – distance; space
status, -ūs (m.) – state; condition
tēlum, -ī (n.) – weapon
Verbs
afficiō, afficere, affēcī, affectum – inflict upon; punish
agnōscō, agnōscere, agnōvī, agnitum – recognize
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum – open; reveal
commemorō, commemorāre, commemorāvī, commemorātum – mention
conficiō, conficere, confēcī, confectum – complete
coniciō, conicere, coniēcī, coniectum – throw at
contendō, contendere, contendī, contentum – compete with; strive against
dēlectō, delectāre, delectāvī, delectātum – please
differō, differre, distūlī, dīlātum – differ
dissimulō, dissimulāre, dissimulāvī, dissimulātum – dissimulate; pretend
incolō, incolere, incoluī – inhabit
inquit – he (she, it) says
obtineō, obtinēre, obtinuī, obtentum – hold; obtain; acquire
praecēdō, praecēdere, praecessī, praecessum – excel; precede
remaneō, remanēre, remansī – remain
reprehendō, reprehendere, reprehendī, reprehensum – find fault with; blame
retineō, retinēre, retinuī, retentum – retain
vītō, vītāre, vītāvī, vītātum – avoid
Adjectives
cotīdiānus, -a, -um – daily
divīsus, -a, -um – divided
nefārius, -a, -um – wicked
perditus, -a, -um – ruined; broken
propinquus, -a, -um – nearby; (+ dat.) near (to)
superior (gen.), superiōris – higher
totus, -a, -um (gen. totius, dative toti – for full declension, see Chapter 16) – whole
Adverbs; Prepositions; Conjunctions
continenter – continually
ferē – almost
unde – from where
English Derivations
From which Latin roots do the following English words derive?
(i) territory
(ii) absent
(iii) persuasive
(iv) act
CHAPTER 8
Chapter Contents
8.1 PARTICIPLES 8.1.1 Present Participle
8.1.2 Perfect Participle
8.1.3 Future Participle
8.2 USE OF PARTICIPLES 8.2.1 Attributive
8.2.2 Circumstantial
8.2.3 Temporal
8.2.4 Causal
8.2.5 Concessive
Translation from Latin
Translation into Latin
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Vocabulary Specifically for Chapter 8 Passages Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs; Conjunctions
FIGURE 8.1 Roman glass bowl, ad 1–200. Wall paintings depict bowls of this type filled with fruit such as pomegranates. These were expensive items whose use was restricted to the relatively well-off. © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
8.1 Participles
A participle is a verbal adjective. That is to say it has qualities of a verb (tense and voice) and qualities of an adjective (gender, number, and case). Like a verb it is modified by an adverb and can take an object in the appropriate case; like an adjective it agrees with the noun or pronoun that it modifies in gender, case, and number and like an adjective may be used by itself as a noun.
8.1.1 Present Participle
The present participle in Latin corresponds to the English present participle, which ends in -ing. It is always active (NB: there is no present participle passive in Latin). It describes an action that takes place at the same time as the main verb of the sentence. It is formed by taking the imperfect stem (this can be found by removing -bam from the first person singular) and adding -ns in the nominative singular. The present participle is a third declension adjective of one termination.
amāns, amantis – (while) loving
vidēns, videntis – (while) seeing
pōnēns, pōnentis – (while) placing
inveniēns, invenientis – (while) finding
capiēns, capientis – (while) capturing
Notice that the present participle is an adjective of the third declension (one-termination) and so declines as follows:
FYI
The form amantīs (long ī) occurs in the accusative plural (masculine or feminine). Amant-ī also occurs in the ablative singular. This form is used when the participle acts as an adjective; the form amante is used in all other contexts.
Notice that the stem ends in -nt. This is true for all present participles and all decline in the same way (it does not matter to wh
ich conjugation the verb belongs).
8.1.2 Perfect Participle
The perfect participle of all regular verbs in Latin is passive in meaning (NB: the verbs we have been treating so far have no perfect participle active). The perfect participle describes an action prior to the action of the main verb in the sentence. It is formed from the supine (the fourth principal part). To form the perfect participle passive remove the -um ending and, for the nominative masculine, feminine, and neuter singular add -us, -a, -um respectively.
amātus, -a, -um – having been loved; loved
vīsus, -a, -um – having been seen; seen
positus, -a, -um – having been placed; placed
inventus, -a, -um – having been found; found
captus, -a, -um – having been captured; captured
The perfect participle passive is a first/second declension adjective and so declines in exactly the same way as bonus, -a, -um.
8.1.3 Future Participle
The future participle is active (there is no future participle passive in Latin). Like the perfect participle it is formed by using the supine stem; for example, to form the future participle of the verb amō you take the supine stem amāt- and add -ūrus, -ūra, -ūrum. The basic translations are (being) about to love, going to love, intending to love. The future participle is a first/second declension adjective and so declines in exactly the same way as bonus, -a, -um. This participle may be used with forms of the verb sum as an alternative way of expressing future action with the sense of “having the intention to do something” (the so-called active periphrastic construction):
ipse hanc acturus est Iuppiter comoediam (Plautus Amphitruo 88): Jupiter himself is about to act this comedy.
Similarly visurus, -a, -um; positurus, -a, -um; inventurus, -a, -um; capturus, -a, -um.
Note: although the verb sum has neither a present nor perfect participle, it does have a future participle: futūrus, -a, -um – (being) about to be, going to be, etc.
Try This
Provide the form of the participle requested:
e.g., habeo (perfect participle passive, nom. pl. m.) – habiti
(i) doceo (perfect participle passive, acc. pl. f.)
(ii) fugio (present participle active, nom. sing. m.)
(iii) interficio (perfect participle passive, abl. pl. m.)
(iv) moveo (perfect participle passive, abl. sing. m.)
(v) occido (present participle active, acc. sing. m.)
(vi) pervenio (future participle active, nom. pl. m.)
(vii) capio (perfect participle passive, acc. pl. n.)
(viii) video (future participle active, nom. sing. f.)
(ix) amo (present participle active, abl. sing. f.)
(x) pono (perfect participle passive, acc. pl. m.)
8.2 Use of Participles
Participles occur more frequently in Latin than in English and are used in constructions where there is no obvious English equivalent.
8.2.1 Attributive
FYI
For the term “attributive adjective,” see Introduction: Parts of Speech, Adjectives.
(1) Some participles are used simply as adjectives.
From occidō, occidere, occidī, occāsum – fall down; set: alterum [lātus] vergit ad Hispaniam atque occidentem sōlem (Caesar De Bello Gallico 5.13.2): the other side [of Britain] is situated facing towards Spain and the setting sun.
From doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum – teach: doctus, -a, -um – learned (literally having been taught):
sunt tamen et doctae … puellae (Ovid Ars Amatoria 2.281): however, there are also learned girls.
(2) And like other adjectives, the participle itself may be used as a noun:
amans, amantis – the/a lover.
dicit: sed mulier cupidō quod dīcit amantī / omnia in ventō et rapidā scribere oportet aquā (Catullus 70.3–4): she says so, but everything a woman says to her eager lover should be written on the wind and swift-flowing water.
fugientēs ab equitātū interficiuntur (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.42.2): the fugitives are killed by the cavalry.
When the present participle is used as a noun it ends in -e rather than -ī in the ablative singular: atque ā sollicitō multus amante legar! (Ovid Amores 1.15.38): I will be much read by an anxious lover!
(3) Related to this is the fact that Latin may use a participle where English uses a relative clause:
moritūra puella (Virgil Georgics 4.458): the girl who is about to die.
8.2.2 Circumstantial
Also, Latin uses a participle where English uses two co-ordinate clauses (i.e., clauses joined by “and”):
Pan deus Arcadiae captam tē, Lūna, fefēllit (Virgil Georgics 3.392): Pan, the god of Arcadia, captured and deceived you, Luna [literally: deceived you having been captured].
FIGURE 8.2 Roman bust of Pan, date unknown. Pan was a rustic god, half man, half goat. He came to be associated with irrational fear and it is from his name that we get the word “panic.” © Leeds Museums and Galleries (Discovery Centre)
8.2.3 Temporal
Latin may also use a participle where English uses a subordinate clause. A participle may indicate a temporal relationship between two actions and so it is often appropriate to translate a participle as a temporal clause introduced by a conjunction such as “when,” “after,” or “while”:
<mihi> cogitantī autem haec fere succurrēbant (Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 2.16.1): as I was pondering, however, something like this occurred to me.
8.2.4 Causal
Again it may be more appropriate to the context to translate a participle as a causal clause introduced by “since” or “because”:
et portūs omnes timēns … ad eum locum quī appellābātur Palaeste … mīlites exposuit (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.6.3): since he feared all the ports, he put his soldiers ashore at that place which is called Palaeste.
Otacilius … timēns oppidō fugit et ad Pompeium pervēnit (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.6.3): since he was afraid, Otacilius fled the town and came to Pompey.
8.2.5 Concessive
Sometimes a participle is best translated as a concessive clause, i.e., one introduced by “although”:
vehementissime perturbātus Lentulus tamen et signum et manum suam cognōvit (Cicero In Catilinam 3.12): although he was greatly shaken, nevertheless Lentulus identified his own seal and handwriting.
Translation from Latin
1. ibi casu rex erat Ptolomaeus, puer aetate, magnis copiis cum sorore Cleopatra bellum gerens, quam … per suos propinquos atque amicos regno expulerat. (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.103.2)
2.
talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem
exsangues flebant animae; nec Tantalus undam
captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis,
nec carpsere iecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.
(Ovid Metamorphoses 10.40–44)
3. hi primum cum gladiis non in regnum appetentem, sed in regnantem impetum fecerunt. (Cicero Philippicae 2.114)
4. libenter Caesar petentibus Haeduis dat veniam excusationemque accipit. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 6.4.3)
5. multa praeterea spolia praeferebantur, capti homines equitesque producebantur. (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.39.5)
6. duo Numidae cum litteris missi ad Hannibalem … a vagis per agros pabulatoribus Romanis ad Q. Clodium propraetorem deducuntur. (Livy Ab Urbe Condita 27.43.1)
7. delectatur audiens multitudo et ducitur oratione et quasi voluptate quadam perfunditur. (Cicero Brutus 188)
8. mortem igitur omnibus horis impendentem timens, qui poterit animo consistere? (Cicero De Senectute 74)
9. reliquos frequenter audiens acerrimo studio tenebar cotidieque et scribens et legens … oratoriis tantum exercitationibus contentus non eram. (Cicero Brutus 305)
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The Bigger Picture
De Senectute (On Old Age), a philosophical work on the nature of old age, completed in 44 bc an
d addressed to his aging friend Atticus. The discussion takes the form of a dialogue set in the year 150 bc between the aged Cato (then 84), and two younger aristocrats, Scipio (then 35) and Laelius (then 36), in which Cato sets out the advantages of growing old.
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Translation into Latin
1. You have handed over to me a state troubled by suspicion, anxious with fear, and thrown into chaos by your laws, your assemblies, and your evictions. (Cicero De Lege Agraria 1.23)
2. I consider nothing difficult for one who loves, and I love and have always loved your spirit, enthusiasm, and character. (Cicero Orator 33)
3. Sopater, weeping again, reports the matter to the senate and makes clear to them that man's <Verres'> greed and threats. The senate gives Sopater no reply, but he leaves upset and perturbed. (Cicero In Verrem 2.4.85)
4. The enemy turn their backs; our cavalry runs after those fleeing; there is a great massacre. Sedulius, the general and prince of the Lemovices, is killed. (Caesar De Bello Gallico 7.88.3)
5. But I say this about the whole race of the Greeks: I grant them their literature, I allow them their knowledge of many skills, I do not deny them the charm of their language … but that nation has never cultivated respect for evidence and good faith. (Cicero Pro Flacco 9)
6. Caesar, at first light, ordered all those who had camped on the mountain to descend from the higher ground onto the plain and to throw down their weapons. (Caesar Bellum Civile 3.98.1)
7. Although Caesar was being called back to Italy by many pressing matters, nevertheless he had decided not to abandon any part of the war in Spain. (Caesar Bellum Civile 2.18.7)