Latin America and, 366, 375
NIE report on, 217
Operation Mongoose and, 216–20, 365
Operation Northlands and, 220
popularity of, 145
refusal to allow U.N. inspection, 331, 360
RFK on, 152
Soviets and, 368, 376
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). See also McCone, John
Bay of Pigs and, 134–36, 138, 144, 148, 150, 289
Bissell at, 134–35, 150
Castro and, 134, 135, 216–20, 253–54, 287–88, 365
Cuban exiles and black ops, 131, 141, 142, 146, 371, 372, 374, 375, 388
Cuban missile crisis and, 296, 318
Cuba reconciliation opposed by, 388
Cuba strategy of, 375–77, 385
Dulles heads, 22, 76, 102, 132, 150
Harvey as master spy, 219
JFK’s anger with, 149
Mafia in Cuba and, 135
McCone heads, 217, 287
profile of Khrushchev, 189, 190
report on Diem, 165
RFK’s Operation Mongoose and Special Group Augmented, 216, 219–20
Soviet military build-up in Cuba and, 288–89, 291, 292–93, 295
Soviet nuclear weapons in East Germany and, 290–91
station chief in Saigon, 392–93, 398, 400
U-2 incident in Russia, 142
U-2 flights over Cuba, 366, 370
U-2 photos of Soviet missiles in Cuba, 293, 302
Vietnam and, 341, 349, 407, 416
Chamberlain, Neville, 161
Chase, Gordon, 384, 386
Chiang Kai-shek, 186, 235
China, 98, 179, 192, 237, 261
loss of, as blow to Democrats, 98, 164, 248, 273
U.S. national security and, 133
Choate School, 9, 10–11, 39, 102
Christopher, Warren, 100
Churchill, Winston, 161, 186
civil rights, xi, 1, 173–76
Brown v. Board of Education, 96, 108
Freedom Riders, 175
Hoover as antagonist to, 121
integration and, 108, 175, 292
JFK appoints southern racists to federal judgeships, 291–92
JFK’s caution on moving forward, 122, 176
JFK’s lack of prioritizing, 352–54
JFK’s meeting with black leaders (June 22, 1963), 402
JFK’s national address, 353–54
JFK’s record on, 251, 258–59
JFK’s reliance on executive action, 120, 174, 292
JFK’s rights bill, 352, 353–54, 402, 427
King on JFK as lacking “moral passion,” 173, 292
LBJ and, 123, 429
March on Washington, 402
Meredith’s enrollment in Ole Miss, 282–83
Mississippi crisis, 291–92
Montgomery demonstrations, 352
RFK and, 60–61, 62, 122, 173, 175–76, 427
RFK’s speech, University of Georgia, 176
southern congressmen and, 96, 123, 173
voting rights and, 258
Clay, Lucius, 227
Clifford, Clark, 24, 25, 63, 119
Cline, Ray, 293
Clinton, Bill, 100
Cohn, Roy, 45
Cold War
Berlin tensions and, 180–86
JFK-Khrushchev summit (June, 1961), 190–200
JFK’s appointments and, 22
JFK’s “peace speech,” 359–60
JFK’s positions on, 16
nuclear test ban treaty and, 209, 382–83
Soviet nuclear testing and, 212
space race and, 179
U. S. lagging in, 177
Vietnam and, 235–36, 243
Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, 123, 174–75
communism, x, xi, 166, 181. See also Bay of Pigs invasion; Vietnam
China and, 98, 405
Cuba and, 67, 103, 105, 130, 159, 362, 366, 375, 383
Khrushchev on, 197–98
in Laos, 23
national desire to curtail, 43, 106
RFK’s combating of, 44, 46, 142
Rostow and, 91–92
in Southeast Asia, 23, 67, 158–60, 231, 233, 239, 272, 343, 405
Soviet’s nuclear parity and, 212
Truman’s containment policy, 28
U.S. hyperbole and fear, 233–34
Vietnam policy and, 159, 166–67, 169, 245, 247, 261, 272, 276, 286–87, 343, 405
winning hearts and minds and, 96–97, 128, 230
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 173, 175
Connally, John, 56–57
Coolidge, Calvin, 28, 204
Corbin, Paul, 54, 56, 59
Corcoran, Tommy, 8, 47–48
Cordier, Andrew, 329
Council of Economic Affairs, 118–19
Counselor (Sorensen), 78–79, 426
Cousins, Norman, 358–59
Couve de Murville, Maurice, 234–35
Cronkite, Walter, 405
Cuba, xi, 23, 292–329, 360–77, 383–90. See also Bay of Pigs; Castro, Fidel; Cuban missile crisis
Attwood initiative, 384–87
Bay of Pigs, xi, 133–56, 181
Eisenhower and, 130, 132
exiles and black ops, 131, 141, 142, 146, 371–72, 374, 375, 383, 388
expanding communist influence and, 67, 103, 105, 130, 159, 362
JFK and anti-Castro hawks, 366–67, 368, 385
JFK and diplomacy, 385–90
JFK irritated about cross-currents around, 370–71, 373–74
JFK’s advisers as unhelpful in resolving problem of, 374–77
JFK’s advisers’ conflicting policy suggestions on, 368–70
JFK’s advisers on “aggressive steps” against, 287
JFK’s directions on, 373–74, 377
JFK’s non-invasion pledge, 327, 360, 364, 365, 366, 374
JFK’s opposing proposals for, 366
JFK’s policy, after Bay of Pigs, 156–57, 360–77
JFK’s policy, on ousting Castro, 213–21, 253–54
JFK’s speech before the Inter-American Press Association and, 389–90
Soviet military build-up in, 287–91
Soviets and, 103, 106, 131, 371
Soviet troops in, 368–69
support of Castro, 145
U-2 flights over, 360, 366, 370
Cuban missile crisis, 292–329
blockade-and-warning strategy, 303, 310, 313–15, 317, 318–22, 323, 326
Bundy delay in informing JFK about missiles, 293–94
domestic politics and, 295, 296
ending and resolution of, 324–29
experts and, 298, 310, 317
experts’ failure and, 290, 293–94
final U.S.-Soviet agreement, 361
focus on removing missiles, 298, 324
Harriman-JFK message, 322–23
initial advisory discussions, 297
JFK’s adviser group for, 296, 297, 302, 309–10
JFK’s anger at Joint Chiefs, 317
JFK’s choices for action, 302, 303, 304, 306–7, 309, 314
JFK’s concern about Navy’s operations, 321–22
JFK’s decision for blockade, 314–15, 317, 318–22
JFK’s decision for diplomacy, 311–12
JFK’s decision on force and, 305–6, 307, 311
JFK’s first two questions regarding, 297–98
JFK’s health and, 308–9
JFK’s hiding crisis from press, 296, 298, 301, 307
JFK’s Khrushchev message, 323
JFK’s lessons from, 331–32
JFK’s reaction to U-2 photo confirmation, 295
JFK’s response to Khrushchev letter, 327–28
Joint Chiefs and, 301–3, 305–6, 311, 315–17, 327, 330–33
Joint Chiefs call for military strike after Khrushchev’s agreement, 327, 332
Khrushchev and, 299, 300, 304, 310, 313, 314, 319�
�20, 321, 322–23
Khrushchev deal, 325–26, 329
McCone’s accuracy in spotting installations, 288–89, 292–93
McNamara and, 298–99, 307–8, 310–11, 314, 332
military response urged, 299, 301–3, 310–11, 314–18, 327, 330, 332
NSC and, 318–19
nuclear war threat and, 294, 299, 301, 302, 304, 308, 312, 314, 320, 321, 332
political response position, 302, 303, 307–8
political repercussions, 305, 311, 320
press leaks and, 324–25
recorded conversations, 298, 308, 316–17
RFK and, 294, 296, 300–302, 305–7, 312–14, 318, 320, 321, 328, 329, 332–34, 361
Rusk and, 299–300, 302–3
Soviet’s motives, 298, 304, 305
Soviet’s response to blockade, 319–21
Turkish missile swap proposed, 326–29
U-2 photos of Soviet missiles, 293, 296, 302, 310
U-2 plane fired upon, 327
U.S. allies and, 300, 303, 311
Curley, James, 37
Cushing, Richard Cardinal, 364
Daley, Richard, 21
Danger and Survival (Bundy), 428
Daniel, Jean, 387, 390
Dealey, E. M., 254–55
Dean, Arthur, 257
de Gaulle, Charles, 186, 187, 228, 232, 300, 432
JFK meeting with, 186–89
Democratic Party
civil rights and, 173–74
China’s loss to communists and, 98, 164, 248, 273
Convention 1956, Stevenson’s running mate and, 48–49
Convention 1960, 56–58
foreign policy and, 16–17
JFK urged to focus on vice presidency, 15–16
JFK’s acceptance speech, 107
liberals in, 20, 58, 78, 151
presidential race 1960, 16–21
as “war party,” 128
Dewey, Thomas, 19
Diem. See Ngo Dinh Diem
Dillon, C. Douglas, 65, 84, 116–18, 126, 368, 371
Cuban missile crisis and, 297, 309–10, 318
DiSalle, Michael, 53–54
Dobrynin, Anatoly, 293, 294, 320, 328, 329, 372, 383–84
JFK and, 383–84
RFK and, 333–34, 357, 361, 373
Donovan, James, 366, 374
Douglas, William O., 46
Dr. Strangelove (film), 74
Dulles, Allen, 22, 76, 132, 142, 213, 287
advice on Cuba, 132
Bay of Pigs and, 135, 149–50
Dulles, John Foster, 99, 197, 312
Durbrow, Elbridge, 162–63
Eastland, James, 123
economy, 1, 20, 121, 251, 336, 393
JFK’s appointments and, 116–19
poverty in America, 107
recessions, 20, 107, 116, 259
steel price increase threat, 259
trade imbalances, 23, 116
unemployment, 107
education reforms, 107, 108
“Effects of Nuclear Weapons, The” (U. S. Air Force), 362–63
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 15, 24, 28, 42, 43, 44, 47, 107, 157
advice after Bay of Pigs, 156
Berlin and, 185
Bohlen and, 312
campaign of 1956, 47
Castro ousting and, 219
civil rights and, 108, 120
Cuban missile crisis, 307, 314
Cuba plan, 130, 131–32, 138
Dillon and, 116–17
domino theory, 160–61
JFK’s criticism of, 130
JFK’s opinion of, 22, 23
JFK’s pre-inaugural meetings with, 22–24, 131
LBJ and, 57
Lemnitzer and, 68–69
military-industrial complex, 152
Nixon and, 20, 26, 59
nuclear policy, 69, 72, 93, 157, 158
nuclear war study, 304
nuclear weapons stockpiling, 208
opinion of JFK, 59, 105, 295, 296
opinion of RFK, 59
Rostow and, 91
state department and, 99
test ban treaty supported, 382
Truman and, 22
U-2 incident, 142
Vietnam and, 160, 165
Eisenhower, Mamie, 125
Enemy Within, The (RFK), 51
Farley, James, 9
Faubus, Orval, 96, 108
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 22, 102
investigation and intimidation of steel executives, 260
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 180
Felt, Henry, 261, 340, 345–46
Fitzgerald, John F. “Honey Fitz,” 4–6
Ford, Gerald, ix, x
Ford Motor Company, 85, 86, 430
Forrestal, James, 285
Forrestal, Michael, 281–82, 285–86, 409
JFK asks for Vietnam withdrawal plan, 419
letter on Diem, 344
Vietnam and, 337, 340–41, 344, 391, 392–93, 394, 399, 409, 410, 415, 417
Foster, William C., 104
Frankfurter, Felix, 130
Frondizi, Arturo, 214, 215
Fulbright, J. William, 96, 97, 103, 104, 225
Bay of Pigs opposition, 140
on Castro, 138, 152, 376
test ban treaty and, 382
Furcolo, Foster, 112
Fursenko, Aleksandr, 320
Gagarin, Yuri, 177
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 81, 119
ambassador to India post, 82, 84
foreign policy issues detailed by, 106
as JFK campaign adviser, 19, 21
on JFK getting bad advice during the Cuban missile crisis, 331
JFK’s inaugural speech and, 105
JFK’s motivations for staying in Vietnam, 247–48
negotiated solution in Vietnam proposed, 269–71, 273–74
warnings about Vietnam, 166, 232–33, 234, 341
Germany. See also Berlin
Adenauer government, 181
Eastern sector and, 181
JFK address (1963), 391
Khrushchev’s demand for East German peace treaty, 199–200
U.S. show of force on the Autobahn, 227
Gilpatric, Roswell, 124, 166, 254, 297, 317, 322, 328, 337, 401
Goldwater, Barry, 146, 335
Goodwin, Richard, 130–31, 140, 153–54, 214, 215, 389
Graham, Philip, 99, 116
Greene, Graham, 218
Grewe, Wilhelm, 181
Gromyko, Andrey, 210, 256, 380, 385–86
Groton School, 118
Guevara, Che, 214, 362, 366, 385
Guns of August, The (Tuchman), 320
Halberstam, David, 126, 230, 285, 337, 338, 395, 412–13
JFK complaints about, 397–98, 413, 414
Hammarskjöld, Dag, 195
Hannah, John A., 121
Harding, Warren, 28
Harkins, Paul, 340
as commander, Vietnam, 260, 265, 274, 275, 280–81, 337, 340, 343, 346
Diem ouster and, 400, 401, 403, 414
Harriman, Averell, 155, 192–93, 285, 411
Cuba and, 377
Cuban missile crisis and, 322–23
Diem ouster and, 401–2, 407, 416
JFK-Khrushchev summit and, 192–94, 198–99
Moscow delegation and, 380, 381
Vietnam and, 242–43, 245, 269, 271–72, 273, 277, 280, 336–37, 341, 344, 391, 396, 397, 415
Harrington, Michael, 107
Harrison, Gilbert, 141
Harvard University, 6, 118, 119
Bundy and, 89, 90–91
JFK at, 11, 12, 39
Joe Kennedy, Jr., at, 9
Joe Kennedy, Sr. at, 6–7
O’Donnell at, 111
RFK at, 40, 111
Schlesinger and, 82, 83
Harvey, William, 216, 217, 219
Hersey, John, 207–8
Hesburgh, The
odore, 121, 258
Hilsman, Roger, 262, 273, 278, 336, 394
Diem ouster and, 398, 399–401, 407, 415
Rusk’s cables and, 409
Soviet build-up in Cuba disputed by, 289
Vietnam and, 340–41, 344, 346–47, 391, 394, 397
warning to Diem and, 355
Hiroshima (Hersey), 207–8
Hofstadter, Richard, 82
Hoover, Herbert, 19
Hoover, J. Edgar, 22, 76, 102, 121
Howard, Lisa, 377
Humphrey, Hubert H., 19, 54, 55–56, 57, 102, 118
Ickes, Harold, 8
India, 102, 273–74
Galbraith posted to, 82, 84, 166
In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (McNamara), 431
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), JFK’s use of, as threat, 260
International Commission for Supervision and Control in Vietnam, 270–71
Israel, 40, 97
Jackson, Andrew, 82
Jackson, Henry “Scoop,” 57, 78
James, Henry, 128
Jefferson, Thomas, 81, 249
Johnson, Lyndon Baines, ix, x, 47–48
advisers on Vietnam, 429–31
Bundy and, 427–28
as CEEO head, 123, 174–75
character and personality, 118, 167–68, 297
civil rights and, 123, 429, 353
Congress and, 113–14
Cuban missile crisis and, 296–97
Diem and, 168, 170
Dillon and, 118
Great Society, 424
on JFK-Khrushchev summit, 199
JFK’s Addison’s disease and, 2, 56–57
JFK’s civil rights bill and, 427
JFK’s opinion of, 297
as JFK’s vice president, 26–27, 245, 297
Kennedy family feud, 52, 56
McCarthy hearings and, 45–46
NASA and, 123–24, 177–79, 180
presidency of, 424
presidential ambitions, 16, 51–52
presidential bid (1956), 47–48
RFK and, 45, 48, 51–52, 56, 175, 369, 426
Rusk and, 333
Sorensen as speechwriter, 425
succession to presidency, 423–24
trip to West Berlin, 227
as vice presidential candidate, 57–58, 102
Vietnam and, 260, 404, 419
Vietnam trip and report (1961), 165, 167–70
Vietnam War and, 427–28
War on Poverty, 424
Johnson, Priscilla, 30
Johnson, U. Alexis, 297–98, 337
Joint Chiefs, 69–74, 138, 149, 158–59, 162, 166
Berlin crisis and, 202–3, 224
Cuban invasion discussed, 363–64
Cuban military intervention and, 245, 254, 362
Cuban missile crisis and, 301–3, 311, 315–17, 327, 330–31, 332
disagreement with negotiated Vietnam outcome, 272
JFK’s loss of confidence in, 432
JFK’s opinion of, 332
nuclear test ban treaty and, 209, 210, 358, 381–82